Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash Stack Information in Crash Reports
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The study examines the impact of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer combinations on the yield and nutrient composition of African tall maize fodder. Results show that a combination of 160-50 kg/ha yields the highest green fodder output along with improved nutritional values such as crude protein and fibre. Overall, the research indicates that strategic fertilizer application can significantly enhance both yield and quality of maize fodder.
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 279
Green Fodder Yield and Nutrient Composition of
African Tall Maize Fodder (Zea mays) With
Various Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels
A.B.Kanduri, P.V.Patil and P.S.Mogale
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract— The effect of different combination of Nitrogen-
Phosphorus levels was studied in a field experiment
particularly on the fodder yield and quality of African tall
maize fodder. Nitrogen-Phosphorus fertilizers at the rate of
0-0, 100-30, 120-40 and 160-50 kg per ha were applied.
Green fodder yield and dry matter percentage were
influenced significantly by the application of nitrogen and
phosphorus. Maximum green fodder yield was obtained at
Nitrogen-Phosphorus level of 160-50 kg / ha. Quality
parameters such as crude protein, crude fibre, ether
extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus contents were
also influenced significantly by the application of Nitrogen-
Phosphorus fertilizers. All Nitrogen-Phosphorus
combination produced higher crude protein, crude fibre
ether extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus contents
over control. The present study indicates that significantly
higher green fodder yield with improved nutrient
composition in the form of dry matter, crude protein, crude
fibre, ether extract, total ash, Calcium and phosphorus can
be achieved with NP fertilizers in an effective combination
level of 160-50 followed by 120-40 and 100-30.
Keywords— Maize fodder, fertilizer, Nitrogen-Phosphorus
levels, fodder yield and nutrient composition.
I. INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays) is one of the main kharif crop in India
including many Asian countries. It was originated in
Maxico and it has been cultivated from pre-historic times
by the aboriginal people of America. In India its cultivation
is popular for grain as well as for livestock fodder. It is one
of the earliest introductions from America, grown in warm
and moist regions of India for green fodder and silage.
Being an indispensible and most important constituent of
animal ration it provides energy and protein to the animals
(Maiti and Wesche-Ebeling, 1998). In India maize fodder is
cultivated in various agro climatic zones. It is evident that
various factors such as composition of soil, irrigation,
climatic condition, varieties, strains, manure and fertilizers
affects on growth, yield and its quality in the form of
chemical composition. Keeping all other factors constant if
the fertilizer application is altered, considering the most
economic factor the yield and quality can be improved. The
efforts were taken in this experiment to study the effect of
altering NP levels to the best possible combination for
optimum production in the form of green fodder yield and
chemical composition in the form of dry matter yield, crude
protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, calcium and
phosphorus.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of
different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) on green
fodder yield and qualitative aspects of the African tall
maize fodder in the form of nutrient content viz. dry matter
yield, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash,
calcium and phosphorus. Initially four plots were made of
equal size (30 x 10 m2
). First plot was without any
application of fertilizers (NP level 0-0 kg/ha) and
considered as control. Second plot was applied fertilizer
with NP level 100-30 kg/ha, third plot was applied fertilizer
with NP level 120-40 kg/ha and fourth plot was applied
with NP level 160-50 kg/ha. The crop was sown in a single
row with 25 cm space between two rows. Overall quantity
of fertilizer, containing nitrogen and phosphorus in the form
of urea and triple super phosphate was applied at the time of
sowing. All other common agricultural practices were
performed uniformly to all treatment groups.
Fodder was harvested after 90 days. The green fodder yield
was measured for all treatment groups individually on the
same scale. Fodder samples (as such) were collected as per
standard sample collection technique. Representative six
samples of four treatments were collected and processed as
per routine standard laboratory procedures and analyzed for
proximate principles (dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre,
ether extract and total ash), phosphorus (A.O.A.C., 2003)
and calcium content (Talpatra et al., 1940). Data were](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-5-160625112441/85/Software-CrashLocator-Locating-the-Faulty-Functions-by-Analyzing-the-Crash-Stack-Information-in-Crash-Reports-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 280
statistically analyzed (Snedecor and Cochran, 1986) to draw
conclusion.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average values of green fodder yield, chemical
composition of Maize fodder are given in Table1.
