Smartcard based Android Application for Public Transport Ticketing System
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a smartcard-based Android application for public transport ticketing in India. The application aims to improve the user experience of ticketing by applying principles of user-centered design and usability. It allows users to select departure and destination locations on an interactive map, purchase tickets, and view travel details. The application was designed and tested on Android devices. Future work could expand the system to integrate with GPS and support multiple mobile platforms and languages.
![International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 60– No.11, December 2012
Smartcard based Android Application for Public
Transport Ticketing System
A HCI Approach
Priyanka Kulkarni Dhananjay R. Kalbande, PhD.
Student, Dept. of Computer Engineering Asso. Prof.& HOD, Dept. of Computer Engineering
Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Sardar Patel Institute of Technology
University of Mumbai, India. University of Mumbai, India.
Neelam Gulrajani Srinath Warrier
Student, Design for Digital Experience Software Engineer
National Institute of Design SAP Labs India Pvt Ltd.
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
ABSTRACT The use of the smartcards ensures the amalgamation of
The large amount of growth in India’s population has existing functionalities of the Automatic Ticket Vending
increased the demand on the transport systems. In the areas of Machine (ATVM) ticketing. Presently the commuters of
public transport, it has become essential to consider effective metropolitan cities either wait in the long waiting queues to
technologies that will ease the system of transport. This paper avail the railway tickets, punch the railway coupons or utilize
presents the design of a public transport ticketing system that the ATVM machines by means of electronic smartcards. The
harnesses the functionality of the existing electronic smart
cards into an Android application. This application aims to proposed system provides an efficient, easy-to-use and a
relate the Man Machine Interaction (MMI) principles of convenient alternative to the current means.
functionality, usability, simplicity, visibility, affordance and
consistency for enhancing the experience of ticketing for the 2. USER CENTERED DESIGN OF THE
public transport commuters in India.
APPLICATION
Keywords Interaction design, as defined by Winograd in 1997, is the
Smart cards; Human computer interaction; Public design of spaces for human communication and interaction
transportation; Rail transportation; Mobile computing. [3]. The goal of interaction design is to develop usable
products. In simple words usable implies easy to learn,
1. INTRODUCTION effective to use and provides pleasant user experience. The
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the design and application intended the interaction design to be user centered.
The application projects some principles of a user centered
implementation of interactive computing systems that users
design as follows:
can interact with. Also referred to as MMI (Man Machine
Interaction), HCI allows us to gain a fresh perspective of joint 2.1.1.1 Vision : The initial concept arose from the need
interaction between man and machine. The most important of a user- friendly and a convenient medium of ticketing that
is more intuitive than instructive.
concepts in HCI are functionality and usability. A system is
2.1.1.2 Analyze: It was analyzed that there was a need
said to be successful if there is a balance between both
of an on-the-go medium. Mobile phones and tablets serve this
functionality and usability [1]. The research findings aim to purpose. A user friendly operating system that has a
develop such a balanced application of HCI in the arena of maximum reach along with an application user interface that
public transport ticketing. is designed for usability will suffice the user centered
requirements. The use case scenario constructed during the
The application is based on Android and thus it incorporates analysis phase is as shown in Table 1:
the simplicity and usability that Android platform has to offer. Table 1. Use case buying a ticket
Also in the third quarter of 2011, Android OS accounted
52.5% of worldwide smartphone sales to end users (compared Name Buy train ticket
to 25.3% a year earlier) whereas Symbian accounted 16.9% Actor User
(36.3% a year earlier), iOS accounted 15.0% (16.6 a year Requirements 1) Internet access available
earlier) and Research In Motion accounted 11.0% (15.4% a 2) Departure and destination
year earlier) according to Gartner [2]. Thus implementing the location should be known by
application on the Android platform also ensures maximum the user
customer reach. 3) Valid smartcard number
Inputs 1)Selection of departure and
destination information
2) Number of persons
child/adult
29](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pxc3884289-130118002432-phpapp01/85/Smartcard-based-Android-Application-for-Public-Transport-Ticketing-System-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 60– No.11, December 2012
3) Class of travel User must be given the option to see the exact route from
4) Journey type source to destination and user’s current position on the map at
(single/return) all times.
