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Science Works! 3
TEXTBOOK

Science Works! 3
Textbook

Philippine Copyright 2012 by DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC
All rights reserved. Printed in the Philippines

Editorial, design, and layout by University Press of First Asia

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permission in writing from the copyright owner.

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ISBN 978-971-46-0308-0

Authors
Antonio V. Coloma is currently studying for his master’s degree in teaching science at EARIST State College (formerly
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology). He obtained his bachelor’s degree in secondary education
major in general science from Manuel L. Quezon University. He is presently the science coordinator of PAREF Northfield
School for Boys in Quezon City.

Claudine F. Guiking obtained her bachelor’s degree in behavioral science from Miriam College in Quezon City. She took
up some graduate units in education at the University of the Philippines–Diliman before continuing her master’s degree in
education with emphasis on international studies at the Philadelphia Biblical University, Asia Pacific Extension. She has seven
years of teaching experience in both preschool and grade school.

Julie Ann M. Miñon received her bachelor’s degree in secondary education major in general science, cum laude, from
Philippine Normal University. She is also a licensed teacher. Currently, Ms. Miñon teaches science subjects from grade school
to high school at Miriam College.

Reviewer
Susan P. Pirante has completed her academic requirements for her master’s degree in teaching science at Mindanao State
University (MSU)–Marawi. She finished her bachelor’s degree in science major in biology from MSU–Marawi and her
bachelor’s degree in elementary education from Iligan Capitol College. Ms. Pirante is also a registered nurse and a licensed
teacher. She has been teaching science subjects for 22 years. At present, she teaches at Ubaldo D. Laya Memorial Central
School, Iligan City.

Consultant
Antom V. Revilla finished his master’s degree in biology from Centro Escolar University. He obtained his bachelor’s degree
in forestry, cum laude, from the University of the Philippines–Los Baños. Mr. Revilla was a supervisor of Christian Bible
Baptist School of Excellence and Development. He taught general science, biology, and scientific research at San Beda
College–Manila from 1991–2008. He was also the subject area coordinator of the Natural Science Department of the said
college from 2002–2008.

To the Pupil
Discovery and learning are part of your everyday life.
Whether you are playing or studying, you are able to understand
and learn about the things around you. This book, Science
Works! 3 is meant to teach you different science concepts and
skills in an exciting way.
Science Works! 3 will help you to be actively involved
in learning concepts about the human body, plants, animals,
Earth, sun, and many more. Science concepts and skills are best
learned by engaging in activities and performing experiments.
These activities will lead you to create your own questions,
conduct your own investigations, and develop your own
solutions to problems through reasoning and observation.
This book, which has been designed especially for you,
includes the following components:
Sci-tionary presents an activity that introduces you to
words or terms that you will encounter in the lesson.
Jump Start lists a set of guide questions that are
expected to be answered as you go along the lesson.
Feed Your Mind provides the discussion of the science
concepts to be learned in the lesson.
Science in Action presents experiments, cooperative
learning activities, and individual or group projects that
will apply the science concepts you have learned in Feed
Your Mind.

Learning Area Integration relates a particular science
lesson to the other subject areas such as English, mathe-
matics, and social studies. This will help you appreciate
how science is applied to other fields of study.
Rundown lists the important science concepts that
should be remembered at the end of each lesson.
Brain Challenge presents 5 to 10-item quiz about the
lesson.
Chapter Checkup includes exercises that cover all the
topics discussed in a chapter.
Your Move presents an activity that will allow you to
apply what you have learned to a real-life situation.
Aside from the components given, some lessons in this
book include these additional sections:
Incredible Facts presents interesting or extraordinary
facts and trivia related to the science concept.
Proudly Pinoy features notable Filipino people, culture,
products, and inventions.
Sci-tainment includes fun games and activities related
to the science concept.
Exploring the Web provides links to online activities or
exercises that you may access to help reinforce and enrich
your learning.
Begin your journey and discovery now! Use what you will
learn in this book and apply them to your everyday life.

Table of Contents
UNIT 1 The Human Body and the Changes of Growing Up
Chapter 1 The Sense Organs ................................................................................ 2
Lesson 1 The Sense of Seeing..................................................................................... 2
2 Common Eye Ailments and Their Treatment, and the Proper Care
of the Eyes .................................................................................................. 7
3 The Sense of Hearing .................................................................................13
4 Common Ear Ailments and Their Treatment, and the Proper Care
of the Ears .................................................................................................19
5 The Sense of Smelling ................................................................................24
6 Common Nose Ailments and Their Treatment, and the Proper Care
of the Nose ................................................................................................29
7 The Sense of Tasting ...................................................................................34
8 Common Tongue Ailments and Their Treatment, and the Proper Care
of the Tongue .............................................................................................39
9 The Sense of Feeling ..................................................................................44
10 Common Skin Ailments and Their Treatment, and the Proper Care
of the Skin .................................................................................................49
Chapter Checkup ............................................................................................................55

Chapter 2 The Changes of Growing Up .............................................................. 58
Lesson 1 Changes in Your Height and Weight ...........................................................58
2 Changes in Your Social and Mental Development .......................................64
3 Healthy Eating Habits ................................................................................68
4 Getting Fit and Relaxed ..............................................................................72
5 Common Diseases That Can Affect You ......................................................77
6 Practicing Good Health Habits ...................................................................81
7 Protecting Yourself from Abuse ..................................................................85
Chapter Checkup ............................................................................................................89
Your Move ......................................................................................................................91

UNIT 2 Living Things: Plants and Animals
Chapter 3 Plants around You ............................................................................. 94
Lesson 1 Parts of Plants ............................................................................................94
2 Classifying Plants .......................................................................................99
3 Where Plants Live ....................................................................................104
4 Growing New Plants ................................................................................110
5 Plants Need Care .....................................................................................115
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................120

Chapter 4 Amazing World of Animals ............................................................. 122
Lesson 1 Animal Homes .........................................................................................122
2 Animal Groupings Based on the Food They Eat ........................................128
3 Different Body Parts Animals Use ............................................................133

4 Animal Adaptations .................................................................................139
5 Animals Have Needs ................................................................................145
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................150
Your Move ....................................................................................................................151

UNIT 3 Matter, Energy, and Force
Chapter 5 Matter around Us ............................................................................ 154
Lesson 1 Matter Is Everywhere ..............................................................................154
2 Properties of Materials .............................................................................159
3 Mass and Volume of Matter .....................................................................166
4 Useful and Harmful Materials ..................................................................172
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................177
Chapter 6 Light and Energy Sources ................................................................ 179
Lesson 1 Sources of Light .......................................................................................179
2 Opaque, Translucent, and Transparent Materials .....................................183
3 Light Bounces and Bends .........................................................................188
4 How Sound Is Made .................................................................................192
5 How Sound Travels ..................................................................................196
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................200
Chapter 7 Force and Motion ............................................................................ 201
Lesson 1 Force .......................................................................................................201
2 Magnetic Force ........................................................................................205
3 Gravity ....................................................................................................209
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................213
Your Move ....................................................................................................................215

UNIT 4 Earth, Weather, and Sun
Chapter 8 Soil, Water, and Air ......................................................................... 218
Lesson 1 Earth and Its Natural Resources ...............................................................218
2 Soil and Its Uses ......................................................................................223
3 Soil Pollution and Its Prevention ..............................................................230
4 Sources and Uses of Water .......................................................................235
5 Water Pollution and Its Prevention ...........................................................241
6 The Air We Breathe .................................................................................245
7 Air Pollution and Its Prevention ...............................................................249
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................253
Chapter 9 Earth’s Weather and the Sun .......................................................... 255
Lesson 1 The Weather ............................................................................................255
2 How Weather Affects Us ..........................................................................261
3 Protection from Extreme Weather ............................................................266
4 The Sun ...................................................................................................270
5 Harmful Effects of the Sun .......................................................................273
Chapter Checkup ..........................................................................................................277
Your Move ....................................................................................................................279

Bibliography .................................................................................................................281

1UNIT

The picture shows ________________________________________.
Before, I know that ___ ____
____________________ _____
_____ _________________.