The average values of green fodder yield (T / ha) were
significantly different from each other with the highest yield
in NP level 160-50 (44.97±0.64) followed by 120-40 (38.41
±0.35), 100-30 (31.84 ±0.32) and least in NP level 0-0
(27.02 ±0.25). The higher yield with NP level 160-50 was
observed mainly due to the higher growth rate absolutely
from the beginning till the harvesting. The highest dry
matter percentage was observed in plot receiving NP level
160-50 (22.38±0.37) which was significantly higher and
different
from other plots receiving NP levels of 120-40
(19.33±0.24), 100-30 (16.60±0.15) and lowest dry matter
percent in NP level 0-0 (13.86±0.20). Supplementation of
higher NP levels significantly affected dry matter content of
the fodder. The results observed are in close concern as
with Khandaker and Islam (1988), Reddy et al. (1987) and
Singh et al. (1996).
Crude Protein content of the fodder was significantly
affected by application of NP fertilizers. The highest crude
protein content was observed with NP level 160-50 (10.83
±0.31) followed by 120-40 (9.28 ±0.18), 100-30
(7.95±0.16) and lowest crude protein content was observed
in plot receiving 0-0 fertilizer (5.03±0.08). The crude
protein content in the plot receiving NP level 160-50 was
almost double than control receiving NP level 0-0. It is
absolutely evident from this result that the NP
supplementation has significantly affected crude protein
content and application of at least 100-30 NP fertilizer will
increase crude protein content by 30% than the control (0-
0). The same trend was observed with the crude fibre
content of the fodder with highest values in plot receiving
NP level 160-50 (27.55d
±0.21) followed by 120-40 (26.17c
±0.13), 100-30 (24.57b
±0.09) and least crude fibre content
was observed in plot receiving NP level of 0-0 (22.12a
±0.24). The crude fibre content of all four plots receiving
different NP levels were found significantly different from
each other. The results observed for these parameters are
similar with Khan et al. (1996), Khalid Mahmud (2003) and
Iqbal et al. (2006). The ether extract content of the fodder
was also found significantly affected by NP application
with highest fat content in 160-50 (1.85b
±0.07) followed
by 120-40 (1.82b
±0.08), 100-30 (1.75b
±0.07) and lowest in
0-0 (1.16a
±0.03). The plots supplemented with NP
fertilizers (160-50, 120-40 and 100-30) did not shown
significant difference among them but were found
significantly different and higher than control (0-0). It is
revealed from the data that NP application can increase the
ether extract content with minimum NP level (100-30) but
further increase in NP levels (120-40 or 160-50) may not
significantly affect on this parameter.
The total ash content of fodder was significantly influenced
by different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
The application of 160-50 combination revealed highest ash
content (10.02±0.19) followed by 120-40 (9.07±0.08), 100-
30 (8.32±0.06) and lowest ash content was observed in
control (7.16±0.02). Increase in NP levels from 100-30 to
120-40 and 160-50 has significantly affected total ash
percent of green fodder.
This observation is in close agreement with Ayub et al.
(2002) and Khalid Mahmud (2003). The same trend was
observed in case of Ca and P content. The Ca and P content
were significantly affected by NP application and were
significantly different from each other and control. The
highest Ca and P percent was observed in plot applied with
NP level 160-50 (0.74±0.01 and 0.31±0.00) followed by
120-40 (0.63±0.01 and 0.27 ±0.00), 100-30 (0.52±0.02 and
0.22 ±0.01) and lowest Ca and P was observed in fodder
plot supplemented with 0-0 fertilizers (0.43±0.01 and 0.17
±0.00). The increase in Ca and P content of the fodder was
observed mainly due to the increased uptake and deposition
of these inorganic elements in the plots supplemented with
the progressive NP levels.
Table-1: Effect of different Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels on Performance of Maize Fodder.
Parameters
Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels (N-P Levels) kg / ha
0-0 100-30 120-40 160-50
Green Fodder Yield (T /
ha)
27.02a
±0.25 31.84b
±0.32 38.41c
±0.35 44.97d
±0.64
Dry Matter (%) 13.86a
±0.20 16.60b
±0.15 19.33c
±0.24 22.38d
±0.37](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-5-160625112441/85/Software-CrashLocator-Locating-the-Faulty-Functions-by-Analyzing-the-Crash-Stack-Information-in-Crash-Reports-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 281
Crude Protein (%) 5.03a
±0.08 7.95b
±0.16 9.28c
±0.18 10.83d
±0.31
Crude Fibre (%) 22.12a
±0.24 24.57b
±0.09 26.17c
±0.13 27.55d
±0.21
Ether Extract (%) 1.16a
±0.03 1.75b
±0.07 1.82b
±0.08 1.85b
±0.07
Total Ash (%) 7.16a
±0.02 8.32b
±0.06 9.07c
±0.08 10.02d
±0.19
Calcium (%) 0.43a
±0.01 0.52b
±0.02 0.63c
±0.01 0.74d
±0.01
Phosphorus (%) 0.17a
±0.00 0.22b
±0.01 0.27c
±0.00 0.31d
±0.00
Means with different superscripts within the same row differs significantly.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the above study it was concluded that significantly
higher green fodder yield with improved nutrient
composition in the form of dry matter, crude protein, crude
fibre, ether extract, total ash, Ca and P can be achieved with
NP fertilizers in an effective combination level of 160-50
followed by 120-40 and 100-30.
