![was in sight, far below me, but on top of the clouds. Not wanting to
get lost I came down through the clouds and stayed out my hour
just above 2,000 and below the clouds, where the air was very much
churned up, keeping me very busy. Just as soon as the time was up
I came down with a pair of very chilled feet, making the 2,000
metres in five minutes to the ground. No work since then on account
of bad weather.
This morning I attended my first Catholic funeral, that of the
commandant of the school who was the victim of a mid-air collision,
a very unusual accident. The other machine got down safely though
badly smashed. Everybody in camp attended the funeral in the
chapel of the Artillery Camp next door. I understood none of the
service, but the music by a tenor and a ’cello was excellent. While
the cortege was going down the hill to the cemetery, a Nieuport
circled overhead very low for half an hour or more and dropped a
wreath. It was a very impressive ceremony.
I expect to start on triangle and petit voyage in a few days. When
they are done, I will be a breveted flier in the French Army. Then
comes perfectionné work and acrobacy, so it will be quite a while yet
for me.
VI
August 31, 1917.
Dear ——[C]:
Here it is almost September and I am still a dog-goned élève pilote.
Verily, every time I think of how the time passes along without
results, I go wild. My complaint is caused by the west wind, which
has blown about twenty-five days during the month of August and
seems likely to continue well on into September. The only variety is
an occasional storm. For the past two weeks I’ve been waiting to](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/71951-250711223132-490a1a85/85/Service-Oriented-Enterprises-1st-Edition-Setrag-Khoshafian-16-320.jpg)
![XII
October 22, 1917.
Ah, ——[D]:
Once more I take my pen in hand to lay at your feet the burdens of
an overwrought (how is that word spelled?) mind, said burdens
being caused by a most unpleasant captain. Just because I was in
Paris for a day and a half without a permission, he handed me eight
days of jail, and today for nothing at all he hauled me out in front of
the entire division and got quite angered when I told him in
extremely broken French that I hadn’t understood a word. But as the
jail doesn’t mean anything and doesn’t have to be served, I am not
worrying very much. The afternoon is misty and there isn’t a chance
of flying, so he takes particular care that nobody leave the piste
though there is absolutely nothing to do there, no chance to get
warm or comfortable. Which at least gives me a perfect alibi for poor
penmanship as I’m sitting in a machine and quite uncomfortable.
Thoughtless creature, so much like the rest of your sex, why did you
not tell me where Albert was to be over here, or what he was going
to do, or what service he was in, or at least that he was in France? I
cleverly deduced the latter from your letter, but did not know where
to find him. When I got your letter I was at Pau, not far from
Bordeaux (Didn’t I write you or postal-card you from there?).
Afterward at Paris, I talked to a few very dressed up ensigns with
wings on them somewhere (Walker is the only name I remember),
and they told me that —— was near Bordeaux and in the same
group with themselves. So if, etc., I might have gone to see the Big
Boy.
Yesterday I went to see Billy and another classmate in an artillery
camp the other side of Paris. They are officers of the U. S. A. and
live as such, which incites in me much envy as I am still a mere](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/71951-250711223132-490a1a85/85/Service-Oriented-Enterprises-1st-Edition-Setrag-Khoshafian-27-320.jpg)
![XIV
November 5, 1917.
Well ——[E]:
Here I find myself writing to you without waiting for the usual two or
three months to elapse. Do you realize that it was over five and a
half months ago that I left my native land? It doesn’t seem near so
long to me. Just at present I have about thirteen hours a day to
write, read the Washington Star and New York Times, eat an
occasional meal (we only get two over here, worse luck), build fires
in the stove and stroll for exercise. The rest of the time is devoted to
sleep. A terribly hard life that of an aviator on the western front! No
appels (meaning roll calls), discipline or inspections. Only, if there
should happen to be a good day, one might be wanted to fly a bit.
So far (I have only been out here a week) we have had perfectly
ideal aviators’ weather—nice low misty clouds about 300 or 400 feet
up, which quite prevent aerial activity and yet one is not bothered by
mud or depressed by rain. In the morning, one awakes, pokes his
head out the window, says “What lo! more luck, a nice light
brouillard” and closes the window for a few hours more of sleep.
Really I have done more resting the past week than most people do
in a lifetime!
To get statistical, I finished up at Pau (from where I sent to you a
letter, n’est-ce-pas?) a month ago, and then spent two very
unpleasant weeks at Plessis-Belleville near Paris, at the big dépôt for
the front, waiting to be sent to an escadrille, with nothing to do but
a little desultory flying, nurse the system, food, weather, lodging,
discipline, etc. Eventually my turn came and, with another American,
I was dispatched to Esc. SPA 84, where we arrived after the usual
delay passing through Paris. That’s one nice thing about this
country: all roads lead to Paris. Sent from one place to another, it is
a safe wager that one goes via Paris, and always takes forty-eight](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/71951-250711223132-490a1a85/85/Service-Oriented-Enterprises-1st-Edition-Setrag-Khoshafian-31-320.jpg)
![Have had a few patrols since last I wrote. One at a high height,
4,000-4,500 metres, considerably above the clouds which almost
shut out the ground below, wonderfully beautiful sight but beastly
cold, and a couple when the clouds were low and solid. The patrol
stays at just the height of the clouds, hiding in them and slipping out
again to look around. If it gets below, the enemy anti-aircraft guns
pepper it whenever near the lines and at a low altitude that is rather
awkward—so the patrol shows itself as little as possible.
It’s lots of sport to try to keep with the patrol: be behind the chief of
patrol, see him disappear and then bump into a fog bank, a low-
hanging cloud and not see a darn thing. Then dive down out of the
cloud wondering whether the other guy is right underneath or not;
shoot out of the cloud and see him maybe 500 yards away going at
right angles. Then bank up and turn around fast and give her the
gear—full speed to catch up and so on. See a Boche regulating
artillery fire, start to manoeuvre into range and zip! he’s out of sight
in the clouds and the next you see he is beating it far back of his
lines. Not very dangerous this weather, but lots of fun.
XX
December 3rd, 1917.
