SC161-Lecture2

Thiti Theerathean
Center for Teaching Excellence
University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce
E-mail : thiti_the@utcc.ac.th

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T h e P r i n c i p l e s o f I n f o r m a t i o n Te c h n o l o g y .
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The System Unit is a case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process Data. The common components inside the system
unit are :
ProcessorMemory
Sound card
Video card
Drive bay
Power supply
 Motherboard
 Processor
 Memory
 Expansion cards
- Sound card
- Video card
 Drive bays
 Power supply

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The Motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit.
Back Panel Connectors

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A chipset or PC chipset refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips,
that are designed to work together.

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The processor, also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), interprets and carries out
the basic instructions that operate a computer. It contain a Control Unit (CU) and
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
Main Memory
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Input
Output
Central Processing Unit
A Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations
and operations. It is measured as a frequency in hertz.

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There are four basic operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle.
Main Memory
Arithmetic
Logic Unit Control Unit
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory.
Step 1
Step 2
Performs calculations on the data.
Step 3
Write result to memory and display on
the output devices.
Step 4
Translate instruction into commands.
Execute Decode
Store Fetch

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What happens inside the CPU in one machine cycle executing
the operation 7 + 5

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With pipelining, the processor
fetches a second instruction before
the first instruction is completed.
The result is faster processing.

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The Parallel processing is a method that uses multiple processors simultaneously
to execute a single program or task.
Parallel processing required special software that recognizes how to divide
the problem and then bring the results back together again.
Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4
L 1 D L 1 I L 1 D L 1 I L 1 D L 1 I L 1 D L 1 I
L2 cache L2 cache L2 cache L2 cache
L3 cache

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• The digit 1 represents the electronic state of On.
• The digit 0 represents the electronic state of Off.
The binary system is a number system that has just
two unique digit (0 and 1) call Bit.
Most computers recognize only two discrete states :
• Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called Byte.
• A byte represents a single character in the computer.
• To represent 256 individual characters.
Onand Off

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The combinations of 0s and 1s are defined by patterns called a
Coding scheme. Two popular coding scheme are
• The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
is used on PC and Server.
• The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
is used on Mainframe and High-end server.

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 Temporary storage area for operating system, application programs,
and data.
 Consists of one or more chips on motherboard.
 The byte is the basic storage unit in memory, each byte stored in
unique location called an address.
 The size of memory can be represented in terms of the number of bytes
Term Abbreviation Approximate number of byte Exact Amount of byte
kilobyte KB 1 thousand 1,024 (210)
Megabyte MB 1 million 1,048,576 (220)
Gigabyte GB 1 billion 1,073,741,824 (230)
Terabyte TB 1 trillion 1,099,511,627,776 (240)

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Temporary : Loses its contents when
computer's power is turned off.
 RAM : Random Access Memory
Permanent : Does NOT lose its contents
when computer’s power is turned off.
 ROM : Read Only Memory
 Flash memory
 CMOS

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 also called “Main Memory”
 can be read from and written to by the processor and other device.
 Three basic types of RAM chips : DRAM , SRAM and MRAM
memory slots
memory module RAM chips usually reside on a memory module
that be held by memory slots.
 SIMM : Single inline memory module.
 DIMM : Dual inline memory module.
 RIMM : Rambus inline memory module.

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 Chips must be re-energized constantly.
 DRAM, SDRAM and DDR SDRAM use SIMM or DIMM slot.
 RDRAM use RIMM slot.
 Chips do not have to be re-energized as often as DRAM.
 Faster and more reliable than DRAM.
 Usually used in Memory Cache of CPU.
 Stores data using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges.
 Consumes less power and has faster access times than
electronic RAM.
 Retains its contents after power is removed.

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It depends on type of applications you intend to run on your computer.
1GB or less 1GB to 4GB 4GB and upRAM
USE •Managing personal finances
•Using standard application
software such as MS Office.
•Using educational or Home
entertainment .
•Communicating with others
on the Web
•Users requiring more advanced
multimedia capabilities
•Running number-intensive
accounting, financial, or
spreadsheet programs
•Using voice recognition
•Working with videos, music, and
digital imaging
•Creating Web sites
•Participating in video conferences
•Playing Internet games
•creating professional Web
sites
•Running sophisticated
CAD, 3-D design, or
other graphics-intensive
software

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• Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used instructions
and data
• Also called memory cache.

