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Adam Ali.Zare Hudaib
International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS), Volume (10) : Issue (1) : 2016 8
Satellite Network Hacking & Security Analysis
Adam Ali.Zare Hudaib adamhudaib@gmail.com
Licensed Penetration Tester | EC-Council
Certified Ethical Hacker | EC-Council
Certified Security Analyst | EC-Council
Certified Network Analyst | WireShark University
Information & Cyber Security Expert
CEH , ECSA , LPT , WCNA
Switzerland
Abstract
Satellites play a significant role in communication, early warning systems, global broadcasting,
meteorology, navigation, reconnaissance, remote sensing, and surveillance.Satellite services
cover practically every sector, from mobile cellular communication to telemedicine, so any
interference with them could have a serious effect. Satellites are a strategic asset for any country
and are considered as “critical infrastructure,” therefore they are considerable as privileged
targets for a possible cyber attack.
Keywords: Satellite Network, Satellite Communications, Satellite Network Security, Satellite
Network Treats, Satellite Network Vulnerabilities, Satellite Security Analysis, Satellite Hacking.
1. INTRODUCTION
Satellites have assumed a crucial role in our contemporary society; they are used in both private
and public sectors for numerous purposes, from communication to research.
Satellites provide many significant services, including communication, navigation, remote
sensing, imaging, and weather and meteorological support. Satellites support direct radio
communication and provide television broadcast and cable relay services, as well as home
reception. Satellite services also support applications such as mobile and cellular communication,
telemedicine, cargo tracking, point-of-sale transactions, and Internet access. Satellites also
provide redundancy and backup capabilities to ground-based communications.
Unfortunately, with the diffusion of this complex system, the interest of governments and hackers
also increased; their security is today a pillar of the cyber security strategy of the most advanced
government. The wave of cyber threats has evolved rapidly in the last years in the pace of
technological evolution.
This paper introduce such questions of the satellite network and communications security
analysis: satellite network architecture operation design and technologies, satellite network treats
and security analysis, satellite network vulnerabilities, satellite network hacking and satellite
cybercrime statistics.
2. SATELLITE NETWORK SECURITY
This chapter describes the technical fundamentals of satellite networks; examines security
vulnerabilities; and explores initiatives for protecting the integrity of satellite network
transmissions and operations from cyber incursions and physical attacks.

2.1 Satellite network architecture operation design and technologies
In order to better address satellite hacking, it is first necessary to have an understanding of how
satellites work. Most satellite systems conform to a broad template. As shown in figure one, this
consists of the satellite itself, a tracking, telemetry, and control (TT&C) ground station,
communications ground stations, and uplinks and downlinks between these ground stations and
the satellite. The satellite itself is composed of a bus and payload. The payload is usually a
collection of electronic devices specific to that satellite’s desired function. For example, a
surveillance satellite would contain imaging equipment, while the payload for a communications
satellite would include transponders for receiving and relaying signals such as telephone or
television. The bus is the platform housing the payload; this includes equipment for manoeuvring,
power, thermal regulation, and command and control. TT&C ground stations “perform tracking
and control functions to ensure that satellites remain in the proper orbits… and to monitor their
performance [1;21].
Communications ground stations process imagery, voice, or other data and provide, in many
cases, a link to ground-based terrestrial network interconnections”. These ground-based
terrestrial network interconnections communicate to and from the communications ground station
but not directly to the satellite [1;21].
FIGURE 1: Setellite Components [1;22].
In addition to communication ground stations, there are a wide range of commercial user
terminals which can receive data downlinks, and in some cases transmit data uplinks. Examples
of downlink only user terminals include GPS navigation devices commonly found in automobiles
and satellite TV dishes (when those dishes are unmodified and used as commercially intended).
The predominant means of satellite transmission is radio and microwave signals (see figure 2).
Higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) are capable of transmitting more information than lower
frequencies (longer wavelengths), but require more power to travel longer distances. The US, EU,
and NATO have assigned letter designations to widely used frequency ranges within the radio
spectrum (see figure 3). Some generalizations can be made as certain applications tend to group
within specific bands, such as roving telephone services and broadband communication using the
C and Ka-bands respectively. “Ultra-High Frequency, X-, and K-bands have traditionally been
reserved in the United States for the military” [3]. In addition to Internet websites and mobile apps

