A4A2019 Session 4: Aflasafe technology advancements
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IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization that develops Aflasafe, a biocontrol product used to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops like maize and groundnuts. Aflasafe works by using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus fungi to competitively exclude toxin-producing strains from colonizing crops. Field trials have shown Aflasafe can reduce aflatoxin levels by over 90% compared to untreated crops. IITA is working to improve and scale up Aflasafe through research, establishing production facilities, and partnerships.
A4A2019 Session 4: Aflasafe technology advancements
- 1. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Alejandro Ortega-Beltran Plant Pathologist On behalf of the Aflasafe Team 4 November 2019 Aflasafe Technology Advancements
- 2. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org The problem
- 3. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Crops always become associated with Aspergillus fungi 1 – >1,000,000 Propagules / g Aspergillus and crops The most potent carcinogen found in nature Contamination impacts Health, Income, Trade Aflatoxin content range (ppb) 0 – 20 21 – >48,000
- 4. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aspergillus and crops 137 ppb 179 ppb182 ppb 2 ppb Bamako, Mali, 25 October 2019 5,000,000 CFU/g 7,000 CFU/g 250,000 CFU/g 2,000 CFU/g
- 5. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Mali, 10 December 2017
- 6. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Senegal, 6 October 2018
- 7. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org The solution
- 8. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflatoxin-producing fungi Other Aspergillus species Thousands of genotypes Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) Aspergillus flavus Influenced by cropping systems, climate, elevation, rainfall, insects.. Aflatoxin biosynthesis genes Atoxigenic fungi exist in all regions of the world and can be used as biocontrol agents 0 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E F Logaflatoxinppb
- 9. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Example of Ghana Maize = 326 Groundnut = 183 Number of samples Superior strains (highly adapted, with wide distribution, defective aflatoxin genes) were selected for field efficacy trials in Ghana Candidate strains Toxin producers: 4,178 Atoxigenic: 905 Toxigenicity
- 10. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflasafe composition Aflasafe ingredients Finished product Product in the field
- 11. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Non-treated field Treated field Aflasafe mode of action Treated 6,000 17,000 85,000 65,000 Control 7,000 14,000 75,000 95,000 Fungal densities
- 12. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Non-treated Aflasafe- treated
- 13. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflatoxin reductions Results from >1,500 fields 90%: <4 ppb 7-8%: 5 – 20 ppb 2-3%: >20 ppb vs >20, >100, >1,000 ppb Treated vs non-treated
- 14. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Integrated management strategy Optimal storage Rapid grain drying Timely harvest Sorting and processing Awareness Policies Testing Dietary interventions Market development Resistant varieties Insect control
- 15. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Registration of biocontrol products
- 16. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org A member of the CGIAR Consortium www.iita.org Headquarters PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Idi-Oshe Ibadan, Nigeria Tel.: +1 201 6336094, +234 2 7517472, Fax.: +44 (208) 711 3786 (via UK) International mailing address IITA, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road Croydon CR9 3EE, UK aflasafe™ Demonstration Scale Plant SOP’s for: 1. Raw material intake/ Sorghum grading. 2. Production - Spore production. 3. Production - Substrate production. 4. Quality control. 5. Maintenance. 6. Cleaning. 7. Water treatment and analysis Registration in Nigeria
- 17. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Summary of toxicological studies Study Type AF36 aflaguard aflasafe™ aflasafe KE01 aflasafe SN01 aflasafe BF01 aflasafe GH01 and GH02 aflasafe TZ01 and TZ02 aflasafe ZM01 and ZM02 aflasafe MWMZ01 and MZ02 Acute oral Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Acute dermal Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Acute eye Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Acute Inhalation Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Pulmonary Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Injection Waived Study, no adverse Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Hypersensitivity Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Immunotoxicity Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Tier 2 and 3 Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived
- 18. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Summary of eco-toxicological studies Study Type AF36 aflaguard aflasafe™ aflasafe KE01 aflasafe SN01 aflasafe BF01 aflasafe GH01 and GH02 aflasafe TZ01 and TZ02 aflasafe ZM01 and ZM02 aflasafe MWMZ01 and MZ02 Avian Injection Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Wild mammal Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Beneficial Insect Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Honeybee Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Avian oral Waived Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Fresh fish & invertebrates Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Algae Waived Waived Waived Study, no adverse Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Non target plants Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived Waived
- 19. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflasafe manufacturing From the laboratory to the industrial process
- 20. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Soak in water 2 hr Autoclave 45 min @ 121 ° C Soak 5 min in spore suspension Incubate 18hr @ 31°C Oven drying 4 days @ 50 ° C Packaging Clean white sorghum QC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 300 kg/week Aflasafe production at Food & Nutrition Sciences Lab IITA Laboratory production
- 21. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Industrial production Aflasafe factory and laboratory in Ibadan Kaolack, Senegal Started producing in June 2019 Katumani, Kenya Operational since Dec 2017 KALRO-Katumani BAMTAARE Factories for Tanzania, Rwanda, and Mozambique being constructed or planned as of now
- 22. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Production of inoculum Requirements: • Highly-qualified staff • Special laboratory • Rigorous quality control procedures • Tight schedule
- 23. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Dry inoculum • Shelf life: 3 months* • Reduced contamination risks • Elimination of one laboratory • Uniformity of product quality across countries New process – needs to be refined, optimized, and industrialized
- 24. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Research – Development – Commercialization (Delivery) Develop baseline data on aflatoxin prevalence Find native candidate atoxigenic strains Field efficacy trials / enhance local research capacity Gain regulatory approval / enhance capacity of local regulator Conduct market analysis, elaborate commercializatio n options Mobilization of private sector, selection of manufacturer and/or distributer partners, awareness raising Test the market with investor, conduct large- scale demonstration and awareness raising Work with investors to manufacture, distribute and build awareness, improve the product Research for Development Partnership for Delivery (Commercialization) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pathway for Scale-Up
- 25. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Demonstrations on-site Test the market, conduct large-scale demonstration and awareness raising`
- 26. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org SDGs
- 27. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflasafe: a highly effective technology, but….
- 28. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Bridging knowledge gaps for improved understanding of aflatoxin biocontrol to guide enhanced performance of biocontrol products • What is the influence of intercropping on efficacy? • Does pesticide use have influence on product performance? • Does application of Aflasafe have influence on soil biological processes and other toxigenic fungi? • Does Aflasafe application influence occurrence of mycotoxins other than aflatoxin? • When is the appropriate time for application of Aflasafe? What is the optimum dose for field application? • What is the optimum rate of application if some inoculum is carried over to the next season after application? • What impact will climate change have on product performance? • What are the advantages offered by selection of widely-distributed strains for constituting biocontrol products over strains with high local occurrence? • Does a multi-strain product offer significant benefit over single strain product?
- 29. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Bridging knowledge gaps for improved understanding of aflatoxin biocontrol to guide enhanced performance of biocontrol products • Would a two-strain product be effective? • What are the benefits, if any, of area-wide treatment with biocontrol agents? • What approaches should be explored to improve product performance under extended drought? • How can loss of inoculum in the field be reduced from granivores? • What alternate carriers (the current carrier is heat-killed sorghum grain) can be used to reduce cost and increase effectiveness? • What changes in Aflasafe manufacturing processes are possible to improve manufacturing efficiency at different scales? • What are the incremental benefits of integrating various aflatoxin management practices with Aflasafe?
- 30. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Joint Effort
- 31. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Questions?
- 32. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Mali, 10 December 2017
- 33. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org A. flavus L morphotype
- 34. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Aflatoxin production ability
- 35. IITA is a member of the CGIAR System Organization. www.iita.org | www.cgiar.org Communities’ composition