Dear ——[F]:
Thanks for the merry, merry wishes for the gay Xmas season and I’ll
try to remember them when the day comes along. Sundays and
holidays are not very much noticed here at the front, except that on
Sunday the mechanics all get full of pinard and song and devilment
—the pinard (meaning cheap red ink used by the French in place of
drinking water) is of course responsible for the two latter. In the
villages, the entire male population likewise drinks much wine and
everyone—man, woman, child, dog, and domestic animal, parades](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/71951-250711223132-490a1a85/85/Service-Oriented-Enterprises-1st-Edition-Setrag-Khoshafian-44-320.jpg)
Service Oriented Enterprises 1st Edition Setrag Khoshafian
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- 5. Service Oriented Enterprises 1st Edition Setrag Khoshafian Digital Instant Download Author(s): Setrag Khoshafian ISBN(s): 9780849353604, 0849353602 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 14.39 MB Year: 2007 Language: english
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- 9. Boca Raton New York Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business SERVICE ORIENTED ENTERPRISES Setrag Khoshafian AU5360_C000.fm Page iii Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
- 10. Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-5360-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-5360-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse- quences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Khoshafian, Setrag. Service Oriented Enterprises / Setrag Khoshafian. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-5360-2 (alk. paper) 1. Management information systems. 2. Business--Data processing. I. Title. HD30.213.K455 2007 658--dc22 2006017155 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Auerbach Web site at http://www.auerbach-publications.com AU5360_C000.fm Page iv Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
- 11. v Contents Foreword................................................................................................................xi Preface ...................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xxiii The Author..........................................................................................................xxv 1 Introduction..................................................................................1 1.1 Overview................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 IT and Business Focus.................................................................. 2 1.1.2 It Is More Than Technology......................................................... 5 1.1.3 Globalization................................................................................. 7 1.1.4 Extended, Virtual, Real-Time, and Resilient .............................. 11 1.1.5 Narrowing the Gap between IT and Business.......................... 15 1.2 Reengineering Business Process Reengineering: Changing the Nature of Change............................................................................. 18 1.2.1 Built to Change ........................................................................... 21 1.2.2 The Servant Leader ..................................................................... 23 1.3 Service Oriented Enterprise ................................................................... 26 1.3.1 Governed by Enterprise Performance Management................. 28 1.3.2 Driven by Business Process Management................................. 31 1.3.3 Founded on the Service Oriented Architecture ........................ 36 1.4 Can We Dream?....................................................................................... 42 1.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 46 Notes ................................................................................................................ 48 2 Service Oriented Methodologies ...............................................51 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 51 2.1.1 Methodologies............................................................................. 52 2.1.2 Why Should We Analyze and Design?....................................... 56 2.1.3 Analysis and Design with a Twist of Service Orientation ........ 57 2.2 Service Development Life Cycle............................................................ 60 2.3 Enterprise Architectures ......................................................................... 66 2.4 Model-Driven Architecture..................................................................... 72 2.4.1 Metamodels ................................................................................. 75 AU5360_C000.fm Page v Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
- 12. vi Contents 2.5 Service Oriented Analysis and Design .................................................. 77 2.5.1 Use Case...................................................................................... 78 2.5.2 Service Messaging and Interactions ........................................... 82 2.5.3 Activity Diagram.......................................................................... 85 2.5.4 Sequence Diagrams .................................................................... 86 2.5.5 State Transition Diagrams........................................................... 87 2.5.6 Component Diagrams................................................................. 89 2.5.7 Class Diagram.............................................................................. 90 2.6 SOA Methodology .................................................................................. 93 2.6.1 Service Discovery........................................................................ 94 2.6.2 Iterative Methodology................................................................. 95 2.6.2.1 Continuous Improvement Methodology for Service Providers .................................................... 96 2.6.2.2 Continuous Improvements for Service Consumers ..................................................... 100 2.7 Maturity Model for SOA ....................................................................... 101 2.7.1 Maturity Model for Service Oriented Enterprises.................... 103 2.8 Summary ............................................................................................... 107 Notes .............................................................................................................. 108 3 Service Definition, Discovery, and Deployment...................111 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 111 3.2 Focusing on UDDI+WSDL+SOAP........................................................ 114 3.3 Service Registries: UDDI ...................................................................... 116 3.3.1 Beyond Search Engines............................................................ 117 3.3.2 Enabling External and Internal Integration ............................. 118 3.3.3 UDDI in the Web Services Stack.............................................. 119 3.3.4 Organization of UDDI Registries.............................................. 120 3.3.5 UDDI Business Registry Operators.......................................... 121 3.3.6 UDDI Elements ......................................................................... 122 3.3.6.1 Business Entity............................................................ 122 3.3.6.2 Business Service ......................................................... 124 3.3.6.3 Binding Templates...................................................... 124 3.3.7 Classification Schemes.............................................................. 125 3.3.8 Business Identifiers................................................................... 127 3.3.9 Accessing UDDI Registries through SOAP Exchanges ........... 127 3.4 Service Description: WSDL .................................................................. 129 3.4.1 Client and Server Processes for WSDL .................................... 132 3.4.1.1 Service Provider Process............................................ 134 3.4.1.2 Service Requestor Process ......................................... 136 3.4.2 definitions ............................................................................. 138 3.4.3 import.................................................................................... 138 3.4.4 type........................................................................................ 139 3.4.5 message................................................................................. 139 3.4.6 operation............................................................................... 140 3.4.7 portType................................................................................ 141 3.4.8 Binding ...................................................................................... 141 3.4.9 SOAP binding............................................................................ 142 AU5360_C000.fm Page vi Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
- 13. Contents vii 3.4.9.1 Styles ........................................................................... 142 3.4.9.2 soap:operation........................................................ 142 3.4.9.3 soap:body............................................................... 143 3.4.9.4 SOAP Encoding .......................................................... 143 3.5 SOAP ..................................................................................................... 144 3.5.1 Overview of SOAP Elements and Message Structure ............. 149 3.5.2 HTTP: The Leading SOAP Protocol ......................................... 150 3.5.3 SOAP Architecture .................................................................... 153 3.5.4 SOAP Elements ......................................................................... 154 3.5.4.1 SOAP Envelope .......................................................... 154 3.5.4.2 SOAP Header.............................................................. 156 3.5.4.3 SOAP Body................................................................. 157 3.5.4.4 SOAP Faults ................................................................ 157 3.6 Summary ............................................................................................... 158 Notes .............................................................................................................. 159 4 Service Oriented Architectures ...............................................163 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 163 4.1.1 Service Stacks............................................................................ 165 4.1.2 Service Architecture .................................................................. 168 4.2 SOA and Web Services......................................................................... 172 4.2.1 Browser-Based and Browserless Access to Web Sites............ 174 4.3 Service Oriented Programming............................................................ 176 4.3.1 What Are Services?.................................................................... 178 4.3.2 Service Requestors and Providers over Heterogeneous Platforms ......................................................... 182 4.3.3 Call Sequence in a Web Service Invocation............................ 183 4.3.4 The SOAP Engine ..................................................................... 186 4.4 SOA in Distributed Architectures......................................................... 188 4.4.1 Distributed Brokered Service Integration ................................ 192 4.4.2 Distributed Transactions ........................................................... 194 4.4.2.1 Two-Phase Commit Protocol..................................... 195 4.4.2.2 Distributed Transactions and Web Services.............. 196 4.5 Enterprise Service Bus.......................................................................... 201 4.5.1 Java Business Integration ......................................................... 211 4.5.2 Service Component Architecture.............................................. 215 4.5.2.1 SCDL............................................................................ 218 4.5.2.2 Service Data Objects .................................................. 218 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................... 220 Notes .............................................................................................................. 221 5 Business Process Management................................................223 5.1 Overview............................................................................................... 224 5.1.1 The Only Constant Is Change.................................................. 225 5.1.2 BPM as a Platform (Software Product) Category .................... 227 5.1.3 Three Types of Processes......................................................... 229 5.2 Evolution of Business Process Management Suites............................ 233 5.3 BPM Primer........................................................................................... 238 AU5360_C000.fm Page vii Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
