![resolution so that they can collect detailed data for • Accredit OPFOR forces in application of
post-exercise analysis. that model.
The OOS Team was able to build a simulation to The TRADOC DCSINT and the director of the
meet these disparate requirements by building a TRADOC Analysis Centers (TRAC) allocated
modular architecture, supporting multiple levels of resources to provide ADCSINT Threats personnel to
resolution. This allows the users to “dial up” the participate in the knowledge acquisition (KA)
level of resolution where it is needed. Regardless of development, validation, and verification of OPFOR
the level of resolution, however, all three domains representations in the COE within OOS. ADCSINT
have an immediate need to be able to represent the Threats personnel work with the OOS conceptual
COE in multiple levels of resolution. In order to modelers, systems engineers, and KA team to
develop validated representations of the COE, Team develop architecturally consistent and validated COE
OneSAF has been working with a number of external representations. They then participate in the
agencies. verification of those COE behaviors through user
testing. The ADCSINT Threats personnel coordinate
3.2 Engaging with Subject Matter Experts their activities with the Center for Army Lessons
Learned (CALL) and the Joint Readiness Training
Recognizing that the program office is not the Center. ADCSINT has been a great asset for
subject matter expert (SME) in the COE, the program ensuring the threat representations are as accurate as
office has sought the assistance of organizations possible and based on current lessons learned from
designated by the Army as authoritative. These the field.
organizations include:
3.2.2 UO FACT
• Training and Doctrine Command
(TRADOC) Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff The purpose of the UO FACT is to direct the Army's
for Intelligence Threats Office (ADCSINT modeling research pertaining to urban operations
Threats), (UO). The mission of the UO FACT is to facilitate
• Urban Operations Functional Area UO modeling and simulation (M&S) by developing,
Collaborative Team (UO FACT), and publishing, and distributing a plan of research that
• Research Development and Engineering highlights Army M&S priorities as they pertain to
Command (RDECOM). urban operations. Coordinated and coherent Army
research for urban operations M&S will reside in
Each of these organizations brings a different three main areas: physical models, behaviors, and
perspective and set of skills to modeling the COE in terrain. The UO FACT maintains a prioritized list of
OOS. research topics and coordinates all Army modeling
and simulation efforts related to urban operations.
[ref: https://www.moutfact.army.mil/ ] The OneSAF
3.2.1 TRADOC ADCSINT Threats team keeps an open line of communication with the
UO FACT to facilitate technology transfer from the
ADCSINT Threats has a variety of missions. The technology base to OOS.
ones germane to this discussion are:
The UO FACT sponsors a number of research efforts
• Provide and approve/validate all threat each fiscal year. Three that are nearing maturity for
portrayal in the context of an Operational integration into OOS are the Structure Weapons
Environment (OE) for studies, training, Effects (SWE) API, the Standard Mobility API, and
modeling, and simulations for TRADOC, RF propagation in an urban environment. The SWE
• Assess regional military and security issues API will allow OOS to more realistically simulate
as they apply to developments and training building rubbling. The Standard Mobility API will
of Army and Joint Forces, allow OOS to model entity movement (both urban
• Develop and approve threat portrayal for all and non-urban movement) in a manner that is
testing of Army materiel, consistent with other simulations also using the
standard API. Modeling radio propagation in urban
• Create the threat model for training Army
environments is typically expensive. The UO FACT
forces in an OE, including authoring
effort in this area will allow OOS to better model
OPFOR Field Manuals, and
communications networks in urban environments.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/siw05e030onesafmodelingenv3-120429051753-phpapp02/85/Siw05-e-030_onesaf_modeling_env3-6-320.jpg)
![Management organizations. In many cases this [5] OIF/OEF Operational Assessments, ADCSINT
extension of OOS can be done without writing any Threats
software or recompiling the source code.
[6] “The Strategic Corporal: Leadership in the
5 Conclusions Three Block Ware”, Marines Magazine, January
1999, GEN Charles C. Krulak.
