Semantic of aspect
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This chapter discusses linguistic aspect and how it is expressed in English. It defines several aspectual categories such as generic/non-generic, stative/dynamic, durative/punctual, telic/atelic, and discusses how they are expressed through verb inflections, temporal adverbs, and other grammatical constructions. Aspect can be expressed lexically through predicates and grammatically through progressive, perfect, and prospective forms. The chapter also covers locative, possessive and cognitive predicates and how they express ingressive, continuative and egressive aspect.
![10.5.2 Predicates of possessionSimilar to locative expressions are expressions of
possession.
27 Ella has/owns a car.
We express the ingressive, continuative, and
egressive aspects of the possessing with the verbs
illustrated in the next group of sentences.
27a Ella gets/acquires a car. [inception]
27b Ella keeps the car. [duration]
27c Ella loses/gives up the car. [termination]
Some 3-argument predicates express a change of
possession.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/semanticofaspect-151128190841-lva1-app6891/85/Semantic-of-aspect-24-320.jpg)
Semantic of aspect
- 2. CHAPTER10 ASPECT • 10.1 Generic and specific predications • 10.2 Stative predicates and dynamic predicates • 10.3 Durative and punctual • 10.4 Telic and atelic • 10.5 Ingressive, continuative, egressive aspect • 10.6 Prospective and retrospective • 10.7 Some grammatical expressions of aspect
- 3. Aspect is both grammatical and lexical ; it is expressed in predicates, especially in verb inflections and collocations of verbs. Ex : It’s beggining to break, / It’s breaking, / it broke, / it’s Broken. However, the expression of aspect may also appear in certain temporal adverbs and in the choice of referring expressions. The Conclusion of Aspect is expressed primarily in the predicates of sentences.
- 4. In English grammar, a predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence. (The other main part is thesubject.) A predicate is usually defined as a word group that comes after the subject to complete the meaning of the sentenceor clause. “Felix laughed” (1) A predicate may be just a single word: the verb. In this first example, the verb laughed is the predicate of the sentence:
- 5. 1. Generic and Specific Predications Generic has two types. Generic is the statements about things that we can not change. Non-Generic is statement about things or situation we can change. 1a. Two and two make four. 1b. Rabbits are rodents. 1c. The Atlantic Ocean separates Africa and South America. 1d. A stitch in time saves nine. Sentences 1a-d are ‘eternal truths,’ statements about things that we do not expect to change. They report unbounded situation, or states.
- 6. 2a. Gregory is here. 2b. I have a headache. 2c. The company manufactures silicon chips. 2d. Stella seems happy. Sentences 2a-d are about temporary states; they are bounded. And sentences are certain situations exist at the present time. 3a. Gregory is ALREADY here. 3b. I STILL have a headache. 3c. The company does NOT YET manufacture silicon happy. 3d. Stella doesn’t seem happy ANY MORE/... NO LONGER seem happy. Sentences 3a-d Contain the same information but the aspectual modifiers call attention to boundaries.
- 7. Form : Verb Previous State Present State Already - + Means : May suggest that theb speaker did not expect gregory so soon. Still + + Means : May suggest thought gregory might have left. Not Yet - - Means : That the speaker told gregory not yet to come it is still no reason.
- 8. 2. Stative Predicates and Dynamic Predicates Stative Predicates is describe sentence that exist, whether permanent or temporary in nature. 3a. Gregory arrived here. 3b. I recovered from my headache. 3c. The company started manufacturing silicon chips. 3d. Stella lost her tired look.
- 9. Thus the following sentences are stative and have stative predicates: 4a We waited. 4b The children were hungry. 4c Snow lay on the ground. 4d Ellen needed a dictionary. The following are activity sentences and have dynamic predicates. 5a Something moved. 5b The sun came up. 5c The boat drifted along. 5d They discussed the plan. A stative predicate is typically durative in aspect. For each of the sentences 4a–d we can ask ‘How long?’, ‘How long did we wait?’ ‘How long were the children hungry?,’ and so on. And we can add expressions that tell the length of time: for an hour, all day, from Christmas till New Year’s Day, all during the parade, as long as she was studying.
- 10. A stative predication relates a situation that does not change during the time when the predication is valid. Thus, if the sentence Jesse had a headache all morning is true, then at every instant during that morning the sentence Jesse has a headache was true. To say this in another way, a stative predication relates a situation that consists of homogeneous parts.