- 14. viii Contents 5.3.1 Business Process Modeling and Analysis ................................ 238 5.3.2 The Ubiquitous Activity (Task) ................................................ 242 5.3.3 Participants................................................................................ 242 5.3.4 Process Data.............................................................................. 244 5.3.5 Business Rules........................................................................... 245 5.3.5.1 Business Rules Driving Business Processes.............. 249 5.3.6 Process Definitions ................................................................... 252 5.3.7 Enterprise Integration ............................................................... 257 5.3.8 Business-to-Business Integration.............................................. 258 5.3.9 Orchestration and Choreography............................................. 258 5.3.10 Process Instances .................................................................... 260 5.3.11 Monitoring Performance of Processes ................................... 261 5.3.12 Process Portals ........................................................................ 265 5.3.12.1 Portlets ...................................................................... 266 5.3.12.2 Portals and Business Process Management ............ 267 5.4 BPM Reference Architectures............................................................... 269 5.4.1 The WfMC Reference Architecture........................................... 270 5.4.2 Doculabs’ BPM Reference Architecture................................... 272 5.5 BPM Methodologies.............................................................................. 273 5.5.1 EPM, BPM Systems, and SOA/ESB........................................... 281 5.6 Business Process Standards.................................................................. 285 5.6.1 BPMN......................................................................................... 287 5.6.2 XML Processing Description Language.................................... 292 5.6.3 Business Process Execution Language .................................... 293 5.6.3.1 WS-BPEL and WSDL .................................................. 294 5.6.3.2 Process ........................................................................ 295 5.6.3.3 Variables...................................................................... 299 5.6.3.4 Activities...................................................................... 299 5.3.6.5 Receive, Invoke, and Reply ....................................... 301 5.6.3.6 Structured Activities.................................................... 301 5.6.3.7 Correlation Sets........................................................... 302 5.6.3.8 Scopes......................................................................... 303 5.6.3.9 Fault Handling............................................................ 303 5.6.3.10 Compensation........................................................... 303 5.6.4 WS-CDL ..................................................................................... 304 5.7 Summary ............................................................................................... 306 Notes .............................................................................................................. 307 6 Service Quality and Management ...........................................309 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 310 6.2 Defining Quality of Service.................................................................. 311 6.2.1 QoS in Service Orientation....................................................... 313 6.3 Services Performance and Benchmarking........................................... 316 6.3.1 Networking................................................................................ 316 6.3.2 XML............................................................................................ 318 6.3.3 SOAP Performance ................................................................... 320 6.3.4 Multi-Tier Architecture.............................................................. 323 AU5360_C000.fm Page viii Monday, September 4, 2006 1:46 PM
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- 16. was in sight, far below me, but on top of the clouds. Not wanting to get lost I came down through the clouds and stayed out my hour just above 2,000 and below the clouds, where the air was very much churned up, keeping me very busy. Just as soon as the time was up I came down with a pair of very chilled feet, making the 2,000 metres in five minutes to the ground. No work since then on account of bad weather. This morning I attended my first Catholic funeral, that of the commandant of the school who was the victim of a mid-air collision, a very unusual accident. The other machine got down safely though badly smashed. Everybody in camp attended the funeral in the chapel of the Artillery Camp next door. I understood none of the service, but the music by a tenor and a ’cello was excellent. While the cortege was going down the hill to the cemetery, a Nieuport circled overhead very low for half an hour or more and dropped a wreath. It was a very impressive ceremony. I expect to start on triangle and petit voyage in a few days. When they are done, I will be a breveted flier in the French Army. Then comes perfectionné work and acrobacy, so it will be quite a while yet for me. VI August 31, 1917. Dear ——[C]: Here it is almost September and I am still a dog-goned élève pilote. Verily, every time I think of how the time passes along without results, I go wild. My complaint is caused by the west wind, which has blown about twenty-five days during the month of August and seems likely to continue well on into September. The only variety is an occasional storm. For the past two weeks I’ve been waiting to
- 17. start my voyages, two trips to a town forty miles away and back and two other triangular trips about 180 miles long each. When they are done, one becomes a pilote élève; and there’s a great if subtle difference when the words are reversed. An élève pilote is the scum of the earth, looked down on by mechanics, pilots, monitors, and everyone else; a pilote élève can wear wings on his collar and is as good as any one else. He is permitted to fly in rough weather, to take chances and is not in so much danger of getting radiated if he gets in trouble. The proper thing to do on a triangle or petit voyage is to have something bust directly over a nice château; make a skilful landing on the front lawn under the eyes of the admiring household and then be an enforced guest for a few days until one is rescued by a truck and mechanics. One has to be very careful where the panne de moteur catches him lest he have to make his landing in a lake or on a forest, which is apt to be a bit awkward. One chap, an American, has been out on a triangle for two weeks, staying at some country place, and there are four others at another school near a big town waiting for weather to return. Reports give us to believe they are having a much better time there than we are here. Between here and the point for the petit voyage—a little bit off the route, is the big future American aviation camp and also an Artillery camp. There are quite a bunch of fellows there, Quentin Roosevelt, Cord Meyer, etc., I think. Every American that has left on his voyages in the last month has stopped there against all orders and been bawled out by the monitor. One has to keep a recording barometer or altimeter machine, a barograph, during the voyages, which indicates all stops. One chap came back home the other day with a barometer record showing beyond the shadow of a doubt that he had made a stop of about fifteen minutes en route. The monitor saw it, said, “Alors, all you Americans stop off there, I don’t like it.” Then the chap tried to explain how he had had a panne and come down in a field out in the country somewhere, fixed the motor and come on home. He almost got away with it, but the monitor happened to snook around a bit and noticed on the tail very clearly written a good Anglo-Saxon name, the name of the town, and the date—quite
- 18. indisputable evidence. I fully expect to have a panne there myself before long. By the way, to declare a short pause in my chronicle of aviation, how about all those “letters that are to follow”? If you try to tell me how good you are to your Belgian soldier, I refuse to believe a word until you treat me in the same way. And I also refuse to accept anyone as a marraine (isn’t that what you call these fairy godmother persons one is supposed to correspond with during the war and marry afterward? How inconsiderate some of them are, to take three or four soldiers, just assuming that not more than one will survive; however, they may be wise to have more than one iron in the fire. But my parenthesis grows apace.)—I say I refuse a marraine until she approves her ability. But let me see again. Does said marraine have to be a complete stranger? It seems to me that is customary, and also usually they are of different nationalities. All of the foregoing weak line will be interpreted as a mere plea for that other letter. I’ve never made this “absence makes the heart grow fonder” stuff at all. Even —— has given me up; I remain to her only another of the forgotten conquests (?) of the dead past.... This odd person, Bassett, wandered in all dressed up like a patch of blue sky and I just had to let you know he was here. With absolute confidence in each other’s integrity, we put our loving messages side by each. By the way, he is a good scout, don’t you think? I have gotten to like him immensely since he has been here. I never had a better time in my life than one evening in Paris with Chet. However quiet the party, he is the life of it. It must be that I take my weekly shave—in cold, cold water, with a dull, dull razor. Oh, happy thought! Tell the father and brothers hello from me. Also tell —— to drop me a line of what he’s doing and when he’s coming over. Stuart.
