![• How to Fix Sentence Fragments
• To correct a fragment, add the missing part or attach it to a nearby
sentence.
• Example:
• Teacher Ahmad enjoys teaching classes. And writing books. [fragment]
• Teacher Ahmad enjoys teaching classes and writing books. [correct]
• Fragment: Running through the park.
Correction: I saw a dog running through the park.
• Fragment: Although it was raining.
Correction: Although it was raining, we continued our hike.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sentencestructuretypes-241011062708-6e8f2a5d/85/Sentence_Structure_Types-of-sentences-ppt-50-320.jpg)
Sentence_Structure_Types of sentences .ppt
- 1. Academic Writing1 Academic Writing1 Freshman- Semester1, Fall 2024 Freshman- Semester1, Fall 2024 Instructor: Murtaza Malekzada, Pohanyar
- 2. الرحیم الرحمن اهلل بسم. UNIT 1 UNIT 1 Understanding Sentence Basics Understanding Sentence Basics
- 3. OUTLINE: Today, we will be covering the followings: Calling the Roll Previous Homework Asking Previous Lesson New Lesson Activities & Worksheets Conclusion Homework
- 4. What is a sentence? • A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. • Every sentence must have two main parts: – A subject: who or what the sentence is about. – A predicate: what the subject is doing or what is being said about the subject. • Example on the Board: • "The cat sleeps." – Subject: "The cat" – Predicate: "sleeps"
- 5. What is a sentence? • Subject: The person, place, thing, or idea that the sentence is about. • Predicate: The action the subject performs or the information provided about the subject. • Example: – “Ahmad plays soccer." – "The sun is shining brightly." – "My friend is reading a book."
- 8. Sentence Types • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex
- 9. Basic Elements of Every Sentence SUBJECT PREDICATE
- 10. Basic Elements Shafiqa plays tennis. SUBJECT PREDICATE
- 11. Simple Sentence
- 12. Simple Sentence • A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate.
- 13. Simple Sentence We went to Paghman yesterday. Observe how a simple sentence is constructed:
- 14. Simple Sentence We went to Paghman. Pronoun Verb Simple subject Complete predicate Prepositional phrase
- 15. SIMPLE SENTENCE Shafiqa plays tennis. SUBJECT PREDICATE one subject one predicate
- 16. Simple Sentence play tennis. Ahmad and Shafiqa Compound Subject &
- 17. Simple Sentence play tennis and swim. Ahmad and Shafiqa Compound Subject Compound Predicate & &
- 18. SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject Ahmad and Shafiqa play tennis.
- 19. SIMPLE SENTENCE with compound subject and compound predicate Ahmad and Shafiqa play tennis and swim.
- 21. Compound Sentence • A compound sentence has more than one part that can stand alone (independent clauses). • Independent clauses are connected by coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs or a semi-colon.
- 22. Compound Sentence We went to Paghman, and most of us played soccer all day.
- 23. Compound Sentence We went to Paghman, and most of us played all day . Subject Verb Coordinating Conjunction Predicate Verb Prepositional phrase Modifying phrase Subject
- 24. Compound Sentence Use of Coordinating Conjunctions SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE
- 25. Compound Sentence Ahmad swims, Shafiqa plays tennis. and
- 27. Ahmad swims, and Shafiqa plays tennis. Clause 1 Clause 2 Independent Independent COMPOUND SENTENCE: COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- 28. Ahmad swims, and Shafiqa plays tennis. Comma before “and” in compound sentences! COMPOUND SENTENCE: COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- 30. Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich. Clause 1 Clause 2 Independent Independent COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
- 31. Note: Semicolon before conjunctive adverb and comma after conjunctive adverb! Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich. COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
- 32. Semicolons • “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
- 33. COMPOUND SENTENCE: SEMICOLON Ahmad has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
- 35. Complex Sentence Since my boyfriend and I wanted to have fun, we went to San Juan yesterday.
- 36. Complex Sentence SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE even though
- 37. COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether,” and while."
- 38. Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular. Clause 1 Clause 2 Dependent Independent COMPLEX SENTENCE: SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- 39. • This type of sentence has more than one part that can stand alone, and at least one that cannot. • Conjunctions link the different parts of this sentence. Compound-Complex Sentence
- 40. Since we wanted to have fun, my boyfriend and I went to San Juan, and we danced all night. Subject Predicate Subordinating Conjunction Coordinating Conjunction Part that cannot stand alone Compound-Complex Sentence
- 41. Exercises Say if the following sentences are: Simple, compound, complex or compound- complex.
- 42. 1. The bell rang. 2. Bridget ran the first part of the race, and Tara biked the second part. 3. The skier turned and jumped.
- 43. Answers 1. Complex 2. Simple 3. Compound 4. Compound 5. Compound-complex
- 44. Identify the Subject and Predicate: • 1. The dog barked loudly. • 2. Waseem is reading a book. • 3. We went to the park. • 4. The children are playing outside.