- 11. Stative is typical duration in aspect. Ex : I needed a rest. That sentence not yet showing how long I need a rest. How many time I ned a rest. If : I needed a rest an hour. Both of senteces are true because a stative predication relates a situation than consists of homogeneous parts.
- 12. Dynamic is about explaination with duration who was determined and it was running in accordance with the time that has been made / as usual. Ex : Employes are working 8 hours/day. that we know when the time for the end. The conclution : • Stative : The sentences who never know how many time or the sentence that we do not know how long the duration is running. • Dynamic : The sentences that we just know the timing from begin to ending.
- 13. 3. Durative and Punctual They sat in the last row” can be the equivalent of what is more precisely expressed as They sat down in the last row (punctual) or of They were sitting in the last row (durative). It can also have a distributed sense, as in They sat in the last row every time they went to the theatre. This sentence expresses habitual aspect, customary occurrence distributed over various occasions. However, a simple past tense verb can only express habitual aspect if there is some expression of frequency, that is, some expression of how the event is distributed in time (every time…, every Saturday, twice a month, seldom, often, etc.). English has a more specific way of expressing habitual aspect, one which is used only for customary events in the past: They used to sit in the last row. With used to the predication is specified as ‘habitual’ whether there is an expression of frequency or not. Habitual aspect in the present can be expressed with the simple present tense form of a verb.
- 14. Durative is Of, related to, or being the verbal aspect that expresses action continuing unbroken for a period of time. Punctual is Of, related to, or being the verbal aspect that expresses momen tary action or action considered as having no temporal duration. A number of punctual verbs of this type can be used in the present tense to express an event planned for a future time. Ex : Titanic movie was shown in three hours. (Durative) Ex : Titanic Movie is running on teather from 07.00 pm until 10.00 am (Punctual)
- 15. TELIC AND ATELIC Now, what do the terms ‘atelic’ and ‘telic’ mean? Examine these sentences. 14a George was waiting. - Sandra was holding the baby. 14b Sandra was swimming. - George was running. The sentences in 14a are stative and those in 14b are activities. If it is true that George was waiting and Sandra was swimming, for example, then we can report that George waited and Sandra swam. The predicates do not have an end or a goal; they are atelic.
- 16. Conclution of Atelic is the sentence are carried out and have a result. Actually, no sentence or activities that no results. but here stated that Atelic is something existing activities have goal but the goal like often activity . but that does not mean we do things that are included what we like.
- 18. 10.5.1 Predicates of location 24a The lamp is on the table. 24b Some oranges are in that basket. 24c Donald is at the door. In these sentences on, in and at are two argument predicates. Other locative prepositions such as above, beside, near, next-to, and under are also two-argument predicates
- 19. Example : Ingressive aspect: 1. Donald gets to/arrives at/reaches the door. Continuative aspect: 1. Donald stays at/remains at the door. Egressive aspect : 1. Donald leaves/departs from the door.
- 20. Aspect differs but thematic structure is the same: Argument, -Predicate, - Argument Affected Status, Location Donald Door
- 21. Causative locative verbs have a valency of three. 1.Someone puts/place the lamp on the table. 2. Someone leaves/keeps the lamp on the table. 3. Someone removes/takes the lamp from the table.
- 22. Verbs like these have the meaning ‘cause something to be, to remain, or not to be, in a place.’ Argument₁ - Predicate - S_Theme Agent Cause Argument₂ Argument₃ Affected Status, Location
- 23. On the explain above that ; Argument : someone Predicate Cause Argument₂ and Argument₃; can be affected or status and location.
- 24. 10.5.2 Predicates of possessionSimilar to locative expressions are expressions of possession. 27 Ella has/owns a car. We express the ingressive, continuative, and egressive aspects of the possessing with the verbs illustrated in the next group of sentences. 27a Ella gets/acquires a car. [inception] 27b Ella keeps the car. [duration] 27c Ella loses/gives up the car. [termination] Some 3-argument predicates express a change of possession.
- 25. 10.5.3 Predicates of cognition A third group of stative verbs expresses various aspects of knowing. They are cognition predicates. 29 Jeffrey knows/is-aware-of the answer. Again there are ways of telling the beginning, middle and end of this situation. 29a Jeffrey learns/finds/gets the answer. 29b Jeffrey remembers the answer. 29c Jeffrey forgets the answer.
