Slidecast Andriessen ECKM 2007
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Dr. Daniel Andriessen's keynote address discusses the metaphors that shape our understanding and management of knowledge in organizations, emphasizing knowledge as a resource, capital, and even love. He critiques Western perspectives of knowledge as a controllable asset, contrasting them with Eastern views that consider knowledge as a holistic and continuous process of growth. The address highlights the subjective nature of knowledge and problems, advocating for a more nuanced and relational approach to knowledge management.
Slidecast Andriessen ECKM 2007
- 1. Knowledge as Love How Metaphors Direct our Efforts to Manage Knowledge in Organisations Keynote address 8th European Conference on Knowledge Management Consorci Escola Industrial de Barcelona (CEIB), Barcelona, Spain 6-7 September 2007 Dr. Daniel Andriessen INHOLLAND University of professional Education Amsterdam The Netherlands
- 3. Lakoff and Johnson (1999)
- 4. Create an inventory of knowledge Check where knowledge is located Store important knowledge Improve access to knowledge KNOWLEDGE AS A RESOURCE
- 5. I got plenty of time That took three hours He wasted my time This will save time TIME AS A RESOURCE
- 6. The TIME ORIENTATION metaphor PAST FUTURE
- 7. Aymara’s use the opposite
- 8. MOVING OBSERVER metaphor EVENT 1 EVENT 2 EVENT 3 “ will you be staying a long time o r a short time ?” "how long is your visit?"
- 9. MOVING TIME metaphor TIME "the time for action has arrived" "time flies by"
- 10. What happened before the Big Bang? EVENT 1 EVENT 2 EVENT 3
- 11. Time traveling
- 12. Mapping from source to target Target Domain (time) Source Domain (space) Characteristics of target domain not covered by source domain Characteristics of source domain not used by metaphor metaphorical entailments
- 13. Time as a moving object metaphor Time Moving Object “ length” “ amount” “ scarcity” “ direction” “origin” “ destination” “ arrives” “ flies by” “ speed”
- 14. Mapping from sources to target Target Domain (TIME) Source Domain Source Domain Source Domain Source Domain RESOURCE SPACE
- 15. Intermezzo 1: truth does not exist as direct observation does not exist because people always use concepts to describe reality … as these concepts derive their meaning from metaphor … as half of these metaphors are embodied in our brain and cannot be shut off or altered … as the choice of the other half is too large extent arbitrary … … w e will never be able to perfectly describe and understand reality and ego, truth (defined as correspondence with reality) does not exist.
- 16. Conceptualisation s of knowledge are metaphorical Knowledge as an object “ Locate knowledge” “ Recognize knowledge” “ Move knowledge” “ Exchange knowledge” Knowledge as a resource “ Apply knowledge” “ Use knowledge” “ Store knowledge” “ Accumulate knowledge” Knowledge as thoughts or feelings “ Articulate knowledge” “ Verbalize knowledge” “ Externalize knowledge” “ Internalize knowledge” KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF Knowledge as organism “ Growing knowledge” “ Nurturing knowledge” “ Knowledge develops” Knowledge as capital “ Value knowledge ” “ Invest knowledge”
- 17. Knowledge as Resource metaphor Knowledge becomes part of logistic discourse Location Size Weight Other physical characteristics Use in production Adding to Storing Sharing knowledge Amount of knowledge Place in input/output (logistical) system Non-rivalry of knowledge Non-additiveness of knowledge Tacitness of knowledge What is not used What the metaphor highlights What the metaphor hides Target Domain Source Domain RESOURCE
- 18. Knowledge as Assets metaphor Knowledge becomes part of accounting discourse Location Size Weight Other physical characteristics Controlled by enterprise Generate future economic benefits that flow to enterprise Identifiable and cost can be measured Use in production Place in reporting system Non-rivalry of knowledge Non-additiveness of knowledge Tacitness of knowledge What is not used What the metaphor highlights What the metaphor hides Target Domain Source Domain ASSETS