- 19. VII September 1, 1917. The wild man in the Nieuport was out again this morning giving some one a joy ride. There is a long straight stretch of road in front of our piste and he came down that several times, a nasty puffy wind blowing which bothered him not at all, flying only two or three feet off the ground. In front of the piste is a telephone wire crossing the road. He came along the road 100 miles an hour until almost on top of the wire and jumped up just in time to clear it by a few feet— really beautiful work. He goes all over the surrounding country flying low, hopping over trees and houses, sometimes turning up sideways to slip between two trees a bit too close together to fly through; sometimes dragging a wing through the space between a couple of hangars or doing vertical virages just in front of them. It doesn’t seem possible that any man can be so much a part of his machine, can be so consistently accurate that he never misses. For this chap, Lumière, has never had a smash.... A chap named Loughran started off on one of his brevet voyages a few days before I got ready for brevet. He got quite a ways along, ran into a storm, went above it, got caught in a cloud, kept on for quite a long way being drifted by a strong wind, then came down through the clouds and found that they were only 400 feet above the ground. After a while he found a place to land and came down safely. He went to a farmhouse, got his machine guarded and tied down. In the meantime word had spread over the countryside that an aviator had come down there and the entire population came out to look him over. A grand equipage drove up with a Count who lived in a nearby château. He insisted that Eddie come to the château and accept their hospitality. There the fortunate Ed stayed five days; the Countess talked English, and also some house guests. He hadn’t brought a trunk so borrowed razor, etc., from the Count; went down to see the machine every day in the baronial barouche. Whenever he went to the little town in the vicinity all the kids followed him around
- 20. the streets and when at last he left, he was presented with a multitude of bouquets and had to kiss each and every donor. He brought back pictures of the château—a delightful looking old place —and numerous addresses. STUART WALCOTT AT THE FRONT
- 21. VIII September 4, 1917. At last the two weeks of wind and rain has ceased and now it is perfect weather—a bit of a breeze and lots of sun for the last two days. Yesterday morning there weren’t enough machines to go around so I did not work, making the eighth consecutive day I hadn’t stepped in a machine. Last evening I at last and with much rejoicing started out on my “maiden voyage” to another school about 60 kilometres away (37.5 miles). It was delightfully easy—nothing to do but climb two or three thousand feet and just sit there and watch the country unfold, comparing the maplike surface of the earth spread out below with the map in the machine. In good weather it is very easy to follow, spot roads, towns, woods, rivers and bridges. Railroad tracks get lost at high altitudes and are harder to find anyway. One has to keep an eye open for a place to land within gliding distance in case of a panne always, but the country is so flat and so much cultivated around here that it is absurdly simple. I endeavored always to keep some pleasant looking house or château in range in case of trouble, for the French are proverbially hospitable to aviators en panne (lying to, descending). Coming back yesterday evening, the sun was pretty low and the air absolutely calm, nothing but the drone of the motor and the wind; the only movements necessary an occasional slight pressure on the joy stick to one side or the other to keep the proper direction. I came very nearly going to sleep, it was so peaceful up there; several times closed my eyes and swayed a bit. As a matter of fact one is perfectly safe at that altitude—anything over a thousand feet— because the machine, at least this particular type, won’t get into any position from which one cannot get it out within 200 metres at most. But nevertheless I haven’t tried any impromptu falls as yet. This morning I repeated the same identical performance, because for some reason we have to do two petits voyages, and had much the same kind of a time as yesterday. On the way home one cylinder
- 22. quit its job and threw oil instead, covering me from head to foot and clouding up my goggles so I had to wipe them off about every minute. When I got back the mechanics decided that that motor had died of old age and would have to be repaired, so I am again without a machine. Have watched a beautiful afternoon pass by from the barracks when without my luck I’d be working. But with a machine and weather, I can be finished tomorrow; two triangles to do about 200 kilometres (125 miles) each and I can do one in the morning and the other in the evening and then I’m breveted. Perhaps by day after tomorrow I’ll start perfectionné on Nieuport. I hope so. IX September 9, 1917. Since my last to Father, I have had some very interesting times. First, I finished my brevet with very little excitement, made all my voyages and only got lost a little bit once. Then I saw two machines on the ground in a field, made a rather dramatic spiral and steeply banked descent amidst a crowd of villagers and got away with it; then found that the machines belonged to two monitors who were bringing them from Paris and had effected a panne de château. Being asked what I was doing, I fortunately found a spark plug on the burn and got that repaired. The rest of it was very easy, a bit of flying in the rain which stings the face a bit, but is not bad otherwise. Since I have been on the Nieuport. There are three sizes of machines on which one is trained, starting with the larger double command and going to the smallest. At Pau, we get another even smaller, about as big as half-a-minute. Four times I went out without a ride—bad weather, crowded class and busted machines, the same old story. Then last night I had my first rides with a monitor who is
- 23. rather oldish, crabbed and new at his job, a brand new aviator. As you know, when an airplane takes a turn, it does not remain horizontal but banks up: comme ça (if you can interpret that illustration—it shows signs of remarkable imaginative power)—alors, one banks to take a turn and uses the rudder only a very little because the machine turns along when banked. There is a sort of falling-out feeling the first few times until one becomes a part of the machine. To get back to the story, this monitor does not like to bank his machine and sort of sidles round the corners, keeping it quite flat and almost slipping out to the outside of the turn. I have done many fool things in a machine and made many mistakes, but never have I been so scared in anything in my life as when riding with this monitor. A monitor is supposed to let the pupil drive as much as he is able, but this bird never let me make a move, and when we got through told me I was too brutal. I was never madder in my life and cursed nice American cuss words all the way home. There’s a fifteen kilo ride in a seatless tractor back to camp to improve a bad humor. Well, this morning I saw some more rides impending and didn’t like it, so asked the chef de piste to put me with another monitor. He had to know why and I registered my kick, which practically said that the first monitor didn’t know his business and couldn’t drive, that I was scared to ride with him. The chef was a bit sarcastic and told me to take two rides with another monitor to show how I could make a virage. I did it the way I’ve been accustomed to, made a fairly short turn; when we got down, the monitor said “Epatant” (Am. “stunning”) or something like that to the chef. The chef had meanwhile communicated my complaint to the first monitor and he was the maddest man I ever saw. Demanded what “Ce type là” (indicating me) wanted, said the virages I had just made were dangerously banked (the monitor I was with didn’t mind, though) and then all three started arguing at once at me and I spelled all the French I knew. About that time I thought of what you had just told me in a letter about trusting in Latin, which advice and remarks I have come to agree with very much (my admiration for the French
- 24. has waxed less daily), and here I realized that I had very successfully made a fool out of a man who was supposed to be my teacher, and he fully resented it. Then, of all things, the lieutenant, without further remarks, said I was to continue with my first monitor. My heart sank into my feet. I had visions of staying in that class without rides or with only rides and fights for months; I rode no more this morning and what was my delight to find this evening that my bewhiskered pal had left on permission. I got another monitor, a fine one who put his hands on the side of the machine and let me do everything with a bit of assistance on the landing, which is different from what I’ve been doing on the Caudron. Seven rides and a finish—the twenty-three- metre tomorrow morning. I wasn’t very good, but got by. X September 14, 1917. Things for me are going all right. Have made progress on the Nieuport since last I wrote and will fly alone soon. As regards the U. S. Army, things are at a standstill until I get to Paris which will be a week or so. I hope to go to the front in a French escadrille and in an American uniform. Some say it can be done; some that it cannot. It sounds so sensible that I am afraid there must be some regulation against it. XI September 27, 1917.