REFERENCES
[1] A.O.A.C. (2003). Official methods of Analysis (17th
edition). Association of official analytical chemistry,
Washington, DC., USA
[2] Ayub, M, Nadeem, M. A., Sharar M. S., and
Mahmood, N. (2002) Response of Maize (Zea mays
L.) Fodder to Different Levels of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(4):
352-354.
[3] Iqbal, M. Ayub, H. Zaman and Ahmad, R.
(2006)Impact of Nutrient Management and Legume
Association on Agro-qualitative Traits of Maize
Forage. Pak. J. Bot., 38(4): 1079-1084.
[4] Khalid Mahmud, Ijaz Ahmad and Muhammad Ayub
(2003)Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the
Fodder Yield and Quality of Two Sorghum Cultivars
(Sorghum bicolor L.). International Journal of
Agriculture & Biology, 1560–8530/2003/05–1–61–63.
[5] Khan, M. J., Shajalal M and Sarker A. R. (1996).
Yield, Chemical composition and nutritive value of
oat (Avena sativa) fodder at different levels of
nitrogen fertilizer. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 25(1-2):109-115
[6] Khandaker, Z. H. and. Islam M. M. (1988). Effect of
nitrogen fertilizer and stage of maturity on yield, and
quality of fodder maize (Zea mays). Bang. J. Anim.
Sci. 17(1-2):47-53
[7] Reddy, T. M. M., Raghuln A. V., Ramaiah N. V. and
Reddy G. V.. (1987). Effect of methods of planting
and nitrogen levels on growth, yield attributes and
yield of rice under late condition. J. Res.
Andhrapradesh Agric. Univ., 15(1):56-58
[8] Singh, G. S., Behera B. D., Prasad G. and Dash B..
(1996). Effect of nitrogen and bio-fertilizer on yield,
economics and forage quality of oat (Avena sativa L.).
Environment and Ecology 14(1):238-239
[9] Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1986).Statistical
Methods, 7th
edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
[10]Talpatra, S.K.; Ray, S.N. and Sen, K.C.
(1940).Estimation of chlorine, calcium, magnesium,
sodium and potassium in feeding stuffs. Indian J. Vet,
Sci., 10: 862-866.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-5-160625112441/85/Software-CrashLocator-Locating-the-Faulty-Functions-by-Analyzing-the-Crash-Stack-Information-in-Crash-Reports-3-320.jpg)
Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash Stack Information in Crash Reports
- 1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 279 Green Fodder Yield and Nutrient Composition of African Tall Maize Fodder (Zea mays) With Various Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels A.B.Kanduri, P.V.Patil and P.S.Mogale Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Latur, Maharashtra, India Abstract— The effect of different combination of Nitrogen- Phosphorus levels was studied in a field experiment particularly on the fodder yield and quality of African tall maize fodder. Nitrogen-Phosphorus fertilizers at the rate of 0-0, 100-30, 120-40 and 160-50 kg per ha were applied. Green fodder yield and dry matter percentage were influenced significantly by the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Maximum green fodder yield was obtained at Nitrogen-Phosphorus level of 160-50 kg / ha. Quality parameters such as crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus contents were also influenced significantly by the application of Nitrogen- Phosphorus fertilizers. All Nitrogen-Phosphorus combination produced higher crude protein, crude fibre ether extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus contents over control. The present study indicates that significantly higher green fodder yield with improved nutrient composition in the form of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, Calcium and phosphorus can be achieved with NP fertilizers in an effective combination level of 160-50 followed by 120-40 and 100-30. Keywords— Maize fodder, fertilizer, Nitrogen-Phosphorus levels, fodder yield and nutrient composition. I. INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays) is one of the main kharif crop in India including many Asian countries. It was originated in Maxico and it has been cultivated from pre-historic times by the aboriginal people of America. In India its cultivation is popular for grain as well as for livestock fodder. It is one of the earliest introductions from America, grown in warm and moist regions of India for green fodder and silage. Being an indispensible and most important constituent of animal ration it provides energy and protein to the animals (Maiti and Wesche-Ebeling, 1998). In India maize fodder is cultivated in various agro climatic zones. It is evident that various factors such as composition of soil, irrigation, climatic condition, varieties, strains, manure and fertilizers affects on