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 ROM is nonvolatile memory that storing permanent data and
instructions.
 There are three types of ROM.
 Firmware
Data, instruction and information on the chips are written by
manufacturer when they manufacture the chips.
 PROM : Programmable read-only memory
Blank ROM chip which a programmer can write permanently.
 EEPROM : Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
Type of PROM containing microcode programmer can erase.

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 Nonvolatile memory that can be erased
electronically and rewritten.
 Most mobile devices use flash memory
to hold their startup instruction.
Portable media player
Flash memory chips
Cable to the computer
 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor.
 It provide high speeds and consumes little power.
 Uses battery power to retain information.
 Stores date, time, and computer’s startup information.

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 It is the amount of time it takes the processor to read data
instructions or information from memory.
 It is measured in nanosecond (ns) that is a one billionth of
a second.
 Manufacturers state access times in MHz
 SDRAM  133 MHz (about 7.5 ns)
 DDR SDRAM  667 MHz (about 1.5 ns)
 RDRAM  1600 MHz (about 0.625 ns)
 ROM  about 25 to 250 ns

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An adapter card, sometime called an
expansion card, is a circuit board that
enhances functions of a component of the
system unit and/or provides connections to
peripherals.
An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card.
Many of today’s computers support Plug and Play, which means it automatically
can configure adapter cards and other peripherals.

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 An ExpressCard module adds memory,
storage, sound, communications, and
other capabilities to notebook computers.
 An PC card adds various capabilities to
computers.
Both PC cards and ExpressCard modules conform to standards developed
by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA).

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A Port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a
system unit so the peripheral can send data to or receive information from the
computer.
A Connector joins a cable
to a peripheral.
• Male
• Female

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 Transmitting data one bit at a time.
 Used to connect slow-speed devices
 RS-232 or RS-422 standard.
 Transferring more than one bit at a time
 separate lines in a single cable.
 alternative to connect slow-speed devices.

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 Call an Universal Serial Bus
 Up to 127 devices together with a single
connector.
 Use a USB Hub or Daisy chain to attach
multiple peripherals.
 Called an IEEE 1394 Ports
 Up to 63 devices together
 Connects multiple types of devices
that require faster data transmission
speeds.

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 short for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface”
 serial port that connects to a musical instrument.

 short for “External SATA”
 serial port that connects to a external Hard disk.
 six times faster data transmission speeds than
external hard disk attached to a computer’s USB
or FireWire Port.

 high speed parallel port that connects to a drive
or printer.
 can daisy chain up to either 7 or 15 devices.


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fastest
fast
slow
slowest
 Channel that allows devices inside the system unit to communicate with each other.
 A System bus (Front side bus) connects the processor to main memory.
 An Expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with peripherals.
 A Bus width determines number of bits that transmitted at one time.

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An Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter
data and instructions into a computer.

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• Input device that contains keys users press to enter data into a computer.
• An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist
and hand injuries.

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Wireless 2.4 GHz
PS/2
USB

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• Mouse is pointing device that fits under
the palm of your hand.
• To control the movement of the pointer.
 Mechanical mouse
 Optical mouse
 Wireless mouse
 Air mouse

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Trackball Touchpad
Pointing stick
Touch screen

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A game controller as the
input device that directs
movements and actions of
on-screen object.
Joystick Game Pad Wheels Light gun
Motion-sensing game controller

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The process of entering any sound into the computer
Speech
Music
Sound

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• The process of entering input by speaking into
a microphone.
• Voice recognition or Speech recognition is the
computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken
words.
 Speaker-dependent software : makes a profile of your voice for recognition.
 Speaker-independent software : uses built-in set of word patterns.

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Digital camera
A pixel is the smallest
element in an electronic
image.
The process of capturing still images and storing them on a storage medium.
The Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display
device that represented by ppi : pixels per inch.

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ProcessorLens
1 bit/color
4 bit/color
8 bit/color

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Cam coder Web camera
The process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a storage medium.
You can create movies and
output them to CD , DVD or
post them on the Web.
The features and attributes to consider when purchasing a camcorder.
 FireWire/IEEE 1394 support
 Lens Quality
 LCD Size
 Optical Stabilization System
 Digital Still Image Capability

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A scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed
text and graphics then translates the results into a form the
computer can process.