The recent conflicts in Iraq confirm the enormous
impact for strategic, operational, and tactical
warfighting. Today’s military simulations have Author Biographies
focused on traditional combat and combat support
elements; however, there is a growing need to DOUGLAS J. PARSONS is the Lead Engineer of
implement units, behaviors, and effects to account the Intelligent Simulation Systems Team at the U.S.
for a more flexible and adaptive threat. This threat Army Program Executive Office for Simulation,
uses tactics that are unpredictable, ambiguous, Training, and Instrumentation (PEO STRI). In this
asymmetric, and highly lethal. Unless military role his primary focus is toward the successful
simulations develop accurate representations of the development of the One Semi-Automated Forces
threat, they risk becoming irrelevant in support of (OneSAF) Objective System. Mr. Parsons holds a
training and analysis. Team OneSAF is working B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from North Dakota
with subject matter experts throughout the army to State University, a M.S. in Systems Management
develop a robust set of COE units and behaviors from Florida Institute of Technology, and a M.S. in
operating within a high resolution environment for Industrial Engineering from the University of Central
the OOS. The OOS open architecture is being Florida.
developed with a high degree of composability and
e xtensibility to enable the software to flex and LTC John “Buck” Surdu is the Product Manager
evolve, just as COE most certainly will. Since OOS for OneSAF, both OneSAF Testbed Baseline (OTB)
will be released with source code, the modeling and and OOS. Originally commissioned as an infantry
simulation community will not only be able to apply lieutenant he served in operational assignments in the
the COE capabilities but to extend them as well. 82nd Airborne Division, Europe, and Korea. He
worked as a research scientist at the Army Research
Laboratory and a senior research scientist and
6 Refe rences assistant professor in the Information Technology
and Operations Center (ITOC) within the
[1] Gugel, S. & Miller, G., “Side and Forces in Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
OneSAF Objective System”, Science at West Point. He holds a Ph.D. in computer
Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and science from Texas A&M University, an M.S. in
Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2003. computer science from Florida State University, an
MBA from Columbus State University, and a B.S. in
[2] OneSAF System Technical Notes, “Sides and computer science from the United States Military
Forces”, 2 August 2002, www.onesaf.net. Academy, West Point.
[3] Parsons, D. & Wittman, R., “OneSAF: Tools Ben Jordan is a retired army officer, who served in
and Processes Supporting a Distributed intelligence, security assistance, and special
Development Environment for a Multi-Domain operations assignments. He is the ADCSINT-Threat
Modeling and Simulation Community”, Euro representative responsible for COE integration into
SIW 2004. OOS and the Army Constructive Training
Federation. Mr. Jordan holds a B.S. in Physical
[4] FM 7-100 series manuals, ADCSINT Threats Geography from the University of Wyoming and an
M.A. in Southeast Asian Studies from Cornell
University.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/siw05e030onesafmodelingenv3-120429051753-phpapp02/85/Siw05-e-030_onesaf_modeling_env3-11-320.jpg)
Siw05 e 030_onesaf_modeling_env3
- 1. OneSAF: A Next Generation Simulation Modeling the Contemporary Operating Environment Doug Parsons Program Executive Office-Simulation Training and Instrumentation (PEO-STRI) 12350 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826 407-384-3821 Doug.Parsons@peostri.army.mil LTC John Surdu Program Executive Office-Simulation Training and Instrumentation (PEO-STRI) 12350 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826 407-384-5103 John.Surdu@peostri.army.mil Ben Jordan Office, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence-Threats (ADCSINT-Threats) 700 Scott Ave, FT. Leavenworth, KS 66027-1323 913-684-7918 Benjamin.Jordan@leavenworth.army.mil Keywords: Computer Generated Forces (CGF), Semi Automated Forces (SAF), Contemporary Operating Environment ABSTRACT: The world has changed since the days when most of today’s entity-level simulations were initially being developed. Incidents of terrorism and criminal activities dominate the daily news. While threats from traditional military opposing forces remain relevant, the U.S. Army must prepare for a contemporary threat that is less predictable and not based on the fighting doctrine of any particular country. As the U.S. military must be flexible and adaptive, so too must the simulations that drive training, experimentation, mission rehearsal, and course of action analysis. The U.S. Army’s OneSAF Objective System (OOS) is uniquely suited to provide the contemporary operating environment (COE) with the necessary flexibility. While distributed with a robust set of COE entities and behaviors, the OOS will be fielded with a set of GUI tools that allows the user to create unique entities, units, and behaviors. In addition, the OOS will provide for a minimum of 25 unique sides operating with asymmetric relationships. This paper discusses the planned COE capabilities, implementation of sides and forces, plus the OOS composition toolkit. The paper also describes PM OneSAF’s involvement with the modeling and simulation community, such as the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ADCSINT) Threat Support Directorate and the Urban Operations Functional Area Collaborative Team (UO FACT), to develop