Y our body has many parts working together. These body
parts help you know the things around you. Your eyes
make you see your surroundings. Your ears enable you to hear
sounds. Your nose lets you smell odors. Your tongue allows
you to taste foods. Your skin helps you feel things. Your eyes,
ears, nose, tongue, and skin are your sense organs.
In this unit, you will be able to learn about your sense
organs—their functions, the common ailments affecting them
and their treatments, and the proper ways of caring for them.
You will also understand the changes that happen to your
body as you grow.

CHAPTER 1

The Sense Organs

Lesson 1 The Sense of Seeing

Identify the word(s) being described. Arrange the letters
in the box to form the correct word(s). Write your answer on
the blank.
1. The colored circular part of the eye
r i i s
______________________
2. The dark circle of the eye
l u p i p
______________________
3. The nerve that carries messages to the brain
p t c i o e r v n e
______________________ ______________________

In this lesson, you will be able to answer the following
questions:
1. What are the parts of the eye?
2. How does a person see?
2 Science Works! 3

Look around you. What are the things you see. You can
see things because of your eyes. Your eyes are your sense
organs for seeing.
Get a mirror and examine your
eyebrow
eyes. Look at the colored, round
part of your eye, the iris. Irises have
eyelid
different colors. Some people may
have green irises, others have blue.
iris Filipinos, like you, usually have black
sclera pupil or dark brown iris.
The parts of the eye that can At the center of your eye is the
be seen pupil. The pupil is the round opening
at the center of the iris where light passes through. The
muscles of the iris control the amount of light passing through
the pupil.
Now, notice the part of your eyes that suddenly closes
when the light is too bright. This is your eyelids. The eyelids
protect your eyes from bright light until your eyes are able to
adjust to it. Your eyelids are lined with oil-producing glands
found in the inner edge. They keep your eyes moist and clean
when you blink.
Do you see the white part of your eyes? It is called the
sclera. It protects the inner parts of the eyes and keeps them
in correct shape.
This time, carefully observe the clear, bulging surface that
covers the front of your eyes. That is the cornea, the part that
focuses the light as it makes its way through your eyes.

The Human Body and the Changes of Growing Up 3

Behind the cornea
is the aqueous
humor, a waterlike
fluid that provides aqueous
lens
humor
oxygen and nutrients
optic nerve
to the cornea and the cornea

lens.
Through the pupil, sclera
vitreous humor

light rays enter your
eyes. These rays travel retina choroid
through the clear part
The parts of the eye that cannot be seen easily
of the eye located
behind the iris. This part is called the lens. It focuses the
image on the sensitive part of the retina so you can see things
that are near or far.

Exploring the Web
Read, watch, and learn! Visit the following Web site to find
out more about your sense of sight: http://www.childrensuniver-
sity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/science/brainandsenses/eye
.asp (accessed on 05 April 2011). This interactive Web site shows
how the eyes work. Test your knowledge by taking the quiz after
the lesson.

Lens Test

Objective: Investigate how an eye lens works.
Materials: magnifying lens (to be provided by your teacher),
ruler, piece of bond paper, meterstick
4 Science Works! 3

Procedure:
1. Form a group with four members.
2. With your group, go to a dim corner of a room with a
window.
3. Hold the magnifying lens
about 2 meters (m) from
an open window. Use a
meterstick to measure
how far you are from the
window.
4. From the window,
position the bond paper
on the opposite side of the
magnifying lens.
5. Slowly move the paper back and forth until clear
images outside the window appear.

Questions:
1. How did the image(s) appear on the paper?
2. What do you think will happen if the lens of your eye
gets damaged? How will this affect your sight? Why?

The retina receives the light rays from the lens. It is
a lining at the back of the eye. The retina has two types of
photoreceptor cells: rods and cones.
Rods are responsible for night vision. They also help you
see black and white shades.
Cones are responsible for daylight vision. They allow you
to see colors in images.
The vitreous humor is a clear, jellylike fluid that fills the
space between the lens and the retina. It permits the light to
pass through the retina.


The choroid is a layer of blood vessels found between the
retina and the sclera. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the
retina.
Each of the receptor cells in the retina senses a part of the
image and delivers the message to the brain through the optic
nerve, a nerve which connects the eye to the brain. Finally,
the brain receives the message and creates an image of the
object, which you are then able to perceive.

The eyes are the sense organs for seeing.
The eye parts that can be seen are the iris, pupil, eyelids,
and sclera.
The eye parts that can only be seen using special
equipment are the aqueous humor, lens, retina, and optic
nerve.

Put a check ( ) mark on the blank if the sentence is
correct. Put a cross ( ) mark if it is wrong.
_______ 1. The colored part of the eye is called the iris.
_______ 2. The pupil protects the eyes from bright light.
_______ 3. The white part of the eyes is the retina.
_______ 4. The rods are responsible for daylight vision.
_______ 5. The aqueous humor is a jellylike fluid that fills the
space between the lens and the retina.

6 Science Works! 3

Lesson 2 Common Eye Ailments and Their Treatment,
and the Proper Care of the Eyes

Look for the given words in the puzzle. Encircle each
word that you will find.
glaucoma cataract sty myopia hyperopia

e g l a u c o m a p
m l s h w f k y d m
r m t k j g a o n f
z h y p e r o p i a
n b n i o k f i l o
i s c a t a r a c t
f g r x n o m e m d

questions:
1. What are the common eye ailments and their
treatment?
2. How can you take proper care of your eyes?


If you have visited an eye clinic before, you have probably
met an optometrist (a person who performs basic eye
checkups) or an ophthalmologist (a medical doctor for the
eyes). These people help you when you have eye problems or
ailments.
The most common eye ailment is
an eye infection called conjunctivitis,
better known as sore eyes or pinkeye.
A person with conjunctivitis has
red, watery, and itchy eyes caused
by allergies, bacteria, or viruses.
Conjunctivis is contagious, which means
Conjunctivitis
it can easily be transferred from one
person to another through direct contact. When you rub your
eyes after a hand contact with a person who has conjunctivitis,
the germs can be transferred to your eyes. You should
immediately inform your parents or elders if you get infected
with conjunctivitis.
A person can also experience an
infection of the eyelid. It is a red swelling
along the edge of an eyelid. This swelling
is known as sty (kuliti). Sty is caused by
bacteria and therefore may be contagious. Sty
To relieve the pain and speed up the rupture of a sty, apply
warm compress to the infected area for about 10 minutes,
three times a day or as needed. Never press or squeeze a sty to
prevent further infection. Ask your parents or elders to consult
a doctor if a sty persists for several days.