growth, yield and its quality in the form of chemical composition. Keeping all other factors constant if the fertilizer application is altered, considering the most economic factor the yield and quality can be improved. The efforts were taken in this experiment to study the effect of altering NP levels to the best possible combination for optimum production in the form of green fodder yield and chemical composition in the form of dry matter yield, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) on green fodder yield and qualitative aspects of the African tall maize fodder in the form of nutrient content viz. dry matter yield, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, calcium and phosphorus. Initially four plots were made of equal size (30 x 10 m2 ). First plot was without any application of fertilizers (NP level 0-0 kg/ha) and considered as control. Second plot was applied fertilizer with NP level 100-30 kg/ha, third plot was applied fertilizer with NP level 120-40 kg/ha and fourth plot was applied with NP level 160-50 kg/ha. The crop was sown in a single row with 25 cm space between two rows. Overall quantity of fertilizer, containing nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of urea and triple super phosphate was applied at the time of sowing. All other common agricultural practices were performed uniformly to all treatment groups. Fodder was harvested after 90 days. The green fodder yield was measured for all treatment groups individually on the same scale. Fodder samples (as such) were collected as per standard sample collection technique. Representative six samples of four treatments were collected and processed as per routine standard laboratory procedures and analyzed for proximate principles (dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and total ash), phosphorus (A.O.A.C., 2003) and calcium content (Talpatra et al., 1940). Data were
- 2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 280 statistically analyzed (Snedecor and Cochran, 1986) to draw conclusion. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average values of green fodder yield, chemical composition of Maize fodder are given in Table1. The average values of green fodder yield (T / ha) were significantly different from each other with the highest yield in NP level 160-50 (44.97±0.64) followed by 120-40 (38.41 ±0.35), 100-30 (31.84 ±0.32) and least in NP level 0-0 (27.02 ±0.25). The higher yield with NP level 160-50 was observed mainly due to the higher growth rate absolutely from the beginning till the harvesting. The highest dry matter percentage was observed in plot receiving NP level 160-50 (22.38±0.37) which was significantly higher and different from other plots receiving NP levels of 120-40 (19.33±0.24), 100-30 (16.60±0.15) and lowest dry matter percent in NP level 0-0 (13.86±0.20). Supplementation of higher NP levels significantly affected dry matter content of the fodder. The results observed are in close concern as with Khandaker and Islam (1988), Reddy et al. (1987) and Singh et al. (1996). Crude Protein content of the fodder was significantly affected by application of NP fertilizers. The highest crude protein content was observed with NP level 160-50 (10.83 ±0.31) followed by 120-40 (9.28 ±0.18), 100-30 (7.95±0.16) and lowest crude protein content was observed in plot receiving 0-0 fertilizer (5.03±0.08). The crude protein content in the plot receiving NP level 160-50 was almost double than control receiving NP level 0-0. It is absolutely evident from this result that the NP supplementation has significantly affected crude protein content and application of at least 100-30 NP fertilizer will increase crude protein content by 30% than the control (0- 0). The same trend was observed with the crude fibre content of the fodder with highest values in plot receiving NP level 160-50 (27.55d ±0.21) followed by 120-40 (26.17c ±0.13), 100-30 (24.57b ±0.09) and least crude fibre content was observed in plot receiving NP level of 0-0 (22.12a ±0.24). The crude fibre content of all four plots receiving different NP levels were found significantly different from each other. The results observed for these parameters are similar with Khan et al. (1996), Khalid Mahmud (2003) and Iqbal et al. (2006). The ether extract content of the fodder was also found significantly affected by NP application with highest fat content in 160-50 (1.85b ±0.07) followed by 120-40 (1.82b ±0.08), 100-30 (1.75b ±0.07) and lowest in 0-0 (1.16a ±0.03). The plots supplemented with NP fertilizers (160-50, 120-40 and 100-30) did not shown significant difference among them but were found significantly