- 19. Knowledge as Property metaphor Knowledge becomes part of legal discourse Location Other physical characteristics of property Ownership Value Exclusiveness Legal rights Transferability Ability to commercialize Place in legal system People can not be owned Tacitness of knowledge Purposeness of knowledge What is not used What the metaphor highlights What the metaphor hides Target Domain Source Domain PROPERTY
- 20. There are big differences between the authors Davenport & Prusak (2000) Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995)
- 21. Transformation of entailments require argumentation Capital is valuable and important Capital is an asset for the future and not an expenditure Capital can be invested in Capital can be capitalized Capital itself can be invested Capital allows for a return Capital resonates with managers and CFO’s Having more capital is better Capital can be owned Capital can be valued financially Capital often appears on the balance sheet Capital is additive (1+1=2) Capital is a stock Capital can and must be measured and managed √ √ √ √ √ √ √ X X X X X X X
- 22. What is wrong with KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF Knowledge as an object “ Locate knowledge” “ Recognize knowledge” “ Move knowledge” “ Exchange knowledge” Knowledge as a resource “ Gather knowledge” “ Store knowledge” “ Distribute knowledge ” KNOWLEDGE AS STUFF Knowledge as capital “ Value knowledge ” “ Invest knowledge”
- 23. Western and Eastern views on knowledge Dominant view in the West Knowledge as a thing that can be controlled and manipulated Knowledge as information that can be codified, stored, accessed and used Knowledge as resource that can be created, stored, shared, located, or moved, and that is part of the input-throughput-output system of the organization Knowledge as capital that can be valued, capitalized and measured; that is part of the financial flow and requires an return on investment Dominant view in the East Knowledge as spirit and wisdom Knowledge as unfolding truth Unity of universe and human self Unity of knowledge and action Knowledge as illumination or enlightenment of an underlying, deeper reality Knowledge as essence-less and nothingness (Japan) Knowledge creation as a continuous, self-transcending process
- 24. Design of the exercise Employees Metaphor 1 Gathering results Diagnosis and development of solutions Working in teams of 4 plenary session Metaphor 2 Gathering results Diagnosis and development of solutions Working in teams of 4 plenary session Vote (2 votes per person) Questionnaire Personal reflection Managers Metaphor 1 Gathering results Diagnosis and development of solutions Working in teams of 4 plenary session Metaphor 2 Gathering results Diagnosis and development of solutions Working in teams of 4 plenary session Vote (2 votes per person) Questionnaire Personal reflection
- 25. KNOWLEDGE AS WATER DIAGNOSIS Knowledge does not flow Separate source of knowledge Knowledge is not channeled No dispersion of knowledge Hydrocephalus: people keeping knowledge to themselves SOLUTIONS Build canals Flush out and freshen knowledge Tap knowledge from people leaving Create knowledge map Managers as knowledge channels Knowledge management
- 26. KNOWLEDGE AS LOVE DIAGNOSIS Knowledge is not cherished Lack of trust Unrequited love Rivalry and forced marriages Attractive but lonely singles In-breeding We only talk about our wedding certificate but not about our relationship SOLUTIONS Provide time and space for sharing knowledge Match people’s passions and tasks Go out and date more Hire marriage counselor Partner-swapping Don’t manage and systemize knowledge
- 27. Intermezzo 2: problems don't exist Problems are not phenomena waiting out there in reality to be observed. A problem is a gap between an existing and a preferred situation (Ist and Soll). B oth the perception of the existing as the perception of the preferred situation depends on how you prefer to look at it Ergo, a problem is by definition subjective. "a problem is an interpretation of a feeling of discomfort“ (J. Kessels)
- 28. KM Metaphor Analysis Scoring Form
- 29. W hat would be the outcome of your research if we see knowledge not at stuff but as love?
- 30. Thank You! Dr. Daniel Andriessen Professor of Intellectual Capital INHOLLAND University of Professional Education Amsterdam/ Diemen The Netherlands Daan. andriessen @ inholland . nl www.weightlesswealth.com +31- 204951719