that reveal particular frequencies used by individual satellites, scanning software exists that can
automate the process for potential hackers [1;22].
FIGURE 2: The predominant means of satellite transmission (radio and microwave signals) [1; 22].
There are numerous types of satellite orbits. The most basic include low, medium, and high earth
orbits (LEO, MEO, and HEO), polar orbits, and geosynchronous or geostationary (GEO) orbits.
As with frequency bands, some generalizations can be made with specific satellite types tending
towards specific orbits. For example, early warning satellites tend towards HEO, while LEO is
used for earth observation and requires fewer resources to obtain. GPS navigation satellites are
in MEO. Geosynchronous orbits, of which GEO is one type, have an orbital period that matches
the earth’s rotation. This allows them to remain in a ground station’s line of sight at all times. In
the case of GEO, they remain in the exact same spot at all times meaning that antennas do not
need to move or track the satellite’s position; these antenna can be aimed in one direction
permanently. Being able to have this continual downlink means data can be obtained immediately
and does not have to be stored as it does in other orbits where the satellite’s field of view
(footprint) continually passes out of range of the ground station as it transits the opposite side of
the planet [1;23].
For surveillance or weather satellites, geosynchronous orbits provide 24 hour coverage of a
target. Nongeosynchronous satellites can obtain 24 hour access to downlinks by means of relay
links (or crosslinks) between satellites in orbit. In some cases geosynchronous satellites also

utilize relay links since the operator may not want a ground station positioned in the footprint,
such as in a war zone. Orbital slots near the Earth’s equator and low inclinations are in high
demand as these maximize reliability and available use. Likewise, the US is particularly interested
in the orbital arc that “lies between 60° and 135° W longitude, because satellites in this area can
serve the entire continental United States”. Different states have similar optimal orbits they seek
to obtain, which often overlap with other state’s interests [1;23].
FIGURE 3: [1;23].
Lifespans of satellites vary, with the high end being approximately 15 years. When a satellite is
no longer operable, it is preferable to move it into a higher ‘graveyard orbit’ or a controlled decent
to burn up in the atmosphere. Older satellite designs tended to keep the complex functions and
equipment on the ground so repair and upgrade is more accessible. An example of an older
design is the ‘bent-pipe satellite’ which simply relays the signal that is transmitted to it. This can
be likened to a mirror in space, allowing a signal to bounce off and reach a location on the planet
beyond terrestrial line of sight. This is however an oversimplification as even bent-pipe satellites
are using increasingly complex payloads with on-board processing. As a basic outline for a
satellite uplink: data enters a modem, then is sent to an up-converter, on to a high-power
amplifier, and finally sent through the antenna. Two common amplifier types encountered in
satellite literature are traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) and solid state power amplifiers
(SSPAs). A typical bent-pipe satellite will have multiple transponders on-board and increase
capacity by using access techniques like code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency
division multiple access (FDMA), and time division multiple access (TDMA). This allows multiple
streams of information to be sent simultaneously over a single communication channel,
delineating them by use of code, variance of frequency, or timing respectively. They are then
allocated to the appropriate transponder for downlink transmission, all without interference or loss
of signal. Downlinks then go from the satellite antenna to a low-noise amplifier (LNA), to the
down-converter, to the modem, and then onward to a computer and/or end user [1;23-24].
Communications satellites normally have no protection at all, if you know the right frequency,
have a powerful enough transmitter and antenna, and know where to point your signal, you can
do it. And it's *extremely* difficult to avoid, there are very few technical countermeasures. You
can beam a more powerful carrier over the pirate, but this means you lose the bandwidth anyhow
and, in case of an intentional interference, the pirate can just shift his frequency and start over.
[1;24].
It should be noted that there is some discrepancy between sources as to the names of each of
the large components within the broad template provided above. For example, some literature
may blur distinction between an earth station, hub, teleport, terminal, or ground station. There is a
lack of standardization, and vendors prefer to give their own unique product names, particularly
when they feel the technology has been improved upon. However, this broad template does not
capture the true diversity between individual satellite systems or the vast technical detail behind
their operation. At the same time, the simplicity shown here does more than provide an
introduction; there is in fact an element of simplicity in their design. Science, technology, and
efficiency force them to conform on many levels. And from a hacker’s perspective, mastering all
of the technical detail is not essential. It is much easier to damage or disrupt hardware than it is to