different and higher than control (0-0). It is revealed from the data that NP application can increase the ether extract content with minimum NP level (100-30) but further increase in NP levels (120-40 or 160-50) may not significantly affect on this parameter. The total ash content of fodder was significantly influenced by different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The application of 160-50 combination revealed highest ash content (10.02±0.19) followed by 120-40 (9.07±0.08), 100- 30 (8.32±0.06) and lowest ash content was observed in control (7.16±0.02). Increase in NP levels from 100-30 to 120-40 and 160-50 has significantly affected total ash percent of green fodder. This observation is in close agreement with Ayub et al. (2002) and Khalid Mahmud (2003). The same trend was observed in case of Ca and P content. The Ca and P content were significantly affected by NP application and were significantly different from each other and control. The highest Ca and P percent was observed in plot applied with NP level 160-50 (0.74±0.01 and 0.31±0.00) followed by 120-40 (0.63±0.01 and 0.27 ±0.00), 100-30 (0.52±0.02 and 0.22 ±0.01) and lowest Ca and P was observed in fodder plot supplemented with 0-0 fertilizers (0.43±0.01 and 0.17 ±0.00). The increase in Ca and P content of the fodder was observed mainly due to the increased uptake and deposition of these inorganic elements in the plots supplemented with the progressive NP levels. Table-1: Effect of different Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels on Performance of Maize Fodder. Parameters Nitrogen-Phosphorus Levels (N-P Levels) kg / ha 0-0 100-30 120-40 160-50 Green Fodder Yield (T / ha) 27.02a ±0.25 31.84b ±0.32 38.41c ±0.35 44.97d ±0.64 Dry Matter (%) 13.86a ±0.20 16.60b ±0.15 19.33c ±0.24 22.38d ±0.37
- 3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 281 Crude Protein (%) 5.03a ±0.08 7.95b ±0.16 9.28c ±0.18 10.83d ±0.31 Crude Fibre (%) 22.12a ±0.24 24.57b ±0.09 26.17c ±0.13 27.55d ±0.21 Ether Extract (%) 1.16a ±0.03 1.75b ±0.07 1.82b ±0.08 1.85b ±0.07 Total Ash (%) 7.16a ±0.02 8.32b ±0.06 9.07c ±0.08 10.02d ±0.19 Calcium (%) 0.43a ±0.01 0.52b ±0.02 0.63c ±0.01 0.74d ±0.01 Phosphorus (%) 0.17a ±0.00 0.22b ±0.01 0.27c ±0.00 0.31d ±0.00 Means with different superscripts within the same row differs significantly. IV. CONCLUSION From the above study it was concluded that significantly higher green fodder yield with improved nutrient composition in the form of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash, Ca and P can be achieved with NP fertilizers in an effective combination level of 160-50 followed by 120-40 and 100-30. REFERENCES [1] A.O.A.C. (2003). Official methods of Analysis (17th edition). Association of official analytical chemistry, Washington, DC., USA [2] Ayub, M, Nadeem, M. A., Sharar M. S., and Mahmood, N. (2002) Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) Fodder to Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(4): 352-354. [3] Iqbal, M. Ayub, H. Zaman and Ahmad, R. (2006)Impact of Nutrient Management and Legume Association on Agro-qualitative Traits of Maize Forage. Pak. J. Bot., 38(4): 1079-1084. [4] Khalid Mahmud, Ijaz Ahmad and Muhammad Ayub (2003)Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Fodder Yield and Quality of Two Sorghum Cultivars (Sorghum bicolor L.). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 1560–8530/2003/05–1–61–63. [5] Khan, M. J., Shajalal M and Sarker A. R. (1996). Yield, Chemical composition and nutritive value of oat (Avena sativa) fodder at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 25(1-2):109-115 [6] Khandaker, Z. H. and. Islam M. M. (1988). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and stage of maturity on yield, and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays). Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 17(1-2):47-53 [7] Reddy, T. M. M., Raghuln A. V., Ramaiah N. V. and Reddy G. V.. (1987). Effect of methods of planting and nitrogen levels on growth, yield attributes and yield of rice under late condition. J. Res. Andhrapradesh Agric. Univ., 15(1):56-58 [8] Singh, G. S., Behera B. D., Prasad G. and Dash B.. (1996). Effect of nitrogen and bio-fertilizer on yield, economics and forage quality of oat (Avena sativa L.). Environment and Ecology 14(1):238-239 [9] Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1986).Statistical Methods, 7th edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. [10]Talpatra, S.K.; Ray, S.N. and Sen, K.C. (1940).Estimation of chlorine, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in feeding stuffs. Indian J. Vet, Sci., 10: 862-866.