appropriate simulated behaviors and create the synthetic natural environment in which they will run. effectively, the U.S. military must be flexible and 1 Introduction adaptive. Therefore, the tools that enable such a force must include training aids, devices, simulators, The contemporary operating environment (COE) is and simulations that support experimentation, the environment in which our soldiers are fighting mission rehearsal and mission planning, course of today. It involves civilians (non-combatants, action analysis and development. These tools must contractors, and non-governmental organizations) on reflect the lethal, unpredictable, ambiguous and the battlefield, pick-up trucks armed with machine asymmetric environment our soldiers are fighting in guns and rocket launchers, roadside bombs, using today and expect to fight in the future. children as weapons, enemies shielding themselves behind pregnant women and within historic or The U.S. Army’s OneSAF Objective System (OOS) religions sites, and an absence of clear battle lines. is uniquely suited to provide the contemporary While engaged in combat operations, U.S. forces operating environment (COE) with the necessary find themselves simultaneously conducting peace flexibility. OOS was designed with user tailorability keeping and humanitarian assistance. To respond in mind through the use of an open architecture, open
- 2. source methodology and a robust set of GUI tools morphed into asymmetric conflict constructs. They that allows the user to create unique entities, units, are characterized by widely differing arrays of and behaviors. conventional and paramilitary forces. Some of these forces respond to state authority, while others fight Though the simulation can be modified by users, against the state. Still others effect transnational often without writing or recompiling the software, insurgency (e.g., Al Qaeda) or operate criminal OOS will be fielded with a robust set of COE enterprises. entities, units, and behaviors. OOS represents the first time that many of these behaviors have been These forces may work together as an amorphous simulated before. In addition, OOS will provide for alliance and typically have extra-state a minimum of 25 unique sides operating with sponsors/patrons (some may be political, commercial asymmetric relationships. or both, e.g., Abdul Qadeer Khan’s nuclear black market efforts). In many cases, they will respond to This paper discusses the planned COE capabilities, culturally driven objectives that dovetail together for implementation of sides and forces, plus the OOS a time, disconnect and dovetail again. They may composition toolkit. The paper also describes PM have access to sophisticated lethal and non-lethal OneSAF’s involvement with the modeling and niche technologies—including weapons of mass simulation community, such as the Training and destruction ( MD). They will use multiple and W Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Assistant Deputy redundant information systems; operate in the midst Chief of Staff for Intelligence (DCSINT) Threat of noncombatants (many of whom provide passive Support Directorate and the Urban Operations Functional Area Collaborative Team (OU FACT), to develop appropriate simulated behaviors and create the synthetic natural environment in which they will run. 2 Primer on the COE There is substantial discussion today in many forums concerning the asymmetric challenges that reflects change in the Operational Environment (OE) (see figures 1and 2). The OE is the composite circumstances, conditions, and influences that affect military planning, operations, and decision- making. The “contemporary” OE (COE) includes those circumstances, conditions, and influences extant today and for the foreseeable future. The more symmetric Cold War constructs, that posed risk to the US, have
- 3. and active support), and they will likely stage from are relevant to each warfighting echelon and training an urban environment. domain. All variables have some impact at each warfighting echelon; some have enormous impact at General Krulak (former Commandant of the US each echelon (e.g., physical environment, military Marine Corps) captured the essence of our challenge. capabilities, and time). Figure 5 shows the relationship of these COE variables. “In one moment in time, our service members will be feeding and clothing displaced refugees— providing humanitarian assistance. In the next Most variables however, have varied effect by moment, they will be holding warring tribes echelon and training domain—ultimately informing apart—conducting peacekeeping operations. military capabilities. For example, the nature of the Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal mid- state may have considerable impact in Joint Task intensity battle. All on the same day, all within Force (JTF) planning/execution within an three city blocks—It will be what we call the interagency and coalition context. On the other hand, “Three Block War.” it may be a marginal consideration for brigade-level planning/battle (see Table 1). These changes have enormous implications for strategic, operational, and tactical warfighting. The preeminent concern is that multi-polar, amorphous, and adaptive forces now pose the major threat to US regional security interests and an ever- increasing threat to the United States itself (see figure 3 and 4). The geographic distance between the United States and second or third tier belligerents may no longer provide adequate protection to prepare for combat. Neither can we expect to deploy to a region unchallenged. There are few sanctuaries. All of these factors coalesce into the COE and the COE, in turn, drives training. We express the COE as eleven variables to provide a training and education context. These variables inform training strategies, correspond to warfighting echelon (e.g., tactical, operational, and strategic), and span all training domains (e.g., live, virtual, and constructive (LVC)). The variables represent distinct considerations that