8 Science Works! 3

Some people have a poor vision. Poor vision happens when
light does not focus correctly on the retina. Poor vision is
usually a result of a refractive error, an error in the focusing
of light by the eyes. There are three types of refractive errors:
nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
Nearsightedness or myopia is when a person sees nearby
objects clearly, while far objects appear blurred or hazy. This
happens when the light that enters the eye focuses on a point
in front of the retina.
On the other hand, farsightedness or hyperopia is
when a person sees faraway objects clearly, while nearby
objects appear to be blurred. This happens when the light that
enters the eye focuses on a point behind the retina. Wearing
specialized eyeglasses or contact lenses will help a nearsighted
or farsighted person see objects more clearly.
Astigmatism is when the eyes are unable to focus light
evenly because the cornea of one eye is more curved than the
other. As a result, whether an object is near or far, the image
produced is always blurred.

Snellen Chart Reading

Objective: Record and compare one’s visual ability with a
classmate.
Materials: Snellen chart (to be provided by your teacher),
small index card, science notebook
Procedure:
1. Stand approximately 6 m away from the Snellen chart.
2. Cover one eye with the index card.
3. Read each row of letters in the chart.

4. Ask a classmate to record all the letters that you
missed or read incorrectly.
5. Repeat steps 2–4 with your other eye.
6. Compare your results with your classmate.

Questions:
1. Which row number did you find difficult to read?
What letter(s) from this row did you read incorrectly?
2. Did both of your eyes have the same result? Which
eye showed more incorrect results?
3. What do you think does the Snellen chart test say
about your visual ability?

As people get older, they may
experience some eye disorders. Glaucoma
is an eye disorder caused by an abnormal
pressure exerted by the fluids in the eye.
It can cause blindness. Glaucoma can be
Glaucoma
very hard to detect and doctors estimate
that half of the people affected by glaucoma may not know
that they have it. There is no cure yet for glaucoma. Doctors
usually prescribe eyedrops to control it. Having a regular eye
checkup is very important.
Another eye disorder that mostly
affects the elderly is cataract. It is
caused by the clouding of the lens of the
eye. As a person gets older, the old cells
in the lens of the eye die. These cells
build up over time and form “cloudy
An eye affected by areas” in the lens. As a result, these
cataract “cloudy areas” block one’s vision and
make things look blurred.

10 Science Works! 3

The common symptoms of cataract include having
blurred vision or double vision, being unable to see well
at night, changing eyeglasses frequently, and seeing faded
colors. Cataract does not spread from one eye to another, but
it can occur on both eyes. The exact cause of cataract is still
unknown, but it is firmly connected to smoking, diabetes, and
too much exposure to sunlight.
Early symptoms of cataract may be corrected by wearing
eyeglasses. Surgery is still the best treatment, in which the
damaged lens is replaced with an artificial one. A person
should see an eye doctor if the symptoms begin to appear.

Proper Care of the Eyes
For you to appreciate the beauty of the things around
you, you need to have a healthy eyesight. Here are some
practices for the proper care of your eyes.
1. Always read with enough light. Do not read while lying
down or while inside a moving vehicle.
2. Rest your eyes when tired. Do not overuse them.
3. Do simple eye exercises such as looking up and down,
looking left to right, and rolling your eyeballs clockwise
and counterclockwise.
4. Avoid rubbing your eyes with your fingers.
5. Do not look directly at the sun. When you are outside
on a sunny day, wear sunglasses or use an umbrella as
protection from the sun’s light.
6. If you are wearing eyeglasses or contact lenses, always
keep them clean. Remove your eyeglasses or contact
lenses before you sleep. Sleeping with your contact lenses
on can cause blindness.
7. Do not hold pointed and sharp objects near your eyes.


8. Eat foods rich in vitamin A such as carrots, squash, milk
products, and eggs. Vitamin A is a nutrient that is good
for the eyes.
9. Visit an optometrist or an ophthalmologist for a regular
eye checkup.

• Some of the common eye ailments are conjunctivitis, sty,
glaucoma, and cataract.
• The eyes can also have refractive errors. There are three
types of refractive errors: nearsightedness (myopia),
farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism.
• People should take proper care of their eyes. Having
healthy eyes is important for good eyesight.

Match the eye problems in column A with their
descriptions in column B. Write the letter of the correct
answer on the blank.
A B
_____ 1. astigmatism a. difficulty in seeing far objects
_____ 2. cataract b. clouding of the lens of the eye
_____ 3. glaucoma c. difficulty in seeing nearby objects
_____ 4. hyperopia d. caused by an abnormal fluid
pressure exerted by the fluids in
the eye
_____ 5. myopia e. one cornea is more curved
than the other
12 Science Works! 3

Lesson 3 The Sense of Hearing

Complete the crossword puzzle below by writing the
missing letters. Use the given clues in the box as your guide.
3
E
1 Down
1. The innermost part of the
A N
ear that sends messages
N to the brain (two words)
W 3. A waxy substance in the
2
E R R M ear
X
Across
A 2. A thin layer of skin that
4
O T E R vibrates between the
outer ear and the middle
ear
4. Part of the ear that can
easily be seen (two
words)

questions:
1. What are the parts of the ears?
2. How does a person hear?


Your ears are anvil
your sense organs hammer
outer middle inner
for hearing. They ear ear ear auditory
nerve
help you hear
sounds.
The human pinna
cochlea

ear is composed of
three main parts— stirrup
ear canal
the outer ear, the eardrum eustachian
tube
middle ear, and the
inner ear. Parts of the ear
When you look at your ears in front of a mirror, you can
see the outer ear, the part of the ear that is easiest to see. It
is cup-shaped and is found on the side of the head. It collects
and guides the vibrations or sound waves produced by an
object as they travel to the ear. The outer ear is made up of
the pinna or auricle and the ear canal.
The pinna or auricle is a curved structure that collects
sound waves. The ear canal is a tube that extends from
the auricle to the eardrum. It is lined with delicate hairs
and glands. These glands produce a waxy substance called
cerumen, commonly known as earwax. It protects the ear
canal from infection and traps dirt that enters the ear.
The eardrum, also known as tympanic membrane,
is a thin piece of skin located at the end of the ear canal. It
vibrates when sound waves traveling from the ear canal hit it.
The vibrations produced are then carried to the middle ear.