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A optical reader is a device that used a light source to read characters,
marks and codes.
Optical characterrecognition(OCR) Optical mark recognition (OMR)
Bar code reader

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RFID (Radio frequency identification) is a technology that uses radio signals
to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal or a
person.
RFID Tags, which contain a memory chip and an
antenna, are available in many shapes and sizes and
sometimes are embedded in glass, labels or cards.
RFID Reader reads information on
the tag via radio wave.

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A Magnetic Stripe Card Reader is a device
that reads the magnetic stripe on the back of
cards. The stripe contains information identifying
you and the card issuer.
A Smart Card Reader is a device that reads
data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the
card. Smart cards add extra layer of protection
more than the magnetic stripe.

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A Magnetic-ink character recognition : MICR is device that reads text
printed with magnetized ink. The banking industry almost exclusively uses MICR
for check processing.

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Biometrics is the technology of authenticating a person’s identity by verifying
a personal characteristic (physiological or behavioral).
 Fingerprint
 Face recognition
 Hand geometry
 Voice verification
 Signature verification
 Iris recognition

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On-screen
keyboard
stylus
Camera
Scanner
Connecting
cradle
GPS
receiver
Hand-free
microphone
Build-in camera
Digital pen
keyboard
Memory card
cable

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There are four basic categories of output :
An Output device is any hardware component that can convey information
to one or more people.

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A display device is an output device that visually conveys text graphics and
video information. Information on a display device, sometime called soft copy,
exists electronically and appears for a temporary period.
There are three types of display devices :
CRT monitor Flat panel monitor Projector

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A CRT monitor is an desktop monitor that contains a Cathode-ray tube.
 Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor
material.
 Each dot consists of a red, blue and green
phosphor.
Quality of a CRT Monitor is depends on :
 Resolution : the number of horizontal and vertical pixels.
 Dot pitch : the distance between pixels. (mm)
 Refresh rate : the number of times that the image is drawn per second (Hz)

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A Flat panel monitor is a lightweight display device with a shallow depth and
flat screen.
LCD monitor
Plasma monitor
 Uses a liquid crystal display to produce
image.
 15 – 23 inches.
 the quality of a LCD Monitor is depends on
- Resolution (pixels) - Dot pitch (mm)
- Response time (ms) - Contrast ratio
- Brightness (nit)
 Displays image by applying voltage
to layer of gas between two glass
plates.
 more than 60 inches.

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A Projector is a device that takes the text and images on your computer screen
and projects them on a larger screen. There are two types of projector:
LCD project : DLP projector:
 uses liquid crystal display Technology
 uses its own light source to display in
information on the screen.
 produce lower quality images
 uses tiny mirrors to reflect light.
 produces crisp, bright and colorful images

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A printing device is an output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium. Information on a printing device, sometime called printout or
hard copy, exists physically and is for a more permanent form of output.
Nonimpact printerImpact printer
 Dot-matrix printer
 Line printer
 Ink-jet printer
 Thermal printer
 Laser printer
 Plotter
A nonimpact printer forms characters
and graphics on a piece of paper without
actually striking the paper.
A nonimpact printer forms characters
and graphics on a piece of paper by
striking a mechanism against an inked
ribbon that physically contacts the
paper.

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 Produces printed image by tiny wire pins.
 A print head mechanism contains 9 to 24 pins.
 Speed is measured by the number of characters
per second (cps)
 high-speed impact printer that prints an entire
line at a time.
 Speed is measured by the number of lines per
minute (lpm)

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 Produces printed image by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink.
 Resolution is measured by the number of dots per inch (dpi)
 Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm)
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated
pins against heat sensitive paper.
 Creates image using a laser beam and powdered ink, called
toner.

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 Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings.
 use a row of charged wire, called “styli”, to draw an electrostatic pattern
on coated paper and fuse toner to the pattern.

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Computer component that produces music, speech, or other sounds.
stereo speaker 2.1 speaker 4.1 speaker 5.1 speaker
Headphones Earphones

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A Storage is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions
and information for future use.

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Capacity is a number of bytes that
a storage medium can hold.
Data and instructions
available to user
Data and instructions erasedVolatile
Contents available to user Contents retainedNonvolatile
Type Power is ON Power is OFF

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• Writing
The process of transferring data from memory
to a storage medium.
• Reading
The process of transferring these items from
a storage medium into memory.
• Access time
The amount of time it takes a storage device to
locate an item on a storage medium.
A Storage device is the computer hardware that record and/or retrieves
items to or from storage media.

