Terry Carter and Jeff Nugent from Virginia Commonwealth University presented at the 2010 AAACE Annual Conference in Clearwater, FL on enhancing self-directed learning through personal learning networks (PLNs). They discussed how PLNs allow for networked communication, collective knowledge sharing, and multimedia publishing. Knowles' 1975 definition of self-directed learning as taking initiative to diagnose needs, set goals, and evaluate outcomes was adapted. PLNs were described as asynchronously and synchronously maintained connections through tools like social media, blogs, and colleagues. Challenges of helping learners develop PLNs include skills needed for open, social learning and overcoming barriers to participation.