- 26. And there are verbs that express the causing of Jeffrey’s knowing. 30a Someone tells/teaches/shows the answer to Jeffrey. or, with a slightly different arrangement. 30b Someone informs Jeffrey of the answer.
- 27. 10.5.4 Event predicates & 10.5.5 Nouns and adjectives as predicates These sentences have the structure Event+Locative Predicate+ Time. Ex: The meeting is at 2:00. The game was on Sunday. These sentences indicate some role, condition or status. Ex: Philip is a physicist. We were awfully tired
- 28. 10.5.6 Aspectual verbs Aspectual verbs (called aspectualizers by some scholars) which express some aspect of an event. An event, by definition, has duration. Ex: The meeting is beginning now. The game went on for hours.
- 29. That sentences are no other argument but some expression of time. The orchestra continued the performance. The orchestra continued to play until eleven. These example, the object of the verb is an event noun or a reduced clause.
- 30. 10.6 Prospective and retrospective Fred figured his friends had already started the trip. Fred figured his friends were starting the trip just then. Fred figured his friends would soon be starting the trip.
- 31. Prospective verbs; they are oriented toward later happenings. Ex: 1. Tata is thinking of visiting her grandmother. 2. We asked Rizal to drive slower. retrospective verbs. Are Verbs like apologize and deny. Ex: Edgar apologized for missing the meeting. (or,…for having missed the meeting) We denied seeing the report. (or,…having seen the report)
- 32. 10.7 Some grammatical expressions of aspect 1). 10.7.1 The prospective illustrate a prospective form. They are to leave. You are not to worry Are we to wait here? This form, be+to+verb expresses a ‘looking forward’;
- 33. 10.7.2 The perfect or retrogressive They have left illustrates a verb structure which is traditionally called ‘present perfect.’ A better term might be present retrospective form. Whatever the name, for any verb it consists of two parts, a form of have and the past participle of the verb. The present perfect, or present retrospective, form, in affirmative statements, refers to events that occurred in the past and situations that began in the past and which are seen as relevant ‘now,’ at the present time. Negative statements, of course, deny such events and situations
- 34. Example: The house is empty now. It has been empty for over a year.
- 35. 10.7.3 The progressive The progressive form indicates that the activity predicated is distributed over a period of time with an implied endpoint, but it need not be distributed continuously over that time.
- 36. progressive form: They’re arriving tomorrow, The shop is opening next week, Mr Edwards is retiring in May. The progressive can be used with atelic predicates to make a more dramatic statement of what is slated to happen in the near future.
- 37. We’ll be walking through several rooms and I’ll be pointing out the interesting details and telling you the historic facts associated with them. You’ll be seeing some valuable art objects and you’ll be learning why the building has the form it has… Omission of every be…-ing in this speech would have no effect on the content.
- 38. SummaryAspect is the cover name for different ways in which the proposition contained in a sentence is viewed. Different aspects are fairly easy to recognize and understand, but any one aspect may be expressed in various ways. The semantic nature of a predicate often has something to do with the aspect it expresses, but it is also a fact that some predicates may occur in sentences with different aspects. This chapter has drawn a distinction between states and activities, the former containing stative predicates and the latter dynamic predicates. Some states express generic propositions, essentially unchanging, and others express non-generic propositions which have come about through change and may change again. Relations between a present state and a previous one can be indicated with the aspectual modifiers already, still, no longer and not yet. States and activities are durative. They are also atelic, not expressing any definite endpoint.
- 39. Suggest readingComrie (1976) is the best general account of aspect in a vast number of languages. Frawley (1992), Chapter 7, offers a more cogent overview of the same. Leech (1987) makes an Aktionsart classification of English verbs, which also appears in Quirk et al. (1984). Vendler (1967) is a milestone in modern investigation of this subject. Tedeschi and Zaenen (1981) is a collection of articles on aspect, including the Dahl and Vlach works mentioned in Section 10.3. Smith (1991) seeks to develop a unified theory of aspect within Universal Grammar based on an explication of the quite different aspectual systems of five languages. Binnick (1991) surveys ancient and modern theories of tense and aspect and makes his own contribution. Brinton (1988) traces the historic development of the aspectual system of modern English.