Outputs 1) Confirmation message The activity flow of the system is shown in Figure 1.
from
the service
2) Error message in case of
insufficient balance
Story 1) User views the travel map
after starting the application
2) User taps on the particular
zone for its zoomed view
3)User taps and thus selects
the source and destination of
travel
4) User selects other desired
Information from the
interface
5) User chooses whether he
wishes for individual tickets
or group ticket if number of
ticket s is greater than one.
6)User sends request
7) User receives confirmation
message
2.1.1.3 Design for Usability : Since usability is the
focus of user-centered application, following points are in the
spotlight for the touch enabled application:
1) Login with smartcard number
Each user should be able to uniquely login into the system
with a smartcard identification number and a password to
improve security.
2) Provide option to select Source, Destination and
Path
User must be given the choice to choose his/her source,
destination and the path through which the ticket is valid.
3) Select destination on map
User must be able to choose destination by the user interface
of Map design, enabling him to click on the location name Figure 1. Activity Diagram
directly [4].
2.1.1.4 Construct and Deploy: With the design
4) Enlarged screen map spotlights in mind, the application is constructed and deployed
Maps must contain the feature to zoom in order to view the with the following functionalities :
locations easily [4]. 1) Lucid and intuitive travel map as the first interface.
2) Tap to zoom facility for each zones on the map
5) Single / return journey 3) Tap on source in the map to select source
Users may want to purchase tickets in one direction or a 4) Tap on destination in the map to select destination
return ticket, which includes the travel back to source. 5) Appearance of number keypad on tap of number of
Adult/Child ticket panel
6) Search option for station name 6) Tap enabled selection of First / Second Class travel
User must be given a choice to search for the location name 7) Tap enabled selection of Single/Return journey of travel
8) Quick displays of the previous balance fare cost and
without having to locate the button on the map.
balance after deduction of fare cost
9) Facility to tap and select group/individual ticket printing
7) Multilingual
The application must be usable in varied languages. Thus the continuous focus was on users and usability.
Usability testing and monitoring was also done in this phase.
8) Show map route and integrate with GPS system
30](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pxc3884289-130118002432-phpapp01/85/Smartcard-based-Android-Application-for-Public-Transport-Ticketing-System-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 60– No.11, December 2012
B. Crowd management the variance in the different operating systems in the area of
gesture recognition. The application could be generalized for
1) Indian western railways have experienced a huge all transports i.e. one application for all transport systems like
amount of tickets sold via smartcard in short amount of bus, railways, road ways (toll plazas) and airlines. There will
time. According to a survey held in May, 2011, 38 be a need for adaptivity and personalization, for allowing the
million tickets have been issued on Smart Cards while use of different input strategies, with responses tailored
5.8 lakh Smart Cards have been sold since October,
according to user preferences. This application can also be
2007[5]. Thus integrating the smart card functionality
into the application ensures crowd management. extended to allow users suffering from certain disabilities.
Features like audio and voice recognition facilities can be
C. Validation added [8]. In HCI, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
technologies can be used to facilitate this purpose.
1) Barcodes can be sent as a part of confirmation message The mobile application for public transport ticketing has a
to the ticket holders which will be displayed as the
huge set of features and can be combined with the smartcard
ticket on the mobile screen.
2) A barcode scanner typically can record data five to system to efficiently carry out transactions using the
seven times as fast as a skilled typist thus ensuring advantages of both the systems. This technology will
faster data entry. significantly impact the way in which people perceive public
3) Keyboard data entry creates an average of one error in transport ticketing options available to them. This opens the
300 keystrokes. Barcode data entry has an error rate of door to a myriad of opportunities to enhance the citizen’s
about 1 in 3 million thus ensuring better accuracy.
ticketing experience in terms of usability, functionality and
expediency.
D. Eco- friendliness
6. REFERENCES
Mobile technologies and services can help reduce carbon [1] Dr.Alex Roney Mathew, Mr. Aayad Al Hajj, Mr. Ahmed
emission and improve energy efficiency: by the replacement Al Abri , “Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): An
of material goods by non materials substitutes (e-ticketing, e- Overview”,2011 IEEE International Conference on
books) [6]. Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE),
pp. 99-100.
Table 2.Comparison with the existing ATVM system [2] Gartner, “Market Share: Mobile CommunicationDevices
by Region and Country, 3Q11,”.Viewed Feb. 2012;
Parameter Existing ATVM Proposed Smartcard http://www.gartner.com/resId=1847315.