- 4. may replicate certain capabilities (e.g., UAV NATIONAL streaming information to a ground station) WILL incorporated at echelons at, or above, division. REGIONAL AND GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS NATURE AND The following definitions explain the color code MILITARY STABILITY OF TIME CAPABILITIES THE STATE PHYSICAL crosswalk to modeling fidelity underpinning CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENT behavioral, physical, equipment, and organizational OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT models: SOCIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY DEMOGRAPHICS • Essential -- requires high resolution; is an INFORMATION explicitly modeled variable ECONOMICS EXTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS • Required -- requires medium resolution; is an explicitly modeled variable • Informs -- requires medium or low resolution; is an explicit ly or implicitly modeled • Marginal -- requires low resolution; is an Figure 1. COE Variables. implicit model Each variable is color coded in the Table 1 to show OOS is a constructive simulation portraying brigade the resolution/fidelity required to accomplish and below battle; therefore, while OOS corresponds satisfactory training (i.e., COE compliance). The to all variables, five of the eleven require explicit blank cells at the division, corps, and JTF show there high or medium resolution models , as shown in is no live or virtual training at echelons above Table 2. brigade. Constructive simulations are the primary training vehicles. That notwithstanding, virtual tools Unfortunately, quantifying significant aspects of the COE is a difficult prospect because the COE is inherently qualitative. An example of dynamic side changes within a tactical shielding context and rationalized by effects follows. Dynamic side change of noncombatants and combatants requires metrics be derived from non-existent data. Therefore a “what is reasonable” approach in collaboration with subject matter experts (SME) is the heart of the Knowledge Acquisition / Knowledge Engineering (KA/KE) process. Tactical shielding, where irregular forces (or even regular forces) infiltrate and attack from within no fire areas (e.g., hospitals, schools, places of worship) stress or nullify normal rules of engagement. The number of indirect fire and direct fire impacts within the shielded areas rationalize side change.
- 5. Insurgent and regular forces may use terrain as a weapon (e.g., dropping a building/barracks on its 3 Incorporating the COE into a residents , causing chemical or hazardous waste Combat Simulation spills, or poisoning the water supply). A robust, well-trained tactical force may avoid the directly resulting hazards, but how are the second- and third- 3.1 Seemingly Contradictory Requirements order effects measured? These effects impact the staff estimate process, tactical movement, and battle OOS is unique among combat simulations in that is plans. They require a commander to overcome has been designed for use across many domains. The unexpected humanitarian challenges in the midst of combat operations. Defining the appropriate metrics analysis domain has two major users: 1) Advanced Concepts, and Requirements (ACR) and 2) Research, is an enormous challenge and the “what is reasonable Development, and Acquisition (RDA). The other approach” is used to determine what to model. Here too the data is subjective. major customer of OOS is the Training, Exercises, and Military Operations (TEMO) domain. Our principal challenge to integrating the COE into The TEMO community is generally interested in OOS is translating a qualitative and asymmetric exercises with many entities that have just enough operational context into multiple quantitative resolution to stimulate real-world battle command constructs. For this reason, ADCSINT-Threat SMEs systems. TEMO has a number of use cases for continue working closely with the OOS development higher-resolution entities, including the stimulation team to provide robust COE behaviors and effects. of virtual simulators. The ACR and RDA communities are generally more interested in
- 6. resolution so that they can collect detailed data for • Accredit OPFOR forces in application of post-exercise analysis. that model. The OOS Team was able to build a simulation to The TRADOC DCSINT and the director of the meet these disparate requirements by building a TRADOC Analysis Centers (TRAC) allocated modular architecture, supporting multiple levels of resources to provide ADCSINT Threats personnel to resolution. This allows the users to “dial up” the participate in the knowledge acquisition (KA) level of resolution where it is needed. Regardless of development, validation, and verification of OPFOR the level of resolution, however, all three domains representations in the COE within OOS. ADCSINT have an immediate need to be able to represent the Threats personnel work with the OOS conceptual COE in multiple levels of resolution. In order to modelers, systems engineers, and KA team to develop validated representations of the COE, Team develop architecturally consistent and validated COE OneSAF has been working with a number of external representations. They then participate in the agencies. verification of those COE behaviors through user testing. The