14 Science Works! 3

The middle ear, a hollow chamber filled with air, picks up
the sound waves from the outer ear. The middle ear has three
very tiny bones—the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup.
The hammer is located next to the eardrum. The vibrations
of the eardrum cause the hammer to vibrate as well. Then the
hammer causes the anvil (the tiny middle bone that connects
the hammer and the stirrup) to vibrate, which in turn causes the
stirrup to move. Finally, the stirrup passes the vibrations to the
fluid inside the cochlea. These three tiny bones amplify the sound
vibrations and pass them to the inner ear.
The inner ear is a fluid-filled structure which not only
contains the organs for hearing but also regulates the sense of
balance of the body. The inner ear is made up of three parts—the
cochlea, the auditory nerve, and the semicircular canals.
The fluid-filled cochlea is a snail-
shaped structure in the inner ear. As the
stirrup causes the fluid in the cochlea to
vibrate, the hairlike nerve endings called
cilia move. The cilia then converts the
vibrations into nerve signals which are sent
to the brain through the auditory nerve. The
Cilia lining the cochlea auditory nerve carries messages collected
from 25 000 auditory receptors in the ear to the brain. When
nerve signals reach the brain, the brain interprets them and tells
the sound you hear.
The semicircular canals are the fluid-filled loops near the
cochlea that help maintain balance. When you move your head,
the fluid moves. It pushes against the hairlike nerve endings that
send nerve signals to your brain. From these nerve signals, the
brain knows the movements your body is making. Thus, you
do not fall or stumble easily while you are playing, walking, or
standing.


How You Hear
How do you hear your favorite song? When an object,
such as a radio, makes a sound, it sends vibrations through
the air. The vibrations then travel to your ear canal and hit
the eardrum. These vibrations cause the hammer, anvil,
and stirrup in the middle ear to move. As these three bones
move, they also cause the fluid inside the cochlea to vibrate.
Then, the cilia in the inner ear changes the vibrations into
nerve signals which are sent to the brain through the auditory
nerve. The brain interprets the signals and tells the sounds
you hear.

Exploring the Web
Learn more about the parts and function of your ears. Visit
http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/
science/brainandsenses/ear.asp (accessed on 05 April 2011) and
take a test about how your ears work.

Let’s Hear It!

Objective: Demonstrate how sound is heard.
Materials: metal spoon, kite string (50 centimeters)
Procedure:
1. Tie the handle of the metal spoon at the center of the
string.

16 Science Works! 3

2. Wrap the ends of the string gently
around both your index fingers. Make
sure that the strings are of the same
length. Put the tip of your index
finger in each ear.
3. Lean over so that the spoon hangs
freely. Then tap it against the side of
the table.

Questions:
1. What happened in the experiment? Were you able to
hear any sound?
2. How were you able to hear the sounds?

• The ears are the sense organs for hearing.
• The ears are divided into three main parts—the outer ear,
the middle ear, and the inner ear.
• The outer ear is made up of the pinna or auricle and the
ear canal.
• The eardrum is a thin piece of skin located between the
outer ear and the middle ear.
• The middle ear is made up of three tiny bones—the
hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup.
• The inner ear is made up of the cochlea, the auditory
nerve, and the semicircular canal.


A. Label the parts of the ear. Write your answer on the
blank.
1. _____________
4
2. _____________

3. _____________
1
4. _____________ 6
5. _____________
2 5
6. _____________ 3

B. Write T on the blank if the sentence is true. If it is false,
change the underlined word(s) to make the sentence true.
_______ 1. The cochlea is lined with tiny hairlike cells
called auditory nerves which carry nerve
signals to the brain.
_______ 2. The three small bones in the middle ear are
the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
_______ 3. The eardrum is also called the auricle.
_______ 4. The snail-shaped structure in the inner ear is
called cochlea.
_______ 5. Next to the eardrum is the stirrup.

18 Science Works! 3

Lesson 4 Common Ear Ailments and Their Treatment,
and the Proper Care of the Ears

Use the code below to form the correct word(s). Replace
each number with a letter based on the given code. Write
your answer on the blank.
Code:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

1. ________________________________
13 18 1 1 18 13 15 11
2. ________________________ __________________
3 13 18 13 18 11 26 10 8 18 2
3. ___________________________ _____________________
10 21 13 10 9 1 2 24 3 13 18 13 18 11

questions:
1. What are the common ear ailments and their treatment?
2. How can you take proper care of your ears?


There are some people who have trouble hearing. Others
cannot hear at all. Hearing loss or hearing impairment
is a condition where one or both ears have been damaged,
causing a person to hear only some sounds or nothing at all.
Exposure to loud music and noise for long periods of time is
one of the causes of hearing loss.
People with hearing impairments usually
use hearing aids to help them hear sounds.
Hearing aids are small electronic devices
that amplify or increase the loudness of
sounds. They can be worn behind the ear or
inserted into the ear canal. Hearing aid
Aside from loss of hearing, certain ailments may happen to
the ears. What are some of the common ear ailments?
A person may experience hearing ringing or buzzing sounds
in the ear. This abnormal hearing of ringing sounds is called
tinnitus. It can be a sign of an ear infection or injury caused
by very loud sounds. It can also be a side effect of taking oral
medications such as aspirin.
One of the most common ear ailments is
external otitis, also known as swimmer’s ear.
It is usually caused by bacteria or foreign objects
trapped in the ear canal. The common symptoms
of external otitis are pain and itchiness in the
outer ear. The outer ear also becomes swollen External otitis
and may produce a pus (thick, yellowish fluid) discharge.
External otitis can be prevented by keeping the ears
thoroughly dry after swimming or taking a bath. When
removing dirt from the ears, use a thin, damp cloth. External
otitis can also be treated through proper medication.
20 Science Works! 3

Otitis media (luga) is an ailment affecting the middle ear.
Pus builds up behind the ear which causes redness, swelling,
and pain. Otitis media can be treated with
medication such as antibiotics (substances
that kill harmful bacteria which cause the
infection). If not given immediate attention,
otitis media can cause hearing impairment and
even deafness.
Otitis media

I Hear a Sound

Objective: Determine the direction of the source of sound.
Materials: chair, big handkerchief, pen, paper
Procedure:
1. Form a group with five members.
2. Place a chair in the middle of a room. Using the
handkerchief, blindfold one member and let him or
her sit on the chair. The rest of the members will form
a large circle around the blindfolded member.
3. One member in the circle will clap his or her hand
twice.
4. The blindfolded member must point to the direction
of the source of sound. The other members will record
the result in the chart on the next page.
5. After the blindfolded member listens with both ears,
he or she will cover his or her right ear and then left
ear, and do steps 3 and 4 again.
6. Do steps 2–5 until all members have been blindfolded.


Put a check ( ) mark in the box if the blindfolded
member correctly determined the direction of the source of
sound. Otherwise, put a cross ( ) mark.

Member With Both Ears With Right Ear With Left Ear
1
2
3
4
5

Questions:
1. Were you able to locate correctly where the sound
came from with two ears or with just one ear?
2. How were the results similar or different between the
hearing ability of your right ear and left ear?
3. How does having a limited hearing ability affect your
daily life? Give examples.

Proper Care of the Ears
To prevent having ear ailments, it is very important to
keep your ears healthy. Here are some ways on how to take
proper care of your ears.
1. Clean your ears regularly. Gently remove dirt by using a
clean, damp cloth.
2. Do not put small or sharp objects inside your ears.
3. Avoid listening to very loud sounds.
4. Always keep your ears dry.
5. Avoid swimming in dirty pools or bodies of water.
6. Have your ears examined at least once a year by an ear
doctor specialist.
22 Science Works! 3

• Α hearing aid is a small electronic device that amplifies or
increases the loudness of sounds.
• Tinnitus is an abnormal hearing of ringing sounds.
• External otitis or swimmer’s ear is a common ailment
that affects the outer ear.
• Otitis media is an ailment that affects the middle ear.
• Taking care of the ears can help prevent some ear
ailments.