build it and maintain its proper function. Satellite script kiddies may exist. For example, an
attacker does not need to know how to find clear text open frequencies, or how to build an
antenna, if they can simply purchase ready-made equipment [1;24].
Downscale Ground Stations
One significant type of equipment not yet discussed is the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT).
VSATs are a type of scaled down communication ground station, capable of two way satellite
communication with an antenna less than 2.4 meters in diameter and typical data rates of 2
Mbps. As of 2010, there were 1,432,150 VSAT sites in use, with 2,845,747 individual VSATs
reportedly shipped to customers. They are commonly used for bank transactions between
headquarters and branches, Internet access in remote locations (including Intranet, local area
networks, video conferencing, virtual private networks, and VOIP), mobile or fixed maritime
communications (e.g. ship or oil rig), point of sale transactions, and SCADA (supervisory control
and data acquisition system, often used in connection with industrial or infrastructure control
systems). Each of these encompasses a large amount of sensitive data that might be of interest
to hackers (see figure 4 for one example of VSAT ground-based terrestrial network
interconnections). Most VSAT networks are configured into a star or mesh topology, with mesh
topology allowing individual VSATs to communicate via the satellite without using the hub as an
intermediary (see figure 5). The Hub station, sometimes referred to as the Network Operations
Center (NOC), is responsible for monitoring and controlling, configuring, and troubleshooting the
network. In this way, a hub is comparable to a TT&C ground station [1;24].
FIGURE 4B An example of a VSAT network in a Banking Environment [1;25].

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CHAPTER VI
UPPER GEYSER BASIN
It was about noon when we reached the Upper Geyser Basin, and I felt
that it would be profitable to take a little rest before going any further
into the mysteries of this "wonderland." Old Faithful was due to play
shortly after we reached the camp, but I was too far away when it was
announced she was in action to get the full benefit of the display, and
went back to the camp to wait another seventy minutes. The long drive
in the forenoon, and the exposure to the cold, caused me to feel weary
and dull, nevertheless I made an effort to be on hand at every eruption,
which to me became more and more fascinating.
Old Faithful Inn accommodates 400 guests. It is constructed of boulders
and logs, with peaks, angles, dormers, French windows, etc. This most
restful and impressive abode of the tourists is only two or three minutes'
walk from Old Faithful Geyser, and so located as to give from its
balconies a splendid view of the display.

OFFICE OLD FAITHFUL INN © Haynes, St. Paul
The office-room is 75 feet square and 92 feet high, and reaches to the
roof, with a massive chimney that rises to the top. The building is
surrounded with beautiful grounds, furnished with rustic seats. The
chimney is fourteen feet square with eight fireplaces, and balconies are
built around three sides. While everything is of the rustic order, there is
nothing commonplace about the hotel or its furnishings. "It is a creation
of art from the foundation to the peak of the roof."
Old Faithful Geyser in the forefront of Old Faithful Inn is like a sentinel,
and so named because of the regularity of its eruptions. Its crater, from
which the water is expelled to a height of 150 feet, is an oblong opening,
two by six feet, at the top of a mound of geyserite. Its eruptions
sometimes vary a few minutes, in the meantime giving warning with two
or three short spurts, increasing in volume until the maximum height is
reached. The display is short, most of the water falling back into the
crater, but no more fascinating or impressive scene could be found. The