Machines based Android [3] Winograd, T. “The Design of Interaction,” In Beyond
Application Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computers,
Denning, P.J. & Metcalfe, R.M. (Eds.) Copernicus,1997.
Provision of x [4] Tom Rodden, Keith Chervest, Nigel Davies, Alan Dix,
half ticket “Exploiting Context in HCI Design or Mobile Systems”,
Workshop on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile
Devices, Pensyllvania State University.
Need of x
separate [5] Sharat Chandrayan,” Sale Of Atvm Smart Cards
first /second Receives Major Boost On WR,” press release,22 Jun.
2011;
class
http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lan
validators g=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=351&did=13087486985628AD83
09F37A4A5595E3625AB2F628BB0.web103 .
Ticketing x [6] Knud Erik Skouby, Iwona Windekilde, “Green Mobile -
on-the-go Exploring The Environmental Impact Ofstructural
Change In Knowledge-Based Economy,”13 Jun.2010 ;
Eco-friendly x GIN2010,Seoul, South Korea.
[7] Informa healthcare, “Speech Recognition technology for
individuals with disabilities, Augmentative and
Tap to zoom x Alternative Communication,”Viewed Aug. 2012;
interface “http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07434619
212331276333 t”.
[8] Kuo-Ying Huang, “Challenges in Human-Computer
Interaction Design for Mobile Devices”, Proceedings of
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE the World Congress on Engineering and Computer
WORK Science 2009 Vol I WCECS 2009, San Francisco, USA.
For future, the application can be implemented for all the
different mobile operating systems like Android, iOS,
Blackberry OS, Mango, etc. While doing so, challenges in
visual based HCI will have to be tackled. This is because of
32](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pxc3884289-130118002432-phpapp01/85/Smartcard-based-Android-Application-for-Public-Transport-Ticketing-System-4-320.jpg)
Smartcard based Android Application for Public Transport Ticketing System
- 1. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 60– No.11, December 2012 Smartcard based Android Application for Public Transport Ticketing System A HCI Approach Priyanka Kulkarni Dhananjay R. Kalbande, PhD. Student, Dept. of Computer Engineering Asso. Prof.& HOD, Dept. of Computer Engineering Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Sardar Patel Institute of Technology University of Mumbai, India. University of Mumbai, India. Neelam Gulrajani Srinath Warrier Student, Design for Digital Experience Software Engineer National Institute of Design SAP Labs India Pvt Ltd. Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India ABSTRACT The use of the smartcards ensures the amalgamation of The large amount of growth in India’s population has existing functionalities of the Automatic Ticket Vending increased the demand on the transport systems. In the areas of Machine (ATVM) ticketing. Presently the commuters of public transport, it has become essential to consider effective metropolitan cities either wait in the long waiting queues to technologies that will ease the system of transport. This paper avail the railway tickets, punch the railway coupons or utilize presents the design of a public transport ticketing system that the ATVM machines by means of electronic smartcards. The harnesses the functionality of the existing electronic smart cards into an Android application. This application aims to proposed system provides an efficient, easy-to-use and a relate the Man Machine Interaction (MMI) principles of convenient alternative to the current means. functionality, usability, simplicity, visibility, affordance and consistency for enhancing the experience of ticketing for the 2. USER CENTERED DESIGN OF THE public transport commuters in India. APPLICATION Keywords Interaction design, as defined by Winograd in 1997, is the Smart cards; Human computer interaction; Public design of spaces for human communication and interaction transportation; Rail transportation; Mobile computing. [3]. The goal of interaction design is to develop usable products. In simple words usable implies easy to learn, 1. INTRODUCTION effective to use and provides pleasant user experience. The Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the design and application intended the interaction design to be user centered. The application projects some principles of a user centered implementation of interactive computing systems that users design as follows: can interact with. Also referred to as MMI (Man Machine Interaction), HCI allows us to gain a fresh perspective of joint 2.1.1.1 Vision : The initial concept arose from the need interaction between man and machine. The most important of a user- friendly and a convenient medium of ticketing that is more intuitive than instructive. concepts in HCI are functionality and usability. A system is 2.1.1.2 Analyze: It was analyzed that there was a need said to be successful if there is a balance between both of an on-the-go medium. Mobile phones and tablets serve this functionality and usability [1]. The research findings aim to purpose. A user friendly operating system that has a develop such a balanced application of HCI in the arena of maximum reach along with an application user interface that public transport ticketing. is designed for usability will suffice the user centered requirements. The use case scenario constructed during the The application is based on Android and thus it incorporates analysis phase is as shown in Table 1: the simplicity and usability that Android platform has to offer. Table 1. Use case buying a ticket Also in the third quarter of 2011, Android OS accounted 52.5% of worldwide smartphone sales to end users (compared Name Buy train ticket to 25.3% a year earlier) whereas Symbian accounted 16.9% Actor User (36.3% a year earlier), iOS accounted 15.0% (16.6 a year Requirements 1) Internet access available earlier) and Research In Motion accounted 11.0% (15.4% a 2) Departure and destination year earlier) according to Gartner [2]. Thus implementing the location should be known by application on the Android platform also ensures maximum the user customer reach. 