Match the words in column A with their descriptions in
column B. Write the letter of your answer on the blank.

A B
_____ 1. otitis media a. also known as swimmer’s ear
_____ 2. hearing aid b. abnormal hearing of ringing
_____ 3. tinnitus sounds
_____ 4. external otitis c. condition in which both ears
_____ 5. hearing loss have been damaged
d. locally known as luga
e. small electronic device used
to amplify sounds


Lesson 5 The Sense of Smelling

Identify the word(s) being described. Arrange the letters
in the box to form the correct word(s). Write your answer on
the blank.

1. The two holes of the nose
s o l r t i n s
______________________
2. The passageway of air entering the nose
l a n s a v t i y c a
_______________ __________________
3. The nerve in the nose that carries messages to the brain
f a c o r t l y o r v e e n
_________________________ _______________

questions:
1. What are the parts of the nose?
2. How does a person smell?

24 Science Works! 3

You smell many things
every day. Your nose is your
sense organ for smelling.
It helps you recognize a
pleasant odor such as the
smell of perfume and an
unpleasant odor like the
smell of rotten garbage.
Your nose has two
important tasks—to breathe
in air and to smell things.
Do you know the parts of your nose and their functions?
The nose is divided into
cartilage two narrow passages by a
bones
thin wall of soft bone and
olfactory
nerves cartilage. Air enters through
nasal cavity the nostrils (two openings or
holes) that lead the air into
the nasal cavity (a hollow
nostrils
passageway of air in and out
of the nostrils). The nasal
Parts of the nose cavity is lined with a mucous
membrane that contains tiny hairs, known as cilia, which filter
the objects that enter the nose. On top of your nasal cavity
are nerve cells, called olfactory receptors, that recognize
the scent particles. Then these cells send signals through the
olfactory nerve to the brain. The brain then interprets these
signals so you can now smell that delicious chicken or avoid
that rotten egg.


Your sense of smell affects your daily life. Smelling lets
you enjoy eating more because of the aroma of foods. It also
helps you detect harm such as preventing you from eating
spoiled foods. Smelling is as important as your other senses.
Your sense of smell is actually connected to your memory and
emotions. For example, the smell of popcorn may remind you
of being at a movie house or cinema with your family. The
smell of your favorite food can also make you happy.

Exploring the Web
Take a quiz about the parts and function of the nose on this
Web site: http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/_bfs_NOSEquizsource.
html (accessed on 05 April 2011).

Intensity of Smell

Objective: Investigate why the intensity of smell changes
over time.
Materials: 5 milliliter (mL) cologne, 1 tablespoon coffee
granules, 5 mL shampoo, small plastic container
with cover
Procedure:
1. Work with a partner for this activity.
2. Place each item in separate containers. Label each
container as 1, 2, and 3.
3. Pupil A will open the first container and hold it close
to pupil B’s nose.
4. Pupil B will take one or two sniffs and note the
strength of the smell of the item by encircling the
number in the chart on the next page.
26 Science Works! 3

4. Pupil A will close the container. After 5 seconds,
repeat steps 2 and 3 two times using the same
container. Pupil B will note the strength of the smell
of the item after sniffing it.
5. Do the same procedure for containers 2 and 3.
Item Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak
Cologne
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Coffee
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Shampoo
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Questions:
1. How would you describe the strength of the smell of
the cologne, coffee, and shampoo at the time when
you first sniffed them?
2. How did the strength of the smell change after the
second and third trials?
3. Why do you think the strength of the smell changed
over time?

• The nose is the sense organ for smelling.
• The nose consists of the nostrils, nasal cavity, olfactory
receptors, and olfactory nerve.


Match the parts of the nose in column A with their
descriptions in column B. Write the letter of your answer on
the blank.

A B
______ 1. cilia a. hollow passageway of air
______ 2. nostrils b. tiny hairs that filter the air
______ 3. nasal cavity c. cells that recognize the
scent particles
______ 4. olfactory nerve d. nerve in the nose that
carries signals or
messages to the brain
______ 5. olfactory receptors e. two openings of the
nose where air enters

28 Science Works! 3

Lesson 6 Common Nose Ailments and Their
Treatment, and the Proper Care of the Nose

Find the given words in the word puzzle. Encircle each
word that you will find.
common cold runny nose nosebleed

n c r h i o l p f n x
o f u a w d e g s c t
s k n b n t y u m h n
e g n o r d s d w c t
b a y g c d y g l i h
l f n t e i p r j l s
e c o m m o n c o l d
e b s f r s y d n l c
d k e m l h o g i b e

questions:
1. What are the common nose ailments and their
treatment?
2. How can you take proper care of your nose?


Look at the picture on the right.
What do you think is happening to the
child?
Just like the other sense organs, the
nose can be affected by many ailments.
What are these ailments?
When you are sneezing a lot and you have a sore throat,
cough, and fever, you probably have a common cold. This
ailment affects the nose. It is caused by a virus (tiny germs that
carry illnesses) that can spread in the air through sneezing and
coughing. A virus can also be transferred from one person to
another through saliva or mucus (a sticky discharge coming
from the nose).
To prevent yourself from having a cold, avoid contact
with someone who has it. Wash your hands before eating
or touching your face. Washing your hands thoroughly kills
germs. If you happen to have a cold, get plenty of rest, drink
plenty of fluids that are rich in vitamin C, and gargle a glass
of warm water with salt. Avoid spreading the virus. Use a
handkechief or a tissue when you sneeze. Make sure to cover
your mouth when you cough, too.
Runny nose occurs when the nasal passages become
swollen due to an irregular discharge of mucus. Runny nose
can be caused by a cold, influenza or flu, allergies to dust or
pollen, and irritants like cigarette smoke or perfume. When
you have a runny nose, you might have trouble breathing
because of the presence of mucus. Blow your nose gently using
a clean tissue or towel. Drink plenty of water to help thin the
mucus. You may also use nasal sprays prescribed by a doctor.
30 Science Works! 3

Rhinitis is the swelling of the
nasal cavity caused by airborne
irritants or allergens. The most
common allergens are pollen, dust
mites, molds, and animal dander
(hair, feather, or skin particles).
Symptoms of allergic rhinitis
include repetitive sneezing, nasal
congestion, runny nose, itchy eyes
and nose, and sore throat. The best treatment for this ailment
is to avoid contact with allergens. Taking medication such as
antihistamines and decongestants may help, but it is best to
consult a nose specialist for a checkup.
Sinusitis is the swelling of the sinuses (air-filled
chambers in the skull around the nose) caused by viruses,
fungi (molds), and allergies. Symptoms of sinusitis include
nasal obstruction, fever, headache, facial pain or pressure,
sore throat, fatigue, pain in the upper teeth, and bad breath.
A nosebleed usually occurs when the lining in the nose
becomes really dry due to dry weather. Constant picking of
the nose and blowing it very hard can also
cause nosebleed. To stop the nose from
bleeding, stay calm, sit down, and lean
forward. Then gently pinch the area along
your nostrils and the bridge of your nose.
Hold that position for five minutes.
Another way to stop nosebleed is to
apply ice pack or cold compress on
your nose. When the bleeding stops,
do not bend and avoid blowing
out any of the blood remaining in


the nostrils to prevent another nosebleed. Taking vitamins
and minerals such as vitamin A, zinc, and iron can also help
prevent nosebleed.