- 25. Since last I wrote a regular letter, considerable has taken place. First, I am now at Pau, having finished up Avord. Have sent postcards to Father right along to keep track of movements. After brevet was over, I did not take the customary permission of forty-eight hours, but went straight to work on Nieuport, D. C. (double command). One cannot learn a great deal riding with an instructor—only about enough to keep from smashing in landing, because one never knows when the instructor is messing with the controls, when it’s one’s self. There are five kinds of Nieuports—differing mainly in size, the smaller being faster and more agile in the air, better adapted to eccentric flying. They are 28, 23, 18, 15, 13 (the baby Nieuport). At Avord I had about a week of D. C. on 28 and 23 (the numbers refer to size of wings) with several days of no work. Then some days on 23 alone and finally on 18 alone. The landings are a bit different from those of the machines I had been flying as they are faster and the machines are quite nose- heavy. In the air the nose-heavy feature makes them “fly themselves”—that is, according to the speed of the motor the machine will rise and climb or piqué and descend, with never a touch from the pilot. If the weather is not very bad, the Nieuport will correct itself automatically from all displacements. But in landing the nose-heavy feature causes a great many capotages. If the landing isn’t done about right with the tail low—over she goes on her nose or all the way onto her back. It is a very common occurrence and has become almost a joke. When a pupil capotes, everybody kids him—no one hurries over to see if he is hurt, not at all; he climbs out from under, usually cursing, and in ten minutes the truck is out to salvage the wreck. It is astounding the way smashes are taken as a matter of course. Yesterday one chap in landing hit another machine, demolishing both but not touching either pilot. Being worth some $15,000 or $25,000, but no one seemed to worry—it’s very much a matter of course. The monitor was a little peeved because he will be short of machines for a few days, but that was all. I’ve seen as many as ten machines flat on their backs or with tails high in the air, on one field
- 26. at the same time. For myself, I haven’t capoted or busted any wood since the Blériot days. But I’m knocking on the wooden table now. On several occasions it has been only luck that saved me, as I’ve made many rotten landings. Well, to get back to the diary. After finishing at Avord, I waited around for two days to get papers fixed up, requested and obtained permission and then decided not to use it and left straight for Pau after fond farewells to the friends I’ve been with for three and a half months. Looking back, I didn’t have such a bad time at Avord after all, though I did get terribly tired of the living conditions. My trip to Pau I put down to experience. I discovered one schedule not to travel by in future. Leaving Avord at 2:15 I got to Bourges at 2:45 and found that the train left at 7:29. Fortunately, there was another chap from the school on the train, Arthur Bluthenthal, an old Princeton football star, whom I have gotten to know quite well, so we managed to waste the afternoon together. At 7:29 I started another half hour’s journey, at the end of which the timetable said that the train for Bordeaux left at 10:30 (this is all P. M.). At this town there were some American engineers, so I embraced the fellow countrymen in a strange land. Finished up a not very gay evening by attending the movies, a most odd institution. Clouds of tobacco smoke obscured the screen, and most of the action was around the bar at one side of the hall. Nobody was drunk, but nearly every one was drinking and very gay. This was merely Saturday night in a small town of the Provinces—not in gay Paree. At 10:15 I got in a first class compartment and tried to find a comfortable position in which to sleep. At 2:15 A. M. I had mussed up my clothes considerably, lost my temper and not slept a wink. Then we had to change again. The rest of the morning I sat opposite an American officer, a queer old fogey, and we tried to kid each other into thinking we were sleeping, with no success. Arrived at Bordeaux at 7 A. M., and found that the train for Pau left immediately, so I missed out on breakfast, too—Oh, it was a hectic trip. My idea of a very unpleasant occupation is that of a travelling salesman in France.
- 27. XII October 22, 1917. Ah, ——[D]: Once more I take my pen in hand to lay at your feet the burdens of an overwrought (how is that word spelled?) mind, said burdens being caused by a most unpleasant captain. Just because I was in Paris for a day and a half without a permission, he handed me eight days of jail, and today for nothing at all he hauled me out in front of the entire division and got quite angered when I told him in extremely broken French that I hadn’t understood a word. But as the jail doesn’t mean anything and doesn’t have to be served, I am not worrying very much. The afternoon is misty and there isn’t a chance of flying, so he takes particular care that nobody leave the piste though there is absolutely nothing to do there, no chance to get warm or comfortable. Which at least gives me a perfect alibi for poor penmanship as I’m sitting in a machine and quite uncomfortable. Thoughtless creature, so much like the rest of your sex, why did you not tell me where Albert was to be over here, or what he was going to do, or what service he was in, or at least that he was in France? I cleverly deduced the latter from your letter, but did not know where to find him. When I got your letter I was at Pau, not far from Bordeaux (Didn’t I write you or postal-card you from there?). Afterward at Paris, I talked to a few very dressed up ensigns with wings on them somewhere (Walker is the only name I remember), and they told me that —— was near Bordeaux and in the same group with themselves. So if, etc., I might have gone to see the Big Boy. Yesterday I went to see Billy and another classmate in an artillery camp the other side of Paris. They are officers of the U. S. A. and live as such, which incites in me much envy as I am still a mere
- 28. corporal of France and treated with no more than my due—not quite as much I sometimes think. That was the expedition that brought the jail. Lots and lots of people are getting over here now. I’ve seen Heyliger Church and Kelly Craig who are about to become aviators somewhere. Porter Guest just became breveted (that is, a licensed pilot) and was considerably seen in Paris shortly after—no end of college friends are over here and even an occasional American girl is seen in Paris. No friends as yet. Your letter—I asked at Morgan Harjes about Miss —— and found that she is at the front in a hospital, so I can’t very well find her in Paris. I’m sorry as I would very much have liked to. What one might call permanent people are very nice to know in Paris. I don’t know anything about the front yet, but if I’m near Miss ——’s hospital, will try to get acquainted. What you said about —— and his going, I can pretty well appreciate. There isn’t a thing in the world to worry us unmarried and very independent young men over here. If something happens to us, it will bother you all back home a great deal more than us. It’s very, very true that women have the heaviest and worst part of war. I had to write a letter the other day to the mother of a pal over here who shot himself when out of his head. A fine pilot and an exceptionally charming fellow, how I pity his poor mother. It’s almost unbelievable the number of women one sees in black here in France. Thank God, it can never become that bad at home, for the war will never get so close to us as it has to the French. I haven’t the inspiration to compose an imaginative aeronautic thriller today about the experiences of a boy aviator. Since last writing, have finished Nieuport at Avord, went to Pau and there did acrobacy, came here to Plessis-Belleville and started Spad, now await assignment to an escadrille which ought to come within a week. Haven’t broken any wood since Blériot days, but have been a bit more rational and done about average good work. The preliminary training is over—combat training doesn’t amount to anything till we get to the front. I’ll be on a monoplace machine
- 29. surely. So in my next you can expect to hear mighty tales of combating the Boche at a high altitude. I’m beginning to hear that it’s nothing but a lot of routine work, few combats and pretty soon a frightful bore: I refuse to believe it and hang on to romance for all I’m worth. Give my regards to a whole lot of people and tell them I haven’t quite given up all hope of a letter though almost. My friends as a group are not very strong on letter writing. There are only a very few shining exceptions like yourself and verily they do make of me the heart glad. But enough of this, ’tis bootless, so I sign myself, Thine as of yore, Stuart. XIII Escadrille Spa-84, Secteur Postal 181, Par A. C. M.—Paris. November 1, 1917. Well, I’m here—in sight of the front at last. To date I haven’t been out there yet and won’t for a few days more as they take lots of care of new pilots and don’t feed them to the Boche right away. Probably day after tomorrow the lieutenant in command will take me out to show me around the lines and after that I’ll take my place in patrols with the others. The work is exclusively patrolling, establishing as it were a barrage against German machines and preventing as far as possible any incursions of the French lines. As the big attack is over, there is comparatively little activity. Sometimes one goes for a whole patrol without being fired on and without seeing an enemy machine anywhere near the lines. During the three days I’ve been here, the
- 30. group has accounted for several Boches without any losses whatever. Young Bridgeman of the Lafayette Escadrille had a bullet through his fuselage just in front of his chest, but suffered no damage except from fright. There are several escadrilles in the group, a groupe de combat—it is called—all have Spads which makes it very nice. The Lafayette, 124, is of our group and have adjoining barracks, which makes it very nice (I seem to repeat) for us lone Americans in French escadrilles. We drop in there far too often and the first few nights I used the bed of the famous Bill Thaw’s roommate, away on permission. Did I write you that one morning he brought in Whiskey to wake me up, and my eye no sooner opened than my head was buried under the covers. Whiskey is a pet—a very large lion cub, which has unfortunately outgrown its utility as a pet and was sent yesterday, with its running mate, Soda, to the Zoo at Paris, to be a regular lion. They are a very odd crowd—the members of the Lafayette Escadrille, a few nice ones and a bunch of rather roughnecks. Their conversation is an eye opener for a new arrival. Mostly about Paris, permissions, and the rue de Braye, but occasionally about work and that is interesting. Nonchalant doesn’t express it. When Bridgy got shot up as mentioned above, they all kidded the life out of him and when he got the Croix de Guerre, they had him almost in tears—just because he’s the kiddable kind. But in talking about the work—for instance, Jim Hall: “I piquéd on him with full motor and got so darn close to him that when I wanted to open fire I was so scared of running into him that I had to yank out of the way and so never fired a single shot.” Or Lufberry just mentions in passing that he got another Boche this morning, but those —— observer people won’t give him credit for it. He has fourteen official now and probably twice as many more never allowed him. Some days ago during the attack he had seven fights in one day, brought down six of them and got credit for one. Which must be discouraging.