ADCSINT Threats personnel coordinate 3.2 Engaging with Subject Matter Experts their activities with the Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) and the Joint Readiness Training Recognizing that the program office is not the Center. ADCSINT has been a great asset for subject matter expert (SME) in the COE, the program ensuring the threat representations are as accurate as office has sought the assistance of organizations possible and based on current lessons learned from designated by the Army as authoritative. These the field. organizations include: 3.2.2 UO FACT • Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff The purpose of the UO FACT is to direct the Army's for Intelligence Threats Office (ADCSINT modeling research pertaining to urban operations Threats), (UO). The mission of the UO FACT is to facilitate • Urban Operations Functional Area UO modeling and simulation (M&S) by developing, Collaborative Team (UO FACT), and publishing, and distributing a plan of research that • Research Development and Engineering highlights Army M&S priorities as they pertain to Command (RDECOM). urban operations. Coordinated and coherent Army research for urban operations M&S will reside in Each of these organizations brings a different three main areas: physical models, behaviors, and perspective and set of skills to modeling the COE in terrain. The UO FACT maintains a prioritized list of OOS. research topics and coordinates all Army modeling and simulation efforts related to urban operations. [ref: https://www.moutfact.army.mil/ ] The OneSAF 3.2.1 TRADOC ADCSINT Threats team keeps an open line of communication with the UO FACT to facilitate technology transfer from the ADCSINT Threats has a variety of missions. The technology base to OOS. ones germane to this discussion are: The UO FACT sponsors a number of research efforts • Provide and approve/validate all threat each fiscal year. Three that are nearing maturity for portrayal in the context of an Operational integration into OOS are the Structure Weapons Environment (OE) for studies, training, Effects (SWE) API, the Standard Mobility API, and modeling, and simulations for TRADOC, RF propagation in an urban environment. The SWE • Assess regional military and security issues API will allow OOS to more realistically simulate as they apply to developments and training building rubbling. The Standard Mobility API will of Army and Joint Forces, allow OOS to model entity movement (both urban • Develop and approve threat portrayal for all and non-urban movement) in a manner that is testing of Army materiel, consistent with other simulations also using the standard API. Modeling radio propagation in urban • Create the threat model for training Army environments is typically expensive. The UO FACT forces in an OE, including authoring effort in this area will allow OOS to better model OPFOR Field Manuals, and communications networks in urban environments.
- 7. 3.2.3 RDECOM • A bomb going off in a crowded area. Those near the bomb run away. Those far from the RDECOM is a technology base organization focused blast run toward the blast. on integrating emerging technologies and • A crowd gathering to receive food and transitioning them to programs as quickly as possible water supplies. to get them into the hands of soldiers. The OneSAF • Bus routes with non-combatants getting on program has worked closely with a number of and off the bus at certain stops. RDECOM projects to transition the technology into • Idle crowd behaviors in which civilians OneSAF Testbed Baseline (OTB) and OOS. window shop, move from place to place, follow roads and/or sidewalks, etc. The OneSAF program office has been involved in supporting a number of RDECOM initiatives. This work will be incorporated into the main OOS Several of those initiatives are directly related to baseline before OOS is fielded. representing the COE in simulation. RDECOM produced a variant of OTB with enhanced 3.2.5 Base Program Execution Enhanced by dismounted infantry capabilities, known as DI SAF. FCS Support The infantry enhancements to OTB have now been re-integrated into the main OTB baseline, beginning Responding to the current environment in which with version 2.0. More importantly, DI SAF has soldiers find themselves, the OneSAF program office informed the ongoing development of OOS. worked with the TRADOC proponent (a.k.a., Combat Developer) to modify program requirements. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) has sponsored The representation of conventional force formations research on crowd modeling being conducted by and behaviors was pushed into the pre-planned RDECOM. This work is being implemented in Joint product improvement (P3I) phase of development so SAF (which shares the same ModSAF ancestry as that developers could add COE representations prior OTB). The OneSAF program office trained one of to fielding. Most of these COE representations are the researchers on this effort in the OOS knowledge described in OPFOR FM 7-100 series manuals, and acquisition (KA) processes. The intent of the the implementation of some of these in OOS is principal investigator on this effort is to be able to discussed in Section 4. rapidly re-implement these crowd behaviors as OOS nears fielding. The researchers are also developing The Future Combat System (FCS) program is what they refer to as “occupational behaviors” into interested in using OOS, when it matures, for FCS OOS. These occupational behaviors are intended to experimentation and analysis. Consequently, the round out the urban battle space with unique entities, FCS program has funded the inclusion of FCS- such as taxi drivers, hotel clerks, and sellers in street specific representations in OOS. In addition, they markets. It is unclear whether these behaviors will have supported additional efforts to model the COE be integrated into the OOS v. 1.0 baseline, but they in OOS. Some of these representations will be will certainly be integrated into the baseline at some described in Section 4 as well. point. 