Semantic
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1. Semantics is the study of meaning in language and involves three elements - the thing, the word, and the meaning. 2. There are different types of semantic fields including continuous concretes, separate concretes, and abstracts. 3. Relationships between words include synonymy, antonymy, inclusion, exclusion, and totality. Relative meaning of words can also differ between individuals and over time.
Semantic
- 2. Semantics is branch of theoretical linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and sentences. It is a sophisticated branch of knowledge that touches on many philosophical, psychological, linguistics, and aspects.
- 3. Triangle of MeaningTriangle of Meaning In semantics, there are three distinct element: 1.The thing. It is the referred-to element, which exists outside the mind and outside language. 2.The word. It is the symbol which refers to the thing. 3.The meaning. It is the concept or reference. It is the image, attributes, or abstract entity.
- 4. Linguists, however, have shown some disagreement on the inter- relationship among the semantic trio. There are, for example, words that do not refer to things, such as honesty, piety, fear , and other similar words that symbolize abstracts. In this case, only two elements, not three, exist; word and meaning .Another issue is the type of relationship that exists among the trio; Is the word related directly to thing or indirectly through meaning.
- 5. However, when the word has already been in existence, the lines of relationship among the trio element may take different direction: 1.thing meaning word. You see a thing , then you remember its meaning, and you remember its word. 2. meaning word thing. You recall a meaning, then its word ,and then thing. 3.Word meaning thing. You hear a word, and then you remember its meaning and then its thing.
- 6. Semantic fieldsSemantic fields 1.The field of continuous concretes. It is a semantic field of words that refer to concrete things , the classification of which is disagreed on, such as colors. 2.The field of separate concretes . It is a semantic field of words that refer to separate concrete entities, such as the semantic filed of plants or animals. 3.The field of abstracts. It is a field of words referring to abstract concepts such as the semantic field of virtues, e.g. , honesty, courage , and loyalty.
- 7. Semantic field share several qualities. First, the words pertaining to the field belong to the same morphological or syntactic class. Second, the words of the same field are either related to concrete or abstract referents. Third, the number of common features among the words of the same field affects the number of member words, , i, e, the size of the field.
- 8. Inter-FieldInter-Field RelationshipsRelationships Synonymy means similarity in meaning of two words or more. e. g. brave/courageous , rich/wealthy. Antonymy means against meaning. e. g. big/small , hot/ cold
- 9. Inclusion a word may include another: A B but B does not include A. For example, the first word in each following pairs includes the other one, but not the other way round. e. g. fruit/apple, animal/lion. Exclusion two words or more may be related to a field on equal footing or manner. e. g. sheep, cow ,horse/animal.
- 10. Totality the relation between words is a whole-part relation. . e, g, book/cover , car/ seat , head/face.
- 11. Relative MeaningRelative Meaning There are many words in all language which are relativeThere are many words in all language which are relative in meaning. e. g. far/near . Small/large ,light/heavy. Thein meaning. e. g. far/near . Small/large ,light/heavy. The denotation of each word differs from a person todenotation of each word differs from a person to another . What is far to You may be near to him . Theanother . What is far to You may be near to him . The meaning also differs from time to time which the samemeaning also differs from time to time which the same personperson..
- 12. From what you understand in this lecture ,From what you understand in this lecture , answer this questionsanswer this questions.. 11..Gave at least three semantic features forGave at least three semantic features for each wordeach word.. A. LionA. Lion:_____________________:_____________________ B. AppleB. Apple:____________________:____________________
- 13. There are several ways to define wordThere are several ways to define word:: Descriptive definitionDescriptive definition.. Here, a brief or detailed description isHere, a brief or detailed description is given . For example: the whale is largestgiven . For example: the whale is largest marine animal which may be thirty metersmarine animal which may be thirty meters long and five meters in diameterlong and five meters in diameter Functional definition. The word is definedFunctional definition. The word is defined by its functionby its function •
- 14. Demonstrative definition. The word isDemonstrative definition. The word is defined by pointing to itdefined by pointing to it Rank definition. A word defined by showingRank definition. A word defined by showing its position in an ordered series e. g.its position in an ordered series e. g. Saturday comes between Friday andSaturday comes between Friday and SundaySunday
- 15. Synonymous definition. The word definedSynonymous definition. The word defined by its synonym e. g. rich means wealthyby its synonym e. g. rich means wealthy Antonymous definition. The word defined byAntonymous definition. The word defined by antonyms e. g. rich is the opposite of poorantonyms e. g. rich is the opposite of poor
- 16. 2.What is the type of the semantic relationship of each pairs: synonymy, antonymy, inclusion, exclusion, or totality? Love/affection:______ Ask/answer:______ Active/lazy:______ old/young:_____ Saturday/Sunday:_____ Body/hand:______ Teacher/instructor:_______