formations around are brilliant in color, resembling the more subdued
tints and hues seen at the Mammoth Hot Springs.
In the early part of the afternoon, a number of tourists, including my
brother and sister, went with a guide to Geyser Hill. After their return,
they had much to say about what they had seen and heard. Later in the
day I felt rested and wanted to make the trip, and my brother and sister
went with me. They had learned all they could from the guide and were
ready to name the various geysers, springs, and pools, and describe their
operations to me. Of these, the Giantess, Beehive, and Sponge Geysers,
were the most interesting. The Giantess occupies the most prominent
position on the hill. Its displays attain a height of about 100 feet, and are
accompanied by shocks and tremors much like earthquakes. The entire
eruption lasts from twelve to twenty-four hours. The crater appears to be
about thirty feet in diameter, and after each eruption a steam period
ensues. In 1911, the eruptions varied from four to twelve days. Some
years previous to this, the eruptions took place about once a month. It is
believed that while activity, as a whole, is decreasing in the geyser
regions, a century brings only a slight change.
I stood near the crater of the Giantess during the steam period. For a
moment the vapor cleared away, and I could see down the great neck of
the crater into a yawning chasm, so angry and terrible, as to make me
feel that I had seen with the eye what the Bible describes as the
bottomless pit, where the sulphurous flames belch forth, and "where
their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched" (Mark 9:44).
If there are those who have doubts as to the reality of the lake of fire, of
which Jesus told His disciples, in the 16th chapter of St. Luke, they
should by all means go to the regions of the Yellowstone: for here, vividly
presented to the vision, are the realities of a burning underworld, with
only a thin crust between it and the habitation of human beings.
The Bible clearly teaches that hell is located in the center of this earth,
and therefore it must be conceded that the ebon throne of Diabolus is
somewhere in the heated regions below, the intensity of which the
geysers, pools, springs, and volcanoes are continually demonstrating.

GIANTESS GEYSER IN ACTION © Haynes,
St. Paul
Whatever may be involved in the separation of soul and body, it is
nevertheless true that the immortal spirit that has not appropriated the
atoning blood must dwell in the confines of the bottomless pit, which is
described in the Scriptures as being in the center of this earth. Here are
the flames by which Dives was tormented when he begged Abraham to
send Lazarus with a drop of water to cool his parched tongue, and made
an appeal for some one to go to his father's house to warn his five
brothers not to come to that place of torment. Abraham had to refuse
both requests, saying, "Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime
receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he

is comforted, and thou art tormented. And beside all this, between us
and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from
hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from
thence." Then, when he wanted some one to go to his father's house to
warn his brothers, Abraham said, "They have Moses and the prophets;
let them hear them." But still the doomed man continued and said, "If
one went unto them from the dead, they will repent," but he was told,
"If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be
persuaded, though one rose from the dead." How true this is! After all
the influence that can be brought to bear upon people, they rebel against
God and follow their own precepts; and true to fallen human nature, ask
for greater evidence of His power. "The wicked shall be turned into hell,
and all the nations that forget God" (Ps. 9:17). This and other plain
scriptures should be sufficient to warn men to flee the wrath to come.
Optimism and presumption everywhere characterize the multitudes when
it comes to this most important question concerning the future welfare of
the soul.
The man who had allowed the devil to deceive him and take him at last
to his abode in the regions of torment, was still presumptuous and
persistent. He wanted help, which it was impossible for him to receive,
and also warning given to his father's house, which they had refused to
take through Moses and the prophets.
It is necessary at this period of the world's history to have an object
lesson like that of the Yellowstone National Park to convince people of
the infallibility of God's word. It is the time of the fulfilment of prophecy
concerning the last days, of which Paul says,
"This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. For men
shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud,
blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, Without natural
affection, truce-breakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of
those that are good, Traitors, heady, highminded, LOVERS OF
PLEASURES MORE THAN LOVERS OF GOD" (2 Tim. 3:1-5).
Many pleasure seekers are now thronging Yellowstone Park, and in ten
thousand demonstrations are having to face the realities of God's word
and the life that is to come. I saw some of them standing near the

yawning craters of the geysers under deep conviction, and no doubt
silently resolving to live different lives, while others frankly stated that
the depths of their beings had been disturbed, and that it was no time to
trifle with the soul.
There is no such thing as shirking the responsibility, where Nature co-
operates with the Almighty on such a tremendous scale in the display of
His power. A person may try to stifle his conscience and refuse to yield to
the voice that speaks from above, but he can not evade the fact that the
issue must be met; and why not yield to the pressure and make the
decision now? Life at best is short, and it is perilous to crowd into some
future time the things that should be taken under consideration now.
THE SPONGE GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul
The Teakettle and the Vault give warning before the Giantess erupts. The
Vault plays eight feet high, twenty-four hours before the Giantess.
Topaz at the base of the Giantess mound is a pool of remarkable beauty. I
was much interested in the Pump near the Sponge Geyser. It is a hole
eighteen inches across, out of which comes a thumping sound,
resembling a hydraulic ram.