- 31. XIV November 5, 1917. Well ——[E]: Here I find myself writing to you without waiting for the usual two or three months to elapse. Do you realize that it was over five and a half months ago that I left my native land? It doesn’t seem near so long to me. Just at present I have about thirteen hours a day to write, read the Washington Star and New York Times, eat an occasional meal (we only get two over here, worse luck), build fires in the stove and stroll for exercise. The rest of the time is devoted to sleep. A terribly hard life that of an aviator on the western front! No appels (meaning roll calls), discipline or inspections. Only, if there should happen to be a good day, one might be wanted to fly a bit. So far (I have only been out here a week) we have had perfectly ideal aviators’ weather—nice low misty clouds about 300 or 400 feet up, which quite prevent aerial activity and yet one is not bothered by mud or depressed by rain. In the morning, one awakes, pokes his head out the window, says “What lo! more luck, a nice light brouillard” and closes the window for a few hours more of sleep. Really I have done more resting the past week than most people do in a lifetime! To get statistical, I finished up at Pau (from where I sent to you a letter, n’est-ce-pas?) a month ago, and then spent two very unpleasant weeks at Plessis-Belleville near Paris, at the big dépôt for the front, waiting to be sent to an escadrille, with nothing to do but a little desultory flying, nurse the system, food, weather, lodging, discipline, etc. Eventually my turn came and, with another American, I was dispatched to Esc. SPA 84, where we arrived after the usual delay passing through Paris. That’s one nice thing about this country: all roads lead to Paris. Sent from one place to another, it is a safe wager that one goes via Paris, and always takes forty-eight
- 32. hours there and gets permission for it if he can. There are a few Frenchmen there still, but on the streets one sees almost entirely American, British or British Colonial officers—occasionally a French aviator and of course clouds of sweet and innocent young things— yes? Nearly all of my classmates are over here and get to Paris every once in a while, so all I have to do is to sit at the Café de la Paix and if I wait long enough, some one I know will surely come along. Well, to get back on the track, we eventually found ourselves members of le-dit Esc. SPA 84—one esc. of a groupe de chasse, which means that we will have patrolling work to do mainly and not protection of observation or photo machines—which they tell me, is fortunate. Also we have good machines—the best there are, which might not have happened had we been sent to another type of escadrille—purely good fortune. The much advertised Lafayette Esc. No. 124, is a member of the same group, is located near us and does the same work, which makes it much pleasanter for lone Americans. We use their stove and tea of an afternoon quite freely as our quarters are new and not fixed up. But say, when we do get going, everybody will be in to see us. We’ll have a cosy, beautifully wallpapered room clustering around a stove.... The men of 124 are a rather good crowd—not much different from any crowd of Americans, a bit rough but most of it affected because they’re away from home, very hospitable, rather daredevil or hard-hearted (whichever you wish to call it—the way they talk about each other’s narrow escapes, coming falls, the mistakes or misfortunes of departed brothers, and there have been several) and very mixed, centering around Lieutenant Bill Thaw, of the French Army, who impresses me as being very much of a leader and an unusually fine type. There is one tough nut from a Middle Western Siwash-like college, who was probably still ungraduated at 27, and a quiet, innocent looking kid who seems to have just got out of prep school; of course, the tough guy tears the little one. Then there are a couple of old Légionnaires—rather superior and terribly tired of war, quite unenthusiastic, but I dare say congenial when one gets under their hide or fills it full of booze. And Jim Hall, the author chap—quiet,
- 33. reserved, almost simple in his lack of affectation and boyish in his enthusiasm. (Gad, how he wants to get his Boche and he almost thinks he did the other day, but it wasn’t verified. He followed him down from 1,500 to 200 metres, shooting all the time, and thinks he must have brought him down).... Did I mention above that I am at present in the status, practically, of a non-flying member? On arriving at the front, one is not rushed straightway to the cannon’s mouth, but rather allowed to get acclimated a bit first, to have a few preliminary voyages to look around, etc. During my week here, there has been little flying and I haven’t even seen the front, only heard the guns occasionally. Of my three flights, two were just short tours de champs. But the other: never in my wildest Blériot days did I do a wilder one. Coming from Pau where I had tried some stunts, I thought I was a bit of an acrobat, second only to Navarre, Guynemer and a few others. So arriving at a safe height, I started to go through the répertoire. First came a loop which got around to the vertical point—a quarter turn and then slipped, ending in a vertical corkscrew or climbing barrel turn or whatever you want to call it—then losing momentum and just naturally tumbling. I didn’t know what was going on—only that it wasn’t right; they told me afterward. After that came the renversements and vertical turns, etc., and not a thing came out. Lost—I got lost thirty times and had to hunt all around to see where I was. Nothing went right and I kept getting madder and madder and poorer and poorer. They were all laughing down below and wondering what was going on up there. Eventually the party ended —one of the old pilots told me that that one flight equalled about thirty hours over the lines and the commander advised against a repetition of the performance, and so I went and lay down. Two hours later I began to feel that perhaps I could stand on my feet again; did you ever have mal-de-mer? So now I really ought to begin to learn something, having acquired that all essential first knowledge of ignorance, which all good students should have. And in the meantime perhaps I shall go and combat the Wily Hun. Said W. Hun need not worry about my
- 34. bothering him if he doesn’t keep fooling around under my nose till I’m ashamed not to go after him. I’m not bloodthirsty a bit, especially till I learn to fly, and the lack of combats isn’t going to keep me awake nights for a while yet. But the bunkmate seems to have gone to bed; it’s almost ten—a most unprecedented hour for me to be up, so the end approaches. Kind remembrances as usual—use your discretion and don’t forget that long tale of “Washington Social Tid-Bits” you spoke of—gossip if you prefer.... As ever, Stuart. The Next Day. Addenda: Your letter on just arriving home has been with me some time and truly brought joy to my heart in this desolate land. (The “desolate” seems to fit in though not applying to the land in question at all.)... Chester Snow is aviating under the auspices of the U. S. Government. I last heard from him in a postal written on the last stop of the last triangle of his brevet, so he should be through training before much longer. The other Chester, Bassett, is still at Avord, so I can not deliver your note to him.... Your other question referred to the army I am in, and is easily answered by saying that the U.S.A. has as yet done nothing but talk about taking us over. “Us” now refers to upward of 200 Americans, I think, either in French escadrilles or well advanced in the French schools. Constantly all summer, we have been “going to be transferred in two weeks.” Another quiet, non-flying, slightly rainy day has passed. This isn’t perhaps the most ideal spot in the world for a winter resort, from
- 35. the point of view of comforts, but, considering the ease of conscience because one is not in the position to be called embusqué, it is really not half bad. It’s starting to rain again rather harder; I wonder if the roof will keep out water? Yours, etc., B. S. W.