4 OOS Capabilities Supporting COE 3.2.4 SAIC Internal Research and Development Supporting the Contemporary Operating Environment requires today’s simulations to not only Responding to a challenge by a general officer in provide a unique set of units, behaviors, physical JFCOM that current simulations are too difficult to effects, and supporting environment, but also exhibit modify, (Science Applications International a high degree of flexibility to change as the nature of Corporation) SAIC asserted that OOS was COE changes. By its very nature, asymmetric specifically designed for rapid enhancement by users. warfare exploits the weakness of opponents and To back up this assertion, SAIC assembled a small continually changes to remain effective. Models and team and gave them two months to implement some simulations must keep pace in order to provide crowd modeling in OOS. Two of the developers had timely and relevant training and analysis. The no previous knowledge of OOS. In two months, this remainder of this section will discuss OOS team was able to use all the OOS design paradigms capabilities supporting the COE. OOS provides to implement the following interesting behaviors: leap-ahead capabilities through the supported
- 8. environment, modeling capabilities, and the significant. Tradit ionally, two sides viewed each composable product line architectural framework other in the same way; friendly, hostile or neutral. (PLAF). The COE now changes those views. As an example, a given conflict may involve the following sides: 4.1 Sides and Forces Side 1 – Coalition Forces Side 2 – Urban Residence Recent experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq has Side 3 – External Forces clearly shown the complexity for soldiers to Side 4 – Para-military understand and react to who might be friendly and who might be a threat. In the past, identification of Table 3 shows notional relationships between these friend or foe may have been as simple as recognizing sides. Note that Side 3 external forces view Side 4 a uniform or identifying the type of tank seen Para-military as neutral, whereas the Para-military through sensors. Conflicts in the COE involve many view the external forces as hostile. If these two different sides and forces, where several sides and groups were to meet on the battlefield, the external their affiliated forces may agree on the enemy, but forces would be taken unaware when fired upon by cannot agree on how they view other sides. the Para-military. Regularly, new events occur and new information is available, that cause relationships between these Table 3. From/To Sides Relationships Example. sides to change. Side 1 Side 2 Side 3 Side 4 To support training and analysis, the OOS provides Side 1 Friendly Friendly Hostile Friendly for multiple-sided engagements with changing Side 2 Friendly Friendly Neutral Friendly relationships across the full range of military Side 3 Hostile Hostile Friendly Neutral operations. During both planning and execution, the Side 4 Friendly Hostile Hostile Friendly OOS provides the capability to: • Create and remove sides A significant capability planned for OOS is the • Modify the relationships between sides ability to change side and force information during • Create and remove forces under sides simulation runtime. The user will be able to change • Create units under sides or forces the side or force for which a unit or entity is • Change the side a unit or force belongs associated. The ability to change a unit or entity’s • Create at least 25 sides1 force or side will also be available for behavior models to support specific behaviors/orders that OOS tools provide the capability to create, delete, support defections. What this means is that the OOS modify and view the forces, sides, relationships, and modeling infrastructure will allow the creation of structure. In addition, the tools support the ability for behaviors that may automatically change a side the user to assign units and entities to forces and relationship. For example, the urban residence that sides. Sides and forces are modified both during has been viewed as friendly or at least neutral can planning where the sides, forces, structure, and become hostile when an event occurs, such as the relationships are defined within a military or destruction of a religious or cultural symbol. simulation scenario and also during simulation execution where modifications are injected directly into the ongoing run-time simulation database. 4.2 Key Units, Behaviors & Supporting Symbology will be displayed in accordance with Physical Effects MIL-STD-2525B. Team OneSAF has worked closely with The distinction of relationship between sides representatives of the ADCSINT TSD to further between the traditional battlefield and the COE is develop the COE in OOS. As Subject Matter Experts, they have provided, and continue to provide, 1 valuable COE information regarding military The OOS Operational Requirements Document capabilities, physical environment, information, and (ORD) requires the capability to support at least 25 social demographics. This information is being sides. However, OOS services provide no provided in the form of Knowledge Acquisition (KA) restrictions on the number of sides and forces that documentation. Not all of the KA will be can be created.