3) Valid smartcard number Inputs 1)Selection of departure and destination information 2) Number of persons child/adult 29
- 2. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 60– No.11, December 2012 3) Class of travel User must be given the option to see the exact route from 4) Journey type source to destination and user’s current position on the map at (single/return) all times. Outputs 1) Confirmation message The activity flow of the system is shown in Figure 1. from the service 2) Error message in case of insufficient balance Story 1) User views the travel map after starting the application 2) User taps on the particular zone for its zoomed view 3)User taps and thus selects the source and destination of travel 4) User selects other desired Information from the interface 5) User chooses whether he wishes for individual tickets or group ticket if number of ticket s is greater than one. 6)User sends request 7) User receives confirmation message 2.1.1.3 Design for Usability : Since usability is the focus of user-centered application, following points are in the spotlight for the touch enabled application: 1) Login with smartcard number Each user should be able to uniquely login into the system with a smartcard identification number and a password to improve security. 2) Provide option to select Source, Destination and Path User must be given the choice to choose his/her source, destination and the path through which the ticket is valid. 3) Select destination on map User must be able to choose destination by the user interface of Map design, enabling him to click on the location name Figure 1. Activity Diagram directly [4]. 2.1.1.4 Construct and Deploy: With the design 4) Enlarged screen map spotlights in mind, the application is constructed and deployed Maps must contain the feature to zoom in order to view the with the following functionalities : locations easily [4]. 1) Lucid and intuitive travel map as the first interface. 2) Tap to zoom facility for each zones on the map 5) Single / return journey 3) Tap on source in the map to select source Users may want to purchase tickets in one direction or a 4) Tap on destination in the map to select destination return ticket, which includes the travel back to source. 5) Appearance of number keypad on tap of number of Adult/Child ticket panel 6) Search option for station name 6) Tap enabled selection of First / Second Class travel User must be given a choice to search for the location name 7) Tap enabled selection of Single/Return journey of travel 8) Quick displays of the previous balance fare cost and without having to locate the button on the map. balance after deduction of fare cost 9) Facility to tap and select group/individual ticket printing 7) Multilingual The application must be usable in varied languages. Thus the continuous focus was on users and usability. Usability testing and monitoring was also done in this phase. 8) Show map route and integrate with GPS system 30
- 3. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 60– No.11, December 2012 2.1.1.5 Evaluate: Evaluation was started in an early stage and was done continuously. The usability and business effects were continuously tested. 2.1.1.6 Feedback: In the feedback phase plan for the next iteration was done. Suggestions for changes were taken from a set of targeted users as well as the authorities. Based on the outcome, the project was planned. 3. IMPLEMENTATION In the real world implementation it is necessary that the application must be kept up-to-date with the server Database to keep track of any change in location names or prices. An external map application should be used for finding the final destination. Even after the user reaches the destination, the application should allow the user to travel to his final destination using a preferred map application like Google Maps. The ticket received by the user must contain either a barcode uniquely identifying the travel details for the particular user, or a unique identification number that can be easily verified. The application has been implemented in the Android operating system. Currently, it has been implemented for one of the divisions of the Indian Railways. The features implemented in the said application are: Figure 2. Screen for selecting ticket details 1) Login with the unique smart card number 2) Map provided to select source and destination 3) Facility to buy ticket for one way and return journey for any number of passengers 4) Search option for finding the required station. Also, all the selections are on tap and the application on whole is reviewed to be very instinctive. The application has been tested on the Samsung Galaxy 10.1 Tablet. The snapshots are as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. 4. ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES This application is directed towards the public transport users, mainly the bus and railway service users. Apart from the basic aim of usability and functionality, additional advantages of this application are: A. Faster money Transaction 1) Following the user interface guidelines of mobile development to increase the ease of use for the general public, it is possible to make the usage of the application completely user-friendly, this making the process of ticketing faster. 2) Also, fast algorithms can reduce the response time for the application to finish the online transaction. Figure 3. The main screen showing the map 31
- 4. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 60– No.11, December 2012 B. Crowd management the variance in the different operating systems in the area of gesture recognition. The application could be generalized for 1) Indian western railways have experienced a huge all transports i.e. one application for all transport systems like amount of tickets sold via smartcard in short amount of bus, railways, road ways (toll plazas) and airlines. There will time. According to a survey held in May, 2011, 38 be a need for adaptivity and personalization, for allowing the million tickets have been issued on Smart Cards while use of different input strategies, with responses tailored 5.8 lakh Smart Cards have been sold since October, according to user preferences. This application can also be 2007[5]. Thus integrating the smart card functionality into the application ensures crowd management. extended to allow users suffering from certain disabilities. Features like audio and voice recognition facilities can be C. Validation added [8]. In HCI, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technologies can be used to facilitate this purpose. 1) Barcodes can be sent as a part of confirmation message The mobile application for public transport ticketing has a to the ticket holders which will be displayed as the huge set of features and can be combined with the smartcard ticket on the mobile screen. 2) A barcode scanner typically can record data five to system to efficiently carry out transactions using the seven times as fast as a skilled typist thus ensuring advantages of both the systems. This technology will faster data entry. significantly impact the way in which people perceive public 3) Keyboard data entry creates an average of one error in transport ticketing options available to them. This opens the 300 keystrokes. Barcode data entry has an error rate of door to a myriad of opportunities to enhance the citizen’s about 1 in 3 million thus ensuring better accuracy. ticketing experience in terms of usability, functionality and expediency. D. Eco- friendliness 6. REFERENCES Mobile technologies and services can help reduce carbon [1] Dr.Alex Roney Mathew, Mr. Aayad Al Hajj, Mr. Ahmed emission and improve energy efficiency: by the replacement Al Abri , “Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): An of material goods by non materials substitutes (e-ticketing, e- Overview”,2011 IEEE International Conference on books) [6]. Computer Science and Automation Engineering (CSAE), pp. 99-100. Table 2.Comparison with the existing ATVM system [2] Gartner, “Market Share: Mobile CommunicationDevices by Region and Country, 3Q11,”.Viewed Feb. 2012; Parameter Existing ATVM Proposed Smartcard http://www.gartner.com/resId=1847315. Machines based Android [3] Winograd, T. “The Design of Interaction,” In Beyond Application Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computers, Denning, P.J. & Metcalfe, R.M. (Eds.) Copernicus,1997. Provision of x [4] Tom Rodden, Keith Chervest, Nigel Davies, Alan Dix, half ticket “Exploiting Context in HCI Design or Mobile Systems”, Workshop on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, Pensyllvania State University. Need of x separate [5] Sharat Chandrayan,” Sale Of Atvm Smart Cards first /second Receives Major Boost On WR,” press release,22 Jun. 2011; class http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lan validators g=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=351&did=13087486985628AD83 09F37A4A5595E3625AB2F628BB0.web103 . Ticketing x [6] Knud Erik Skouby, Iwona Windekilde, “Green Mobile - on-the-go Exploring The Environmental Impact Ofstructural Change In Knowledge-Based Economy,”13 Jun.2010 ; Eco-friendly x GIN2010,Seoul, South Korea. [7] Informa healthcare, “Speech Recognition technology for individuals with disabilities, Augmentative and Tap to zoom x Alternative Communication,”Viewed Aug. 2012; interface “http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07434619 212331276333 t”. [8] Kuo-Ying Huang, “Challenges in Human-Computer Interaction Design for Mobile Devices”, Proceedings of 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE the World Congress on Engineering and Computer WORK Science 2009 Vol I WCECS 2009, San Francisco, USA. For future, the application can be implemented for all the different mobile operating systems like Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Mango, etc. While doing so, challenges in visual based HCI will have to be tackled. This is because of 32