- 36. WAR CROSS WITH PALM, AWARDED IN RECOGNITION OF WALCOTT’S SERVICES XV
- 37. November 10, 1917. Evening. You know November in France. I’ve been here almost two weeks now and am still à l’entrainement, that is, I haven’t started in to do any regular work yet. Only five times have I been able to fly in two weeks. But I’ve got my own machine, and mechanic, everything is in order and I’ve been assigned to a patrol the last two mornings when it rained. Tomorrow again at 8:50 with four others—patrol for one hour and fifty minutes at about 15,000 feet, back and forth over our sector, sometimes over our own lines, sometimes in Bochie. I’m getting very impatient to get started. In what few flights I’ve had, I’ve been working on acrobacy a bit and am gradually learning a few simple things; twice I stayed up a little too long and had to lie down a few hours afterward, almost seasick. I like Spa 84 very much indeed. The Frenchmen there are much more regular fellahs than most of those I’ve been with in the schools. Wertheimer, a sergeant, is a sort of informal and unadmitted chief of the sous-officiers. It is he that speaks English and has helped us a lot in getting settled, etc. Very much of a gentleman he is, and understands a bit Anglo-Saxon customs and eccentricities, always gay and an indefatigable worker. We have all been arranging the one big room of our barracks—dining room, reading room, and probably eventually American bar. The walls are covered with green cloth, green paper (of two different shades and neither quite the same as the cloth), red cloth (on top as a sort of frieze) and red paper. The ceiling is done in white cloth to keep in heat and lighten the room. A monumental task it has been, especially as materials are hard to get and expensive. Wertem (as Wertheimer is called) and Deborte have done most of the work. Deborte is also chef de popote, which means housekeeper, and a very efficient man. For four francs per day we are fed amazingly well, especially when one realizes that we are near the front in a country which has had three years of war. Deborte hasn’t the pleasantest manner in the world at times, but
- 38. usually is very agreeable, willing to tell me things about flying or the escadrille, always ready to work, and a dependable man in the air. And Verber who rooms with Wertem,—he speaks a little English, has a great deal of trouble understanding it, but is picking up. Wears a monocle all the time because he’s got a bum eye, carries a stick and has an extremely eccentric appearance, but withal is very agreeable and a very valuable man. He has the habit of taking long trips all alone far into Germany just to see what is going on. Pinot is the name of the little roly-poly chap everybody calls Bul-Bul, who used to be a mechanic and now is a very good, merry pilot. He has a great pension toward Pinard, is violently but not at all objectionably non-aristocratic, is forever laughing or kidding some one, walks on his hands to amuse people, and is the delight of all the mécanos. Demeuldre is a very quiet sort of school boy type who has been a pilot of biplanes and reconnaissance machines for a long time. He came to the escadrille recently with a record of two Boches as pilot of a biplane (that is, his machine gun man did the shooting and they both get credit), and a few days ago brought down a German in flames, his first as pilote de chasse. There are two others away on permission, whom I don’t know yet. XVI Somewhere in France, November 13, 1917. Dear Father: Campbell was in the Lafayette Escadrille and they are a member of the same group as Spa 84, so I have asked them about him. He was on a patrol with another chap, they attacked some Boches and when it was over the other chap was alone. Campbell was brought down in German territory and so reported missing. I believe that the chap he was with has seen and talked to Campbell’s father or some close
- 39. relative since. Another chap named Bulkley was brought down in similar circumstances about the first of September. Ten days ago, word was received from the American Embassy that he had communicated with them, a prisoner in Germany. There are many similar cases, where men brought down with crippled machines or wounded escape destruction by a miracle. The only sure thing is when a machine goes down in flames or is seen to lose a wing or two. For instance, there are two officers in the group who are in the best of health and daily working. Several months ago, they were on patrol together, collided in the air. One cut the tail rigging completely off the other and they separated, one without a tail and the other with various parts of a tail mixed among the cables and struts of one side of his machine. They both landed in France, one on his wheels followed by a capotage or somersault turnover, the other quite completely upside down. Then a term in the hospital and back they are again. Kenneth Marr, an American, had the commands of both his tail controls cut in a combat, the rudder and elevator, leaving him nothing but the aileron—the lateral balance control and the motor. He landed with only a skinned nose for casualties and got a decoration for it. Another chap in an attack on captive balloons, drachens, dove for something like 10,000 feet vertically and with full motor on, thereby gaining considerable speed as you can imagine. He came right on top of the balloon, shot and to keep from hitting it, yanked as roughly as he could, flattening out his dive in the merest fraction of a second. Imagine the strain on the machine! When he got home, all the wires had several inches sag in them; the metal connections of the cables in the struts and wood of the wings had bit into the wood enough to give the sag. Machines are built to stand immense pressure on the under side of the wings. In some acrobatic manoeuvres I was trying the other day, I made mistakes and caused the machine to stall and then fall in such a way that the full weight was supported by the upper surface
- 40. —by the wires which in most machines are supposed merely to support the weight of the wings when the machine is on the ground. Yes, the Spad is a well built machine, the nearest thing to perfection in point of strength, speed and climbing power I’ve seen yet. Of course it’s heavy and that’s why they put 150-230 HP in them. The other school, that of a light machine with a light motor—depending for its success on lack of weight rather than excess of power, may supplant the heavier machine in time—I can’t tell. So, as anyone who knows has said right along, there is a long way to go in the development of the J N or even the little tri-plane, before American built planes get to the front. Of the bombing game, I don’t know anything at all. Yesterday there was a revue here in honor of Guynemer, and decorations for the pilots of the group who had won them. Three Americans received the Croix de Guerre—members of the Lafayette Escadrille. Lufberry, the American ace, carried the American flag presented to the escadrille by Mrs. McAdoo and the employees of the Treasury Department—besides the two aviation emblems of France. He was called to receive his decoration “for having in the course of one day held seven combats, descended one German plane in flames, and forced five others to land behind their lines” (which means that he is officially credited with one, his thirteenth, and that the other five though probably brought down, do not count for him because there were not the necessary witnesses required by the French regulation). Being the bearer of the flag, he was a very worried man to know what to do with the flag when he should go up to get his medal, till one of the fellows in 124 (the Lafayette) came to his rescue. For a military revue it was decidedly amusing. Aviators are not very military. The chief of one of the escadrilles was commissioned to command the mechanics who are plain soldiers with rifles and steel helmets for the occasion. He is a bit of a clown and amused the entire gathering, kidding with the officers. The pilots of each of the five escadrilles were in more or less formation, most of them with hands in their pockets for it was chilly, and presenting a mixture of
- 41. uniforms unparalleled in its heterogeneity. Every branch of the service represented and endless personal ideas in dress. Because of the occasion, repos has been granted to the entire group for the afternoon, another group taking over our patrols. So that after the revue, everyone had the afternoon to waste—a sunny day which is quite unusual this month. Within a half hour, every machine that was in working order was in the air—forming into groups and then off for the lines, just looking for trouble—a voluntary patrol they call it. Which opened my eyes a bit to the spirit in the French service after three years of war. Word from Paris that those Americans in the French service who have demanded their release to join the U. S. A. have obtained that release—which probably means that all we wait for now ... is the commissions. This afternoon I took another trip with one of the old pilots to look over the sector. We stayed over France and didn’t get into trouble although there were lots of Boches around. Hope to get really started soon.... An amusing one this morning: two pilots from the group were on patrol and attacked a single German about two kilometres behind the German lines. They completely outmanoeuvred him, he got cold feet and started for the French lines, giving himself up. The funniest part about it is that the machine gun of one of the attackers was jammed and he couldn’t possibly have hurt the Boche—just had the nerve to stay and throw a bluff. They came back to camp just before dark this evening, one of them flying the German machine and the other guarding him in a Spad. The machine is an Albatross monoplane (biplane)—finished in silver with big black crosses on the wings and tail—a really beautiful thing. It flew around camp for several minutes before landing. It is the second machine that has been scared down since I’ve been out here.