- 9. implemented as entity, unit, or physical models by 4.3 Enhanced Environment Representation the OOS Full Operational Capability (FOC) milestone in September 2005. The remaining KA The OOS provides a wide range of enhanced terrain will be implemented as part of Pre-Planned Product features that will be useful in supporting COE Improvements (P3I). The planned COE-related scenarios. Some of these features include the capabilities available for FOC are shown below. following: • Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) • Multi-resolution terrain databases • Ambush • Entity reasoning and movement planning in • Raid an urban environment • Wall/Building penetration • Ray-trace Line-Of-Sight through terrain, • Improvised Obstacles features, and building apertures • Improvised weapons • Multi-resolution NBC, Smoke, and • Technicals Obscurants • Decoys • Support for subterranean structures • Migration • Riots The urban environment in OOS is also enhanced • Tactical shielding through the ability to conduct operations in and • Infiltration (Al-Qaeda template) around Ultra High Resolution Building (UHRBs). Some features of UHRBs include: • Mouse holes • Dynamic Side Change • Advanced features: anteroom, atrium, • Sniper Employment balcony, closet, elevator shaft, escalator, • Reduced Profile shooting hallway, fire escape, ramp, stair, ventilation • Indirect Fire as Direct Fire weapon duct/shaft • Control Mines • Apertures: breach hole, door, skylight, • Detect VBIED trapdoor, ventilation opening, loophole • Enhanced attribution: length, width, height, The planned COE-related capabilities to be lighting characterization, railing type, developed during P3I are shown below. aperture state, interior wall construction, floor construction, exterior wall • Shielding Tactics (additional variant) construction • Caches • Enhanced route planning within building to • Improvised Weapons (additional variant) include routes through apertures • Attack from Civilian Vehicle (technicals) • Ray-traced line of sigh through apertures (additional variant) • Bullets passing through walls • Environmental Hazards & Obstacles • Underground structures • Field Fortifications • Building damage and rubble of building • Expedient Breach (additional variant ) • UHRB editor • Expedient Obstacles • Infiltration (additional variant) 4.4 Composability Toolset • Weather Effects • Mass Migration (additional variant) The ability for a simulation to allow for the rapid and • Stand off attack easy creation of new and unique entities, units, and • Info Ops and PSYOPS associated behaviors is critical to support COE • Battle Command and C2 training and analysis. OneSAF is providing a toolset • Spalling that allows users to independently create new OOS • Decoys (additional variant) battlespace compositions. The tools use Graphical • Terrain as a weapon User Interfaces and support processes to remove, to a • NBC Operations large extent, the dependency on software experts to • Emplace Roadblock develop new unit, entity, and behavior model compositions. The composition tools use and build on existing primitive and composite models to develop new and unique entities (e.g., individual combatants, helicopters, tanks, sensors, weapons,
- 10. etc.), units (e.g., organizations of entities that behave according to certain sets of rules or doctrine), and behaviors (e.g., move tactically, defend position, etc.) that are associated with units and entities. The construction of these models may include model components that vary across a range of physical and behavioral fidelity (e.g., low, medium, and high). The following list describes each of the model composition tools. Entity composition is handled by the Entity Composer Tool. Figure 6 shows the Entity Composer Graphical User Interface (GUI) as of build 18 of the OOS softtware. The composer provides the user with a drag-and-drop capability to develop new Figure 7: Unit Composer OOS entities. For example, a user might need to create an entity model of a terrorist suicide bomber. The Behavior Composer Tool allows users to create The basic idea is to attach the appropriate physical new behavioral representations that are then models (mobility, vulnerability) to a platform (body associated with units and entities. For example, once or hull) and then associated specific weapons, a suicide car bomber entity is created, there would sensors, and communications devices to that need to be an associated model that would dictate platform. Once saved, the entity can be modified and how it might behave when approaching a particular associated within a unit structure and have behaviors target, such as a military checkpoint. Figure 8 allocated to it. The tool supports the ability to create shows the behavior composer. This tool allows the representations