Proper Care of the Nose
The nose can be easily affected with different allergens
and pollutants. Therefore, it is important to keep it clean and
healthy. Here are some ways to take proper care of the nose.

1. Cover your nose when you smell a foul
odor.
2. Avoid blowing your nose very hard.
3. Do not put anything
inside your nose.
4. Clean your nose
regularly and gently by using a clean
and moist cloth.
5. Visit a doctor if you experience
something painful in your nose.

The Tale of the Ailing Nose
Objective: Create a storybook to describe the signs of
common nose ailments.
Materials: pencil, different art materials, pieces of bond
paper
Procedure:
2. Choose one ailment affecting the nose.

32 Science Works! 3

3. Research in the library or the Internet about this ailment.
4. Create a storybook that will tell a story to children about
this ailment. Make it attractive and interesting.
5. Include in your storybook the causes, symptoms, and
treatment of this nose ailment, and the good habits
children should practice to keep them from having this
ailment.
6. Be ready to share your storybook with the class.

• The common nose ailments include common cold, runny
nose, rhinitis, sinusitis, and nosebleed.
• The nose can be affected by certain ailments. It is
important to keep it clean and healthy.

Match the descriptions in column A with the nose
ailments in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the
blank.
A B
_____ 1. occurs when there is an a. common cold
irregular discharge of mucus b. runny nose
_____ 2. the swelling of the sinuses c. rhinitis
_____ 3. caused by a virus d. sinusitis
_____ 4. the swelling of the nasal cavity e. nosebleed
_____ 5. occurs when the lining of the
nose becomes dry

Lesson 7 The Sense of Tasting

Look for the given words in the word puzzle. Encircle
each word that you will find.
sweet salty bitter sour umami

y s b i t t e r s
f o s w e e t u x
c u g y b x h l u
e r d h e r i s r
u p s a l t y g t
k u m a m i p s m

questions:
1. What are the five kinds of tastes?
2. How does the tongue work?

34 Science Works! 3

Get a mirror and open your mouth. What do you see?
Your tongue is your sense organ for tasting. It is a strong,
movable muscle that you use for tasting food. Aside from
tasting food, the tongue also plays other important roles—to
help you chew, to help you swallow, and to let you pronounce
letters or words.
How does your tongue work?
Observe your tongue again. Do you see the “bumps”
on the upper surface of your tongue? These tiny bumps
are called papillae (singular, papilla). The papillae contain
your taste buds. Your tongue and the roof of your mouth are
covered with thousands of taste buds. Also arranged among
the taste buds are taste receptors which help you identify the
different flavors of foods.
The taste buds can identify five kinds of tastes. These are
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (meaty taste). When you
eat food, your saliva helps break down the food into smaller
pieces. The taste
receptors located
in your taste buds
send messages to
your brain through
the sensory nerve.
Then, your brain
tells you the taste
taste buds
of the food you are
tongue
eating.
The tongue


Incredible Facts
As you grow, your taste buds begin to disappear from the
sides and the roof of your mouth, leaving taste buds mostly on
your tongue. Some of your taste buds become less sensitive.
Others may not even work anymore.

Free Taste

Objective: Group foods by using the sense of taste.
Materials: big handkerchief, marshmallows, mangoes,
slice of cheese, oranges, cocoa powder, sugar,
coffee, salt, calamansi extract, soy sauce, vinegar,
medicine dropper, spoons, small plastic containers
Procedure:
1. Form a group with five members. Take turns in
tasting five varied flavors of food or liquid samples.
(Note: Do not taste food that you are allergic to.)
2. Begin by collecting and preparing all the food or
liquid samples you are going to use.
3. Blindfold a member of your group and let him or her
taste a food or liquid sample.
Use the medicine dropper for
the liquid samples.
4. Ask the member to pinch his
or her nose as you place a food
or liquid sample on his or her
tongue. Ask him or her to name
the food sample. Record the results
in the table on the next page.
36 Science Works! 3

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the group
members.
6. Remember that when choosing the food and liquid
samples, select a variety of sweet, salty, sour, bitter,
and umami flavors.
7. Complete the food tasting chart below.
Name of the Correct
Sample Taste
Food (yes or no)
1
2
3
4
5
Questions:
1. What have you noticed when you tasted the food and
liquid samples with a blindfold on? Did they taste
better or not?
2. What happened when you pinched your nose? Did
you lose your sense of taste?

• The tongue is the sense organ for tasting.
• The papillae contain the taste buds that have taste
receptors to identify different tastes.
• The five kinds of tastes are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and
umami.


A. Put a check ( ) mark on the blank if the sentence is
correct. Put a cross ( ) mark if it is wrong.
________ 1. The “bumps” on the upper surface of the
tongue are called papillae.
________ 2. Umami taste is found in salt and coffee.
________ 3. Saliva helps break down food into smaller
pieces.
________ 4. Your taste buds are found inside the
papillae.
________ 5. The tongue is a strong immovable muscle.

B. Answer the following questions. Write your answer on
the blanks.
1. What is your favorite food? Describe its taste.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

2. Why is your tongue important?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

38 Science Works! 3

Lesson 8 Common Tongue Ailments and Their
Treatment, and the Proper Care of the Tongue

Use the code below to form the correct word(s). Replace
each number with a letter based on the given code. Write your
answer on the blank.
Code:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
7 16 14 23 2 12 25 15 21 11 8 17 4

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
5 26 3 20 22 1 24 13 6 18 9 19 10

1. _______________________________
26 22 7 17 24 15 22 13 1 15

2. ________________________________________________
1 24 22 7 18 16 2 22 22 19 24 26 5 25 13 2

3. ________________
_________________________________
16 17 7 14 8 15 7 21 22 19 24 26 5 25 13 2

questions:
1. What are the common tongue ailments and their
treatment?
2. How can you take proper care of your tongue?

You use your tongue constantly. This is why it is more
likely to experience some ailments if you do not take care of it.
A tongue may suffer from sores, or what we commonly
know as singaw. Some sores may tell more serious health
problems such as allergies and tuberculosis. A person with
a tongue sore usually experiences swelling of the tongue or
a burning sensation on his or her tongue, resulting to loss of
appetite and even fever. The pain and discomfort felt will
cause difficulty in chewing, drinking, and swallowing. If you
have a tongue sore, gargle water with salt in it. If the sore lasts
long, go to a doctor for a checkup.
The color of the tongue can be related to other diseases
that a person might be suffering. A healthy tongue is usually
pink and covered with papillae. However, a normally pink
tongue may become discolored. If the person has a pale,
smooth and swollen tongue, he or she may have iron-
deficiency anemia.
The tongue can also suffer from
an oral thrush or candidiasis. Oral
thrush is an infection of the mouth and
tongue caused by a fungus (a harmful
organism). A person who suffers from
oral thrush will have white spots on
his or her tongue. These white spots
Oral thrush can be painful and may bleed slightly
when scraped or irritated. This ailment is more likely to occur
among infants and people wearing dentures or false teeth.
Taking antifungal medications prescribed by a dentist or a
medical doctor will help stop the infection.