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It use magnetic particles to store items on disk’s surface. Depending on how
the magnetic particles are aligned, They represent either a 0 bit or a 1 bit.
Longitudinal Recording
Perpendicular Recording
Recording medium Recording medium
Soft underlayer
Before any data can be read from or written on a magnetic disk, the disk
must be formatted. Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks
and sector.
Two popular types of magnetic disks are Hard disks and floppy disks .

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A Sector is a portion of a disk between
a center, two radii and a corresponding
arc, shaped like a slice of a pie.
A Track is a narrow recording band
that forms a full circle on the surface
of the disk.
The disk sector refers to the
intersection of a track and
mathematical sector.
A cluster is the smallest unit
of disk space that stores data,
also called an allocation unit.
An allocation unit consists of 2 to 8 disk sector
that the number varies depending on the OS.
On magnetic disk, a sector typically stores up
to 512 bytes of data.

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It is a high capacity storage that consists of several inflexible, circular platters
that store items electronically. Hard disks that is mounted inside the system unit
sometime is called a fixed disk.
read/write head
cylinder
platter
Track
Sector

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A small motor spins the platters while the computer is running.
Step 2 :
The circuit board controls
the movement of the head
actuator and a small motor.
Step 1 :
When software requests a disk access, the read/write
heads determine the current or new location of the data
Step 3 :
The head actuator positions the
read/write head arms over the
correct location on the platters
to read or write data.
Step 4 :
A controller receives a request
for data from the processor.
Step A :
Controller
Disk cache
(buffer)
A controller checks disk cache
for requested item.
Step B :
If the controller does not find
the requested item, it locates
the items on HDD’s platters.
Step C :
A controller transfers the
items to the processor.
Step D :

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The disk controller consists of special-purpose chip and electronic circuits that
control the transfer of data from a disk to and from the system bus and other
component of computer.
 Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics : EIDE
It uses parallel data transfer.IDE interface can support up to 4 HDD at 137 GB per
disk. It also provide connections for CD or DVD drive. This interface sometime
called ATA.
 Serial Advanced Technology Attachment : SATA
It uses serial data transfer. Their cable are thinner, longer and less susceptible to
interference than parallel cable. SATA provide up to 300 MBps data transfer rate.
 Small Computer System Interface : SCSI
It uses parallel data transfer. This interface can support up to 15 peripheral
devices and it provide up to 320 MBps data transfer rate.

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The Floppy disk, also called a Diskette, is a portable storage medium that
consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic Mylar film with a magnetic coating
enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shell.
A typical floppy disk stores data on both
sides of the disk, has 80 tracks on each side of
the recording surface, and has 18 sectors per
track.
Disk Capacity = 2 x 80 x 18 x 512
= 1,474,560 bytes
= 1.44 MB

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 Magnetically coated plastic ribbon capable of storing large
amounts of data at low cost.
 Most often use for long-term storage and backup.
 Transfer rates range from 1.25 MBps to 6 MBps.
 Reading and writing data by sequential access.
Tape drive
Tape cartridge

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An Optical disc is a type of storage media that consists of a flat, round, portable
disc made of metal, plastic and lacquer that is written and read by a laser.
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 Typically stored in single track that spirals from the
center of the disc to the edge of a disc.
 Store items by using microscopic pits (indentations)
and lands (flat areas).
 A high-powered laser light creates the pits.
 A Lower-powered laser light reads items from disc.
 The process of writing on an optical disc is called
burning.

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The reflected light is converted
into a series of bits.

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 Read Only
CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM
 Read and Write.
CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R
 Read Write and Erase
CD-RW, DVD-RW, BD-RE

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Many computer have built-in ports or
slots to hold miniature mobile storage
media that allow mobile users easily
to transport digital data.
MMC SD Card
Card Reader
USB flash drive
Compact Flash
Memory Stick

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A smart card , which is similar in size to a credit card or ATM card ,
stores data on a microprocessor embedded in the card.

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A microfilm store microscopic
images of documents on 100 to
215 foot roll or sheet film.
The stored images are so small
that you can read them only with
a microfilm reader.

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The cloud storage refers to saving data to an off-site storage system
maintained by a third party. You save your data to a remote database and the
Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.

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