The Sponge Geyser has a beautiful cone of flinty formation resembling that
of a sponge. Eruptions are about four feet high, occuring a minute and a
quarter apart.
The Beehive Geyser has a cone four feet high and three feet across, and
plays to the height of 200 feet. Its indicator, a small fissure north of the
cone, foretells its eruptions. It is supposed that there is some relationship
between the Beehive and the Giantess from the fact that the Beehive
plays at intervals of from eight to twelve hours after the Giantess and has
been seen to play before the Giantess.
THE BEEHIVE GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul

The Doublet Pool is near the Giantess and is marked "Dangerous." The
geyser formations accumulate very slowly and the water here flows out
over a thin crust.
The Lion Geyser, with the Lioness and two Cubs, occupies a prominent
place not far from the Giant. Its eruptions occur usually in series of
three, about two and one-half hours apart, after which follows a quiet
period of about twelve hours. The first eruption is the highest and most
charming in appearance. The water is forced up fifty or sixty feet high,
the eruption lasting about five minutes.
During some seasons the Lioness has not played at all. In 1903 it is said
that the Lioness and both Cubs played at the same time to a large party
of tourists. The larger Cub plays with the Lioness to a height of about
thirty feet, the smaller one plays oftener, but only a few feet high.
Castle Geyser is on a prominence opposite Geyser Hill. The mound on
which it is situated covers about three acres, rising more than forty feet
above the river. It has the most prominent cone in the Upper Basin,
resembling an old castle. At intervals the steam escapes and throws out
jets of water, though it erupts only every two days. Near Castle Geyser is
Castle Spring, a beautiful pool of water, highly colored.
The Sawmill Geyser gets its name from the peculiar noise it makes during
an eruption. It plays at intervals of three or four hours and at a height of
about forty feet. Its indicator is near-by; they both start together and
suddenly begin to throw water in all directions.
The Grand Geyser discharges water in forked columns 200 feet high. It is
said to play much more frequently in the spring than in the fall. This is
because the water supply is greater in the mountain regions at this
season.
Turban Geyser is near the Grand. The early explorers believed that internal
fires were seen in its crater; if so, it was caused, no doubt, by the light
playing on bubbles of gas. Firehole Lake furnishes a good example of this
phenomenon. The Turban Geyser plays about twenty-five feet high.
Sometimes its eruptions occur with the Grand Geyser.

The Economic Geyser gets its name from the fact that during its eruptions
nearly all the water flows back into its crater. In form it resembles Old
Faithful, but plays only about fifteen feet high.
CASTLE GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul
Beauty Spring attracts much attention. It is a large, silent pool remarkable
for its coloring. Almost every person, when approaching it for the first
time, remarks about its beauty, hence, our guide said, it received its
name. A rusty color predominates in various shades from the richest
brown, blending into green and yellow tints.
Butterfly Spring is about four feet across and has an opening in each
wing. It looks like a butterfly in both color and shape. These double
springs, of which I saw a number, as heretofore stated, have a spiritual
significance, illustrating the two works of grace, justification and
sanctification, so clearly taught in both the Old and the New Testament.
The Ear is a most remarkable small spring. Not only is it in the shape of
an ear, but its lobe seems to be pierced, and the earring is a tiny geyser.

"It is here that messages are transmitted, so the story goes, to regions
below."
Beach Spring reminded me of an oyster, the opening in the center
corresponding to the dark spot. It is surrounded by a flat, submerged
beach.
BUTTERFLY SPRING © Haynes, St. Paul
After we had visited the springs and geysers on the hill, we returned to
the camp to await the next number on the day's program.