40 Science Works! 3

When a tongue becomes swollen
and turns to a darker shade of red, a
person may have a strawberry tongue.
People with a red tongue usually develop
enlarged taste buds that appear similar
to the dots on a strawberry. Vitamin
deficiency and scarlet fever are possible
Strawberry tongue causes of strawberry tongue. Consult a
doctor immediately if your tongue looks red.
Have you seen a person with a black,
hairy tongue? Black hairy tongue is
caused by too much bacteria growth in
the mouth. It occurs when the papillae
grow longer than usual, making the tongue
look “hairy.” The overgrown papillae get
stained with food and collect bacteria,
making the tongue look dark or black. This
ailment is most likely to occur in people
Black hairy tongue
who have poor oral hygiene. People who
are taking antibiotics or receiving chemotherapy, and those
with diabetes may also be more likely to have a black hairy
tongue. Practicing good oral hygiene such as gently brushing
the teeth and tongue regularly is the best way to treat black
hairy tongue. You should also consult a doctor or a dentist for
proper medication.

Proper Care of the Tongue
Keeping your tongue clean and healthy is very important.
Here are some practices on how to take proper care of your
tongue.
1. Using a tongue scraper, scrape your tongue gently after
brushing your teeth.

2. Chew your food slowly to avoid biting your tongue.
3. Do not eat foods or drink liquids that are too hot or too
cold.
4. Gargle with a mild mouthwash after brushing your teeth
and scraping your tongue.
5. Visit a dentist regularly.

Caring for Your Tongue

Objective: Create a brochure to describe the signs of
common tongue ailments.
Materials: bond paper, colored pens, markers, pencil, art
materials
Procedure:
2. Choose a tongue ailment.
3. Research in the library or the Internet about your
chosen ailment.
4. Design a brochure that will inform people about this
tongue ailment.
5. Provide drawings or pictures to illustrate the tongue
ailment.
6. Include in your brochure the causes, symptoms, and
treatment of the tongue ailment, and the healthy
practices that will prevent people from having this
ailment.
7. Be ready to show your brochure to the class.

42 Science Works! 3

• The tongue can be affected by certain ailments.
• Tongue ailments can be avoided through proper oral
hygiene.
• Tongue sore (singaw), oral thrush, strawberry tongue,
and black hairy tongue are some ailments affecting the
tongue.

Write T on the blank if the sentence is true and F if it is
false.
_____ 1. Having white spots on the tongue tells that a
person has a strawberry tongue.
_____ 2. Practicing good oral hygiene is the best way to
prevent tongue ailments.
_____ 3. Discoloration in the tongue may tell other
diseases a person might be suffering.
_____ 4. Oral thrush commonly affects adults.
_____ 5. Slowly chew your food to avoid tongue
ailments.


Lesson 9 The Sense of Feeling

Identify the word being described. Arrange the letters in
the box to form the correct word. Write your answer on the
blank.
1. The sense organ of touch
k n i s
______________________
2. The uppermost layer of the skin
p e d i s e m i r
______________________
3. The thickest layer of the skin
m r i s d e
______________________

questions:
1. What are the three layers of the skin?
2. Why is your skin important?

44 Science Works! 3

The skin is the largest
sense organ. It is found
all over your body. Your epidermis

skin protects your muscles
dermis
and internal organs. It also
prevents germs and dirt subcutaneous
from getting inside your fatty tissue

body.
The skin is made Layers of the skin
up of three layers—the
epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous fatty tissue.
The topmost layer of the
skin that you can see is the
epidermis. On top of the
epidermis is a layer of dead skin
cells that constantly shed and are
replaced by a new layer of skin
cells. The nails that protect the
tip of your fingers and toes are
A magnified image of dead skin cells actually hardened and thickened
on the epidermis epidermis.
The dermis is the thickest layer of the skin. It lies
underneath the epidermis. The dermis is filled with many
tiny nerve endings, which give you information about the
things that your body comes in contact with. These nerve
endings carry the information to the brain through the spinal
cord.


The dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, root hairs,
sweat glands, and oil glands. Sweat glands regulate your body
temperature. Sweat comes out of your body through the pores
(tiny holes in the skin). Sebaceous glands are glands that
produce an oily substance called sebum, which is the skin’s
natural oil.
Your hair grows from the dermis. It can be found on your
entire body, except on your palms, lips, and soles of your feet.
The subcutaneous fatty tissue is the innermost layer
of the skin. It is mainly made up of fats, which help keep the
body warm and absorb shock.
The nerve endings, also known as skin receptors, can tell
you if something is hot or cold, soft or hard, rough or smooth,
and wet or dry. Your body has about 20 different types of
skin receptors that all send messages to the brain. The most
common skin receptors are those that detect heat or cold,
pain, and pressure.

Incredible Facts
Your skin is very sensitive. But not all areas of the skin have
equal sensitivity. The most sensitive areas of the skin are those on
the hands, lips, face, neck, fingertips, and feet.

Touchy-Feely Double Trouble

Objective: Use the sense of touch to identify objects.
Materials: 2 marbles, 2 pieces of sand paper, 2 paper clips,
2 balls, 2 bottle caps, 2 paper bags
46 Science Works! 3

Procedure:
2. Place one marble, sand paper, paper clip, ball, and
bottle cap in a paper bag. Then put the remaining
items in another paper bag.
3. You should have one set of objects in one paper bag
and the matching objects in the other bag.
4. Without looking, reach inside the first paper bag for
an object and find its pair in the other paper bag.
5. Take turns in picking out pairs of objects in the bags.

Questions:
1. What helped you match the objects in the paper bags
even without looking at them?
2. Were some objects difficult to match? Why?

Language

Soft, hard, smooth, rough, slippery, wet, dry, hot, and cold
are words used to describe how things feel to the touch. These
words are called adjectives.
Adjectives are words that describe people, places, and
things.
How will you describe the following things: ice cream, towel,
mirror, pillow, and apple?


• The skin is the sense organ for feeling.
• The skin is made up of three layers—the epidermis, the
dermis, and the subcutaneous fatty tissue.
• The skin has nerves, blood vessels, root hairs, sweat
glands, and oil glands.

Match the words in column A with their descriptions in
column B. Write the letter of your answer on the blank.
A B
_____ 1. subcutaneous a. thickest layer of the skin
fatty tissue b. topmost layer of the skin
_____ 2. pores c. the skin’s natural oil
_____ 3. epidermis d. innermost layer of the skin
_____ 4. dermis e. tiny holes in the skin
_____ 5. sebum

48 Science Works! 3

Lesson 10 Common Skin Ailments and Their Treatment,
and the Proper Care of the Skin

Complete the crossword puzzle below by writing the
missing letters. Use the given clues in the box as your guide.