- 45. Lesson Outline: 1. Sentence Fragment 2. Be Verbs 3. Capitalization
- 46. At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • identify and correct sentence fragments, understanding the difference between a complete sentence and a fragment. • construct complete sentences that contain both a subject and a predicate Objective for Sentence Fragment
- 47. What is a Sentence Fragment? •A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. It lacks one or more key components (a subject, a verb, or a complete thought) that make it a complete sentence. •Features of Sentence Fragments: – A fragment may be missing: – A subject – A verb – A complete thought
- 48. What is a Sentence Fragment? •Examples of Sentence Fragments: •Missing Subject: Ran through the park. (Who ran through the park?) •Missing Verb: The dog in the yard. (What about the dog in the yard?) •Incomplete Thought: Because I was tired. (What happened because you were tired?)
- 49. • Complete Sentence: • A complete sentence has: • A subject (who or what the sentence is about) • A verb (what the subject is doing) • A complete thought (it makes sense on its own) • Examples of Complete Sentences: • The dog barked loudly. • I went to the store.
- 50. • How to Fix Sentence Fragments • To correct a fragment, add the missing part or attach it to a nearby sentence. • Example: • Teacher Ahmad enjoys teaching classes. And writing books. [fragment] • Teacher Ahmad enjoys teaching classes and writing books. [correct] • Fragment: Running through the park. Correction: I saw a dog running through the park. • Fragment: Although it was raining. Correction: Although it was raining, we continued our hike.
- 51. Identify the Sentence Fragments: 1. Walking through the woods. 2. The boy who won the race. 3. After the movie was over, we went for coffee. 4. Since I didn’t have my homework. 5. She was laughing Rewrite the Fragments to Form Complete Sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- 52. Be Verbs
- 53. At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • understand the correct usage of "to be" verbs (am, is, are, was, were) in both present and past tense. • form grammatically correct sentences using "to be" verbs based on subject-verb agreement Objective for Be Verbs
- 54. What is to be verbs? • The “to be” verbs describe states of being or existence. • They are essential for forming basic sentences. • The main forms of “to be” are: – Present tense: am, is, are – Past tense: was, were Present Tense: Past Tense: – I am a student. - I was at the park yesterday. – She is happy. - They were tired after the trip. – They are friends.
- 55. What is to be verb? con’t… • “Am” is used with I. • “Is” is used with singular nouns or pronouns (he, she, it). • “Are” is used with plural nouns or pronouns (we, they, you). • Examples: • I am excited. • He is a doctor. • They are playing soccer
- 56. Activity (2 min): • Students should say aloud a sentence with “am,” “is,” or “are” based on the following prompt: – “She” → “She is my friend.” – “They” → “They are at the park. – “I” → “I am a student.”
- 57. What is to be verb? con’t… • “Was” is used with singular nouns or pronouns (I, he, she, it). • “Were” is used with plural nouns or pronouns (we, they, you). • Examples on the Board: • I was late to school yesterday. • We were at the party. • She was very tired
- 58. Activity (2 min): • Please form a sentence in the past tense with “was” or “were.” Example prompts: • “I” → “I was at home.” • “They” → “They were playing outside.” • “She” → “She was a teacher.”
- 59. Activity • Please write 3 sentences using “to be” verbs in both the present and past tense.One sentence with am or was. • One sentence with is or was. • One sentence with am or was • One sentence with are or were. • Example Sentences: • I am a student. • He was at the library. • They are my friends
- 60. Preposition of Place ( AT, ON, IN): (pp. 13,14) Please study by your own and I will ask you to explain.
- 62. 1. we visited london during the summer. 2. My brother said, "i will finish my homework after dinner." 3. The golden gate bridge is an iconic landmark in california. 4. The meeting is scheduled for tuesday at the conference center. 5. mr. smith is the principal of lincoln high school. 6. My favorite months are december and july. 7. I’m taking classes in history, math, and english this semester. 8. She asked, "can we go to paris next year?" 9. The great wall of china is one of the seven wonders of the world. 10. They are traveling to europe for the winter holidays. 11. uncle tom and aunt sarah are coming to visit next weekend.
- 63. 1. We visited London during the summer. 2. My brother said, "I will finish my homework after dinner." 3. The Golden Gate Bridge is an iconic landmark in California. 4. The meeting is scheduled for Tuesday at the conference center. 5. Mr. Smith is the principal of Lincoln High School. 6. My favorite months are December and July. 7. I’m taking classes in History, Math, and English this semester. 8. She asked, "Can we go to Paris next year?" 9. The Great Wall of China is one of the seven wonders of the world. 10. They are traveling to Europe for the winter holidays. 11. Uncle Tom and Aunt Sarah are coming to visit next weekend
- 64. At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: • recognize when and where to use capital letters in sentences (beginning of a sentence, proper nouns, pronoun "I"). • apply proper capitalization in their writing, demonstrating understanding of capitalization rules. Objective for Capitalization
- 65. References Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.