CHAPTER VII
UPPER GEYSER BASIN (CONT.)
Shortly after dinner the news was circulated that a religious service was
to be held in the office of the camp, where the guests assembled around
the large fireplace. I learned from some friends that our party was
expected to conduct the meeting. Later, the manager asked me to take
charge of the service. She said that it would be impossible to get the
people in until after 8:30 o'clock, as Old Faithful would be due to make a
display about that time, and that the great searchlight from the hotel
would be turned on the geyser when the water reached its maximum
height. This caused much excitement among the guests, and every
person sought the best position to get a view of the display.
Immediately afterward the people gathered in for the service. Song
books were passed around and a lively interest was taken in the singing,
in which nearly every one joined. My brother and his wife sang a number
of pieces together which greatly pleased the audience. My brother then
preached a short sermon and I followed, giving them some interesting
history concerning the Pillar of Fire church. This seemed to be the
subject in which most of them were interested, and I was glad to be able
to give them the information they desired. There is so much akin to the
supernatural in the Yellowstone it made the preaching of the Gospel easy
on this occasion.
The day, after having been full of interest and inspiration, closed with a
message of salvation for the people, which was best of all. Many
gathered around us to express their appreciation of the service.
The next morning I arose refreshed and ready to finish the tour of the
Upper Geyser Basin, which contains twenty-six geysers and more than
four hundred hot pools and springs. A party of "hikers," with a guide,
started out about nine o'clock to make the rounds before luncheon. I was
not quite sure that I could keep up with them, but as many of the places

are not accessible to vehicles I had to make the attempt or miss my
opportunity.
The basin is drained in the center by the Firehole River. Everywhere
steaming hot springs are seen, also mounds and cones of geyserite. In
this basin, within a square mile, are the grandest and mightiest geysers
in the world. There are pools of scalding water whose marvelous beauty
and delicacy of coloring cannot be described. Everywhere are undulations
crowned with geyser cones, or hot spring vents of a grayish white
appearance. In places, the earth trembles, strange rumblings are heard,
and the air is heavy with sulphurous fumes. How could it be otherwise
but that a person should feel that he is in close proximity to the Inferno
which Dante so vividly described!
The Riverside Geyser, on the banks of the Firehole River, plays, we were
told, "Over the River" at intervals of six or seven hours. Sometimes
eruptions occur more frequently for a period of several days.
Grotto Geyser has the most attractive formation of any geyser in the park.
The Washburn party named it in 1870. Its eruptions are irregular,
occurring at intervals of two to eight hours and lasting from fifteen
minutes to eight hours. Sometimes the Grotto ceases and the Rocket
plays to a height of fifty feet. After it has ceased, the Grotto resumes
action.

RIVERSIDE GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul
The Giant Geyser, south of the Grotto, is the highest in the world. We
found a person near it in soldier's uniform who said he had been waiting
there a week to see it play. Its maximum height is 250 feet, which is
reached during the first twenty minutes of its eruption. Its cone is ten
feet high with one side partly broken off. Eruptions occur every seven to
twelve days.
Near the Giant are three "boiling caldrons," Catfish, Bijou, and Mastiff.
These are supposed to be indicators, but it is uncertain whether the
eruptions of the Giant are foretold by them.

The Daisy is a very beautiful and reliable geyser, erupting every one and a
half to two hours. Seventy-five feet is its maximum height.
The Bonita Pool, across the road, acts as an indicator.
The Brilliant is a beautiful blue hot spring and near to it is the Comet,
which has built up a small cone of geyserite.
When our party reached Castle Geyser on a hill opposite the Giantess,
our guide called attention to the fact that the Giantess was in action. Our
time was limited, but every member of the party wanted to cross the
bridge and go to Geyser Hill and get as near to its crater as possible. We
did so, and it was at this time, during the steam period, when the water
had receded, that I got a glimpse into its awful depths; and trembled at
the yawning chasm which threatened to engulf us. It looked as if it might
be connected with the place where the king of darkness dwells and his
organized forces operate. We had only a few minutes to tarry, and
hastened back to the vicinity of Castle Geyser to renew the journey.

GIANT GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul
I was grateful for this little diversion, which broke in on the regular
program of the tour, feeling that I had been fortunate to see at least one
eruption from the crater of the Giantess.
Morning-glory Spring, or Geyser, as it is sometimes called, was to me the
climax in beauty of all the springs in the geyser basins. It looked as if it
might be a gem of Paradise that had survived the curse. It appears to be
a mass of many-colored liquids, resembling a giant morning-glory, hence
its name.

