sociology chapter 1 -4.pptx lecture note
- 1. Benefits of the sociological perspective Benefits of the sociological perspective
- 2. Benefits of the sociological perspective The sociological perspective becomes away thinking a form of consciousness that change familiar understanding of our selves and others Sociological perspective enables us to asses both opportunities and the constraints that characterize lives Sociological perspectives empowers us to be active participation in our society
- 3. 1.5. Micro and Macro Sociology Micro sociology :-deals with the nature of human behavior and human social interaction based on small scale studies Example : interaction b/n parents and their children Macro sociology:-analyzes the social system and population studies in large scale Example:-studying large scale activities such as wars over great number of individuals (one or ,more nations )in large scale of geographical space over long period of time
- 4. CHAPTER TWO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY A Historical Review 2.1. Early origins and Development of sociology it was only 1838 that French thinkers Auguste comte coined the term sociology from Latin word socius (the social ) and Greek word logus ( Reasoning /learning) The industrial revolution, the French revolution and enlightenment were three main reasons that contributed the emergency of sociology Other factors that facilitated the emergency of sociology were social problems ,political changes, religious changes or secularization
- 5. 2.2. Founders of sociology Auguste Comte(1798-1857) • His aim was to create a naturalistic science of society which would both explain the past development of mankind and predict its future course • He emphasized that the study of the society must be scientific • He developed the law of three stages 1. The theological stage : is the first and characterized prior 1300 In theological stage all natural phenomena and social events were explained in terms of super natural force 2. Metaphysical stage :where people understand society as a natural not super natural 3. Scientific (positivists )stage :which he believed to be the principle of social development
- 6. Cont.. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Was one of the funders of the sociology He too believed that the society operates according to fixed laws , he emphasizes evolutionary changes in social structure Emile Durkheim He is one of the classical sociologist Durkheim sociology revolve around the following three topics 1. Social facts 2. Solidarity and the division of labor in society 3. Suicide and social currents
- 7. Cont.. Karl marx (1818-1883) German economics and philosopher and often regarded as the most profound sociological thinkers His theories combines ideas derived from philosophy ,history and social science Central to his view was the belief that society should not just be studied , but should also be changed because the status quo(the existing state of the society ) was resulting in the oppression of the most population by a small group of wealth people Max Weber (1864-1920) One of the founders of sociology and his famous work weber “explored the influence of ethics and religion on the development of capitalism
- 8. Chapter three Theoretical perspectives in sociology • Three major perspectives have emerged in sociology the functionalist, the conflict and symbolic interaction perspectives 3.1. Functional Perspectives Are based on the assumptions that society is stable ,orderly system, a complex system whose part work together to promote stability According to this perspective a society is composed of interrelated parts , each which serve a function and contributes to overall stability of the society It is some times called structural functionalism because it often focuses on the ways social structure e.g social institutions
- 9. Cont….. • Two theorists Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton were major contributors to this perspective • Functionalism perspective was founded by French sociologist Emile Durkheim 3.2. The conflict Paradigm • The conflict paradigm is a frame work for building theory that emission society as an arena of in equality that generates conflict and change • It describes the inequalities that exist in all societies around the globe • It originated from the ideas of Karl max
- 10. 2.2. The conflict paradigm It ignores how different social institutions Family, Education, politics , Religion etc.. Provide essential functions in a society and can work together to create a balance 2.3. The symbolic – interaction paradigm is a sociology theory that seeks to understand human’s relationship with their society by focusing on the symbol s that help us give meaning to the experience our lives . Symbolic interactionists believes that peaple communicate with each other through language and symbols and one can make sense of society through examining this .
- 11. Characteristics of symbolic interaction paradigm It emphasizes interaction among people Use symbol in communication and interaction Focuses on small scale of human life Interpretation as part of actions The most influential contributors to symbolic interactionist tradition was Herbert blumer
- 12. Chapter four Social Organization and Interaction 4.1 Group and Institution Group refers to any number of people with similar norms ,values and expectation who interact with one another on a regular basis Basic features of social groups Members of the groups continue to interact with one another Members require living by norms that are special to the group Members view each other as part of the group member or feel sense of identification of the group
- 13. Types of the group Primary and secondary groups • Primary groups : is small group based on largely on long term face to face interaction and typically based on affiliation such as family or friendship groups • Secondary groups: is one based on shared goals or interest in which the members are rarely face to face contact with each other • In groups and out groups • In Groups: are the groups to which individuals both belong and psychologically identify • Out groups :are those to which individuals do not belong or identify
- 14. Cont…….. Group dynamics • The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups affect individuals are known as group dynamics • Dyad: is the smallest possible group which consist two persons and it is the most unstable group • A triad : a group of three persons e.g married couples and their first child Institutions Social institutions is an interrelated system of social roles and social norms organized around the satisfaction of an important social need or social function Examples: the family ,government ,religion ,education and media etc..
- 15. 4.2.Social Values and Norms Social values : values are shared assumptions ,standards by the members of the society as to what is right or wrong, good or bad Social norms :are unwritten rules of behavior shared by members of a given group or society Differences between values and norms Norms are the standards or rules which society considers normal or acceptable while values are those conceptions which people consider as important
- 16. Mores and folk ways Mores :refers to norms that have great moral significance Folk ways : are minor rules about social conduct that serve as convantiol ways of doing things 4.3. social structure : Status and Role Status: is recognized social position that an individual occupies within the society An ascribed status: is a social position that is received at birth or in voluntarily assumed latter in life courses Examples :- being a daughter, a teenage girl and a senior citizen
- 17. Cont… An achieved status: refers to social positions that is assumed voluntarily and that reflect a significant measure of personal ability and effort . Examples :-a computer programmer ,an Olympic athlete and thief Master status: asocial status that is primarily , socially identifying characteristics of an individuals or status that has exceptional important for social identity Example :- Being a Queen or king
- 18. Cont…. Role • is a second major component of social interaction • Refers to pattern of expected behavior attached to particular status