1 4
P Down
2
C
3
B I S 1. The growth of pimples,
blackheads, and
whiteheads
E R 3. A pus-filled swelling on
the skin
L 4. A very dry skin covered
A
with scales

S Across
2. An infection caused by
mites

questions:
1. What are the common skin ailments and their
treatment?
2. How can you take proper care of your skin?


The skin protects the body. Because it is exposed, it can
be affected with different ailments.
Have you experienced having a blister, a corn, or a
callus? A blister is a small fluid-filled lump on the surface
of the skin. It can be caused by contact with very hot objects
or it can be an allergic reaction to insect bites. A corn is a
thickened part of the skin caused by too much pressure. It is
usually found on the side of toes. A callus is a patch of hard
skin usually found on the palms and on the soles of the feet.
Acne is the most common skin disease
that affects adolescents and young adults.
This is characterized by the growth of
pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads on the
skin. It starts when the pores in the skin
become clogged with sebum. Acne commonly
occurs on the face. Acne
Boil, locally known as pigsa, is an infected, pus-filled
swelling on the skin that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland.
Most boils are caused by a germ that enters the body through
a tiny opening in the skin. The most common areas for boils
to appear are on the face, neck, armpits,
shoulders, and buttocks. One of the ways
to ease the pain and help draw the pus
out is to apply a warm, moist compress
on the affected area. Wash the boil with
an antibacterial soap, apply an ointment,
and cover it with a bandage. If an infected
person experiences high fever and chills,
Boil (pigsa) he or she should immediately see a doctor.
50 Science Works! 3

Psoriasis is a noncontagious skin
ailment that causes redness and dryness
of the skin. The dry skin is covered with
scales or flakes usually found on the elbows,
knees, and scalp. A person with psoriasis is
likely uncomfortable because of itchiness of
the skin. There is no cure for psoriasis, but
doctors prescribe ointments to help ease the Psoriasis
itchiness.
Have you experienced getting a sunburn? Sunburn is
the reddening of the skin caused by too much exposure to
sunlight. Peeling of the skin usually follows several days later.
To protect your skin, limit your sun exposure between 10:00 AM
to 3:00 PM. During these times, the light coming from the sun
is most intense. Apply sunscreen on your skin to avoid getting
sunburned.

Incredible Facts
There are some people who are very sensitive to sunlight.
When exposed to sunlight, they experience itchiness and painful
skin redness, and swelling. They may even get blisters. This
skin condition is a type of cutaneous porphyria, also known as
“vampire disease.”

Prickly heat or bungang-araw is an itchy,
red rash on the skin. It usually occurs when a
person sweats more than usual. The trapped
sweat causes irritation and discomfort. A
person with prickly heat should keep his
or her skin cool and dry. Applying powder,
calamine lotion, or antihistamine cream on
the affected area also helps.
Prickly heat (bungang-
araw)

Scabies or galis is an itchy,
highly contagious skin infection
caused by mites that burrow into the
skin. Avoid contact with a person
who has scabies. Get medical help
immediately once infected.
Tinea versicolor or an-an is a
skin ailment that causes the affected Scabies (galis aso)
skin to change color and become either lighter or darker than
the surrounding skin. It is usually
found on the skin covering the
shoulder, back, and chest. Antifungal
creams can be used to stop the quick
spread of this ailment.
Atopic eczema or dermatitis
refers to the inflammation of the skin
that makes it reddish, itchy, dry, and
Tinea versicolor (an-an)
scaly. It is a chronic (long lasting)
ailment that often develops other allergic conditions such as
asthma and high fever. Prescibed creams and ointments can
be applied to the affected area to control the itching.
Athlete’s foot or alipunga is caused
by a fungus that develops in the moist
areas between the toes and parts of the
foot. It can spread from one person
to another. A person with athlete’s
foot can experience scaling, flaking,
and itching in the affected area. It is
important to keep your feet dry and cool
to avoid getting athlete’s foot.
Athlete’s foot (alipunga)

52 Science Works! 3

Proper Care of Your Skin
The best way to take care of your skin is to keep it clean
all the time. Practicing proper hygiene prevents skin ailments.
Here are some ways of caring for your skin.
1. Take a bath every day. Use clean water and a mild soap.
2. Always wear clean clothes.
3. Use an umbrella, apply sunscreen, and
wear protective sunglasses when doing
outdoor activities.
4. Drink lots of water every day.
5. Take enough rest and sleep.
6. Eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals.
7. Exercise regularly.
8. Avoid using another person’s personal things such as
towel, comb, and handkerchief.
9. Consult a dermatologist (a skin doctor) if you have
recurring or long-lasting skin problems.

Skin Problems and Proper Care of the Skin

Objective: Create a poster that informs people about a skin
ailment and how to treat it.
Materials: white cartolina, colored markers, pencil, crayons
Procedure:
1. Form a group with four members.
2. Choose one skin ailment and make a poster about it.
3. Include information about the skin ailment, its
symptoms, causes, and treatment.
4. Go to the library for additional resources. You may
also use the Internet.

5. Discuss among your group mates how you can come
up with a creative design for your poster.
6. Include appropriate photos or drawings in your
poster.
7. Make the poster informative and attractive.
8. Display your poster in your school hallway.

• The common skin ailments include acne, boil, psoriasis,
sunburn, prickly heat, scabies, tinea versicolor, atopic
dermatitis, and athlete’s foot.
• Proper hygiene and healthy habits are important to keep
the skin healthy.

A. Match the skin ailments in column A with their descriptions
in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the blank.
A B
______ 1. acne a. itchy, red rash on the skin
______ 2. boil b. results from overexposure to
sunlight
______ 3. sunburn c. infected pus-filled swelling on
the skin
______ 4. athlete’s foot d. fungal infection on the foot
______ 5. prickly heat e. characterized by pimples,
blackheads, and whiteheads
54 Science Works! 3

B. Put a check ( ) mark on the blank if the sentence tells
a way of taking proper care of the skin. Put a cross ( )
mark if it does not.
______ 1. Use your own towel always.
______ 2. Wear the same shirt for several days.
______ 3. Exercise regularly.
______ 4. Wash your face using a mild soap and clean
water.
______ 5. Play outside under the heat of the sun.

A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which part of the eye focuses light?
a. cornea
b. iris
c. lens
d. pupil
2. What do you call the curved structure in the ear that
collects sound waves from the air?
a. anvil
b. cochlea
c. eardrum
d. pinna
3. Which part of the nose serves as a passageway of air?
a. nostril
b. nasal cavity
c. olfactory nerve
d. olfactory receptor


4. What do you call the “bumps” on your tongue?
a. sclera
b. cone
c. papillae
d. rod
5. What is the thickest layer of the skin?
a. dermis
b. epidermis
c. sweat gland
d. subcutaneous fatty tissue

B. Match the ailments in A with the sense organs that they
affect in B. Write the number of your answer inside the
correct box in B.
A B

1 – rhinitis eyes ear

2 – cataract
nose tongue
3 – psoriasis

4 – candidiasis
skin
5 – otitis media

56 Science Works! 3

C. Check ( ) the pictures that show proper care of the sense
organs.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.


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