CHAPTER VIII
THE BOTTOMLESS PIT
Proof is often asked for statements made that hell is located in the center
of the earth. John, as recorded in the 20th chapter of Revelation, said,
"And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the
BOTTOMLESS PIT and a great chain in his hand. And he laid hold on the
dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a
thousand years, And cast him into the BOTTOMLESS PIT, and shut him
up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more,
till the thousand years should be fulfilled."
Where else could the bottomless pit be but in the center of this earth,
when it is implicitly stated that the angel came down from heaven with
the chain to bind Satan? Ours is the sphere for which he is contending
and where he has so long deceived the nations. Where else could the
angel lock him up but on the inside of the earth?
In the 16th chapter of Numbers we have an account of Korah's company,
who murmured and rebelled against the Lord, and Moses, in trying to
show how great was their crime against God, said,
"If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be visited after
the visitation of all men; then the Lord hath not sent me. But if the Lord
make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up,
with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the PIT;
then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the Lord.
"And it came to pass, as he had made an end of speaking all these
words, that the ground clave asunder that was under them. And the
earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses, and
all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods. They, and
all that appertained to them, went down alive into the PIT, and the earth
closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation. And

all Israel that were round about them fled at the cry of them: for they
said, Lest the earth swallow us up also."
GROTTO GEYSER © Haynes, St. Paul
In the first chapter of Job, we have an account of a controversy between
the Lord and Satan. And the Lord said unto Satan,
"Whence comest thou?"
Then Satan answered, "From going to and fro in the earth, and from
walking up and down in it."
The Lord asked Satan if he had considered His servant Job, a perfect and
an upright man, one who "feareth God, and escheweth evil."
Satan, unwilling to admit Job's loyalty to God, said,
"Hast not thou made an hedge about him, ... on every side? thou hast
blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land.
But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will
curse thee to thy face."

The Lord took the challenge, and said,
"Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth
thine hand."
It follows that calamity fell upon Job's household, and he lost his sons
and his daughters and all that he had. And again Satan presented
himself before the Lord, after he had lost in the battle with Job, who
maintained his integrity through his afflictions, and sinned not nor
charged God foolishly.
The second time the Lord said unto Satan,
"Whence comest thou?"
And again the answer was, "From going to and fro in the earth, and from
walking up and down in it."
Here is an admission from Satan himself which proves without a doubt
where he dwells; and it is here that the mighty angel will capture him
and bind him with a great chain and lock him up in the center of this
earth for a thousand years. It is comforting to know that Job won in the
second battle, after Satan had afflicted him with boils from the soles of
his feet to the crown of his head, and so will Satan be defeated at the
closing up of this age, when judgments shall fall upon the wicked, as
upon Korah's company, and great demonstrations of God's power be
seen and felt.
Jude speaks of the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their
own habitations (that is, came down to earth) whom God "hath reserved
in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great
day." He also makes mention of the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah,
suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. These are but a few of the
instances mentioned in the Scriptures showing the location of hell, which
is the abode of the wicked, and where Diabolus has his throne.

SAPPHIRE POOL—BISCUIT BASIN © Haynes, St. Paul
The impression that was made on the explorers of the Yellowstone
regions is indicated by certain names that were given to some places,
such as "Devil's Kitchen," "Devil's Frying Pan," "Black Growler," "Hell
Broth Springs," "Devil's Hoof," "Devil's Inkwell," "Hell's Half Acre," etc.
That the suggestion of these things should be a mere freak, or fancy of
the mind is out of the question, when there is so much scriptural proof to
the contrary.
Man has been created in the image of God, and a little lower than the
angels (Heb. 2:7). There is a voice that speaks to the soul when all
others are hushed. Intuitively he knows that punishment awaits the
wicked, however much he may try to stifle his conscience and evade the
issue.
The only way to escape the wrath that is to come, is through the atoning
blood, the efficacy of which is proved when conditions are met. "Without
shedding of blood is no remission" (Heb. 9:22).

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