- 42. XVII At the Front, Somewhere in France, November 17, 1917. At present things are hopelessly slow on account of bad weather, so I have a good deal of time to write and naught to write of. I still am waiting for my baptism of active service which is assigned for each day and held up on account of fog, low clouds or rain. In the afternoon it usually lifts a little, not enough to fly over the lines, but sufficient to permit a little vol d’entrainement, a practice flight around the field. I’ve been taking every chance to learn to fly, practicing reversements, vertically banked turns, 90° nose dives, etc. Two day ago, we had a very interesting mimic combat in the air. The Boche machine, which has been captured, and a Spad, both driven by very clever pilots, manoeuvred for position during fifteen or twenty minutes at 1,000 feet or less, back and forth over the field, doing almost every possible thing in the air—changing direction with incredible rapidity, diving, climbing, wing slipping, upside down dives —everything under the sun. Two of them were at it again today in two Spads, just manoeuvring. What a lot there is to learn! When I got through acrobacy at Pau, I had the impression that that kind of stuff was relatively easy—now I know different. For the present I’m working on the system of try one thing at a time—get that fairly well and then commence another. And small doses—ten or fifteen minutes for an acrobatic flight, not more, because one can easily get dangerously sick in a very short time. Not that there is any particular peril in getting ill in the air, only it’s beastly uncomfortable! XVIII
- 43. At the Front—Somewhere in France. November 30, 1917. The rumor at the Lafayette Escadrille this evening is that they have been at last transferred. Of course they had similar rumors many times before. For myself I am becoming rather indifferent, very well satisfied here except for weather, and getting what I came over here for. Father mentioned something about a monitor’s job (after I had had experience at the front). My present inclination is decidedly against the idea. There is no job in the world I like less to think of and there are plenty of people who want to get comfortably settled in the rear, so let them, say I, and may they enjoy it. It is not a very pleasant job. As a retirement after a period of service at the front it is another matter. Of all people I can think of I have the smallest right to an embusqué job at present—so here I hope to stay. Whether I fly with an American or French uniform I don’t care very much at the present moment. I had rather get a Boche than any commission in the army, but one cannot always tell about the future; perhaps after a few good scares I’ll be ready to jump at a monitor’s job. XIX At the Front, December 1, 1917. I tried to give you all some idea of the strength of a Spad in a letter a while ago. At home people speak of a factor of safety, meaning the number of times stronger the machine is than is necessary for plain flying. The Spad is made so that a man can’t bust it no matter what he does in the air—dive as far and as fast as he can and stop as brutally as he can—it stands the racket. Of course, motors do stop and if it happens over a mountain range—well, that’s just hard luck.
- 44. Have had a few patrols since last I wrote. One at a high height, 4,000-4,500 metres, considerably above the clouds which almost shut out the ground below, wonderfully beautiful sight but beastly cold, and a couple when the clouds were low and solid. The patrol stays at just the height of the clouds, hiding in them and slipping out again to look around. If it gets below, the enemy anti-aircraft guns pepper it whenever near the lines and at a low altitude that is rather awkward—so the patrol shows itself as little as possible. It’s lots of sport to try to keep with the patrol: be behind the chief of patrol, see him disappear and then bump into a fog bank, a low- hanging cloud and not see a darn thing. Then dive down out of the cloud wondering whether the other guy is right underneath or not; shoot out of the cloud and see him maybe 500 yards away going at right angles. Then bank up and turn around fast and give her the gear—full speed to catch up and so on. See a Boche regulating artillery fire, start to manoeuvre into range and zip! he’s out of sight in the clouds and the next you see he is beating it far back of his lines. Not very dangerous this weather, but lots of fun. XX December 3rd, 1917. Dear ——[F]: Thanks for the merry, merry wishes for the gay Xmas season and I’ll try to remember them when the day comes along. Sundays and holidays are not very much noticed here at the front, except that on Sunday the mechanics all get full of pinard and song and devilment —the pinard (meaning cheap red ink used by the French in place of drinking water) is of course responsible for the two latter. In the villages, the entire male population likewise drinks much wine and everyone—man, woman, child, dog, and domestic animal, parades
- 45. the streets—dressed up all like a picture book (applying mostly to women and children). Occasionally they cross the sidewalk, but the middle of the street is the place to walk. One Sunday, I went to church, the first time since last Easter, I think, to attend the mass given for the departed brethren of the escadrille. The chapel is in a little town a few miles from our camp. Along in the Middle Ages or anyway a long time ago, there was a beautiful cathedral there—now the town is insignificantly small. The front of the cathedral is standing almost in its entirety and the walls for a little way back, dwindling down into glorious ruins and finally tumbled masses of rock and stray pillars. Where the back wall once stood, there now runs a little brook (I almost called it bubbling, but it happens to be an unusually dead and not over-clean little stream). The chapel is a place about as big as a minute, snuggling in beside the big front wall of the ancient cathedral. The service was meaningless to me—what wasn’t Latin was French. I followed the fellow in front of me and didn’t miss it once on the getting up and down (fortunately, militaires don’t have to kneel, I suppose because they appreciate the fact that most of them wear breeches made by French tailors). But they fooled me once. What must have been the village belle (what a village!) passed a little button bag affair in baby blue ribbon, and gathered up the shekels. I dropped mine in and horror—here comes the young sister with an identical bag and asks for more and I was unprepared and had to turn her down amidst my blushes. I thought she was working on the other side of the house as we used to do at evening service and to this day I don’t know why they took up two collections though it has been explained to me three times in French. Have had some very pleasant trips over the German border (present, not 1914), have watched a few Archies bursting at a safe distance away and seen some specks which were Boche planes, but am not ready to write a book yet. Yesterday morning we had the first sortie at 6:45 daylight. A solid bank of clouds over the camp here at 2,000
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