of existing equipment as well as to creation and/or modification of behaviors that create experimental entities. entities and units will use to guide their interactions within the simulation. At the top level the behavior composer allows parallel and sequential process flows to be defined. It also support continuous processes that act as background tasks such as “look for enemies” and tasks that are triggered by specific events such as “find cover when fired upon.” Figure 6: Entity Composer Unit Composition is supported with the Unit Composer Tool. Figure 7 shows the Unit Composer GUI as of build 18 of the OOS software. This tool allows entities to be combined to form asymmetrical friendly, enemy, and neutral type organizations. A possible user of this tool would be the creation of a terrorist cell. Both doctrinally correct organizations and new organizations can be developed to support Figure 8: Behavior Composer experimentation and concept development efforts. These composition tools intend to provide users the ability to extend, enhance, and share OneSAF models without direct interaction and/or support from the OneSAF software developer or the OneSAF Project
- 11. Management organizations. In many cases this [5] OIF/OEF Operational Assessments, ADCSINT extension of OOS can be done without writing any Threats software or recompiling the source code. [6] “The Strategic Corporal: Leadership in the 5 Conclusions Three Block Ware”, Marines Magazine, January 1999, GEN Charles C. Krulak. The recent conflicts in Iraq confirm the enormous impact for strategic, operational, and tactical warfighting. Today’s military simulations have Author Biographies focused on traditional combat and combat support elements; however, there is a growing need to DOUGLAS J. PARSONS is the Lead Engineer of implement units, behaviors, and effects to account the Intelligent Simulation Systems Team at the U.S. for a more flexible and adaptive threat. This threat Army Program Executive Office for Simulation, uses tactics that are unpredictable, ambiguous, Training, and Instrumentation (PEO STRI). In this asymmetric, and highly lethal. Unless military role his primary focus is toward the successful simulations develop accurate representations of the development of the One Semi-Automated Forces threat, they risk becoming irrelevant in support of (OneSAF) Objective System. Mr. Parsons holds a training and analysis. Team OneSAF is working B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from North Dakota with subject matter experts throughout the army to State University, a M.S. in Systems Management develop a robust set of COE units and behaviors from Florida Institute of Technology, and a M.S. in operating within a high resolution environment for Industrial Engineering from the University of Central the OOS. The OOS open architecture is being Florida. developed with a high degree of composability and e xtensibility to enable the software to flex and LTC John “Buck” Surdu is the Product Manager evolve, just as COE most certainly will. Since OOS for OneSAF, both OneSAF Testbed Baseline (OTB) will be released with source code, the modeling and and OOS. Originally commissioned as an infantry simulation community will not only be able to apply lieutenant he served in operational assignments in the the COE capabilities but to extend them as well. 82nd Airborne Division, Europe, and Korea. He worked as a research scientist at the Army Research Laboratory and a senior research scientist and 6 Refe rences assistant professor in the Information Technology and Operations Center (ITOC) within the [1] Gugel, S. & Miller, G., “Side and Forces in Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer OneSAF Objective System”, Science at West Point. He holds a Ph.D. in computer Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and science from Texas A&M University, an M.S. in Education Conference (I/ITSEC) 2003. computer science from Florida State University, an MBA from Columbus State University, and a B.S. in [2] OneSAF System Technical Notes, “Sides and computer science from the United States Military Forces”, 2 August 2002, www.onesaf.net. Academy, West Point. [3] Parsons, D. & Wittman, R., “OneSAF: Tools Ben Jordan is a retired army officer, who served in and Processes Supporting a Distributed intelligence, security assistance, and special Development Environment for a Multi-Domain operations assignments. He is the ADCSINT-Threat Modeling and Simulation Community”, Euro representative responsible for COE integration into SIW 2004. OOS and the Army Constructive Training Federation. Mr. Jordan holds a B.S. in Physical [4] FM 7-100 series manuals, ADCSINT Threats Geography from the University of Wyoming and an M.A. in Southeast Asian Studies from Cornell University.