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2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web:
Exercises 2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Self-Review Exercises
1.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following:
a) The company that popularized personal computing was .
ANS: Apple.
b) The computer that made personal computing legitimate in business and industry was
the .
ANS: IBM Personal Computer.
c) Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer
.
ANS: programs.
d) The six key logical units of the computer are the , ,
, , and the .
ANS: input unit, output unit, memoryunit, arithmetic and logic unit, central processing
unit, secondary storage unit.
e) The three types of languages discussed in the chapter are , ,
and .
ANS: machine languages, assembly languages, high-level languages.
f) The programs that translate high-level language programs into machine language are
called .
ANS: compilers.
g) C is widely known as the development language of the operating system.
ANS: UNIX.
h) The language was developed by Wirth for teaching structured program-
ming.
ANS: Pascal.
i) The Department of Defense developed the Ada language with a capability called
, which allows programmers to specify that many activities can proceed in
parallel.
ANS: multitasking.
j) , or labeling content, is another key part of the collaborative theme of Web
2.0.
ANS: Tagging.
k) With Internet applications, the desktop evolves to the .
ANS: webtop.
l) involves reworking code to make it clearer and easier to maintain while pre-
serving its functionality.
ANS: Refactoring.
m) With development, individuals and companies contribute their efforts in de-
veloping, maintaining and evolving software in exchange for the right to use that soft-
ware for their own purposes, typically at no charge.
ANS: open source.
n) are used to match specific character patterns in text. They can be used to val-
idate data to ensure that it is in a particular format, to replace parts of one string with
another, or to split a string.
ANS: Regular expressions.
1.2 Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences about the C++ environment.
a) C++ programs are normally typed into a computer using a(n) program.

Exercises 3
ANS: editor.

Exercises 4
b) In a C++ system, a(n) programexecutes before the compiler’s translation
phase begins.
ANS: preprocessor.
c) The program combines the output of the compiler with various library
functions to produce an executable program.
ANS: linker.
d) The programtransfers the executable programfrom disk to memory.
ANS: loader.
1.3 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements (based on Section 1.19):
a) Objects have the property of —although objects may know how to com-
municate with one anotheracross well-defined interfaces, they normally are not allowed
to know how other objects are implemented.
ANS: information hiding.
b) C++ programmers concentrate on creating , which contain data members
and the member functions that manipulate those data members and provide services to
clients.
ANS: classes.
c) Classes can have relationships with other classes. These relationships are called
.
ANS: associations.
d) The process of analyzing and designing a system from an object-oriented point of view
is called .
ANS: object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD).
e) OOD also takes advantage of relationships, where new classes of objects
are derived by absorbing characteristics of existing classes then adding unique charac-
teristics of their own.
ANS: inheritance.
f) is a graphical language that allows people who design software systems to
use an industry-standard notation to represent them.
ANS: The Unified Modeling Language (UML).
g) The size, shape, color and weight of an object are considered of the object.
ANS: attributes.
Exercises
1.4 Categorize each of the following items as either hardware or software:
a) CPU
ANS: hardware.
b) C++ compiler
ANS: software.
c) ALU
ANS: hardware.
d) C++ preprocessor
ANS: software.
e) input unit
ANS: hardware.
f) an editor program

Exercises 5
ANS: software.

Exercises 6
1.5 Why might you want to write a program in a machine-independent language instead of a
machine-dependent language? Why might a machine-dependent language be more appropriate for
writing certain types of programs?
ANS: Machine independent languages are useful for writing programs to be executed on
multiple computer platforms. Machine dependent languages are appropriate for
writing programs to be executed on a single platform.
1.6 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:
a) Which logical unit of the computer receives information from outside the computerfor
use by the computer? .
ANS: input unit.
b) The process of instructing the computer to solve specific problems is called
.
ANS: computer programming.
c) What type of computer language uses English-like abbreviations for machine language
instructions? .
ANS: assembly language.
d) Which logical unit of the computer sends information that has already been processed
by the computer to various devices so that the information may be used outside the
computer? .
ANS: output unit.
e) Which logical units of the computer retain information? .
ANS: memory unit and secondary storage unit.
f) Which logical unit of the computer performs calculations? .
ANS: arithmetic and logical unit.
g) Which logical unit of the computer makes logical decisions? .
ANS: arithmetic and logical unit.
h) The level of computer language most convenient to the programmer for writing pro-
grams quickly and easily is .
ANS: high-level language.
i) The only language that a computer directly understands is called that computer's
.
ANS: machine language.
j) Which logical unit of the computer coordinates the activities of all the other logical
units? .
ANS: central processing unit.
1.7 Why is so much attention todayfocused on object-oriented programming?
ANS: Object-oriented programming enables the programmer to build reusable software
components that model items in the real world. Building software quickly, correctly,
and economically has been an elusive goal in the software industry. The modular, ob-
ject-oriented design and implementation approach has been found to increase pro-
ductivity while reducing development time, errors, and cost.
1.8 Distinguish between the terms fatal error and nonfatal error. Why might you prefer to ex-
perience a fatal error rather than a nonfatal error?
ANS: A fatal error causes a program to terminate prematurely. A nonfatal error occurs when
the logic of the program is incorrect, and the program does not work properly. A fatal
error is preferred for debugging purposes. A fatal error immediately lets you know

Exercises 6
there is a problem with the program, whereas a nonfatal error can be subtle and pos-
sibly go undetected.
1.9 Give a brief answer to each of the following questions:

Making a Difference 5
a) Why does this text discuss structured programming in addition to object-oriented pro-
gramming?
ANS: Objects are composed in part of structured program pieces.
b) What kinds of messages do people send to one another?
ANS: People send messages through body language, speech, writings, e-mail, telephones,
etc.
c) Objects send messages to one another across well-defined interfaces. What interfaces
does a car radio (object) present to its user (a person object)?
ANS: Dials and buttons that allow the user to select a station, adjust the volume, adjust bass
and treble, play a CD or tape, etc.
1.10 (The Watch as an Object) You are probably wearing on your wrist one of the world’s most
common types of objects—a watch. Discuss how each of the following terms and concepts applies
to the notion of a watch: object, attributes, behaviors, class, inheritance (consider, for example, an
alarm clock), encapsulation, interface, information hiding, data members and member functions.
ANS: The entire watch is an object that is composed of many other objects (such as the
moving parts, the band, the face, etc.) Watch attributes are time, color, band, style
(digital or analog), etc. The behaviors of the watch include setting the time and get-
ting the time. A watch can be considered a specific type of clock (as can an alarm
clock). With that in mind, it is possible that a class called Clock could exist from
which other classes such as watch and alarm clock could inherit the basic features of
the clock. The watch is an abstraction of the mechanics needed to keep track of the
time. The user of the watch does not need to know the mechanics of the watch in
order to use it; the user only needs to know how to read the face of the watch and
that the watch keeps the proper time. In this sense, the mechanics of the watch are
encapsulated (hidden) inside the watch. The interface to the watch (its face and con-
trols for setting the time) allows the user to set and get the time. The user is not al-
lowed to directly touch the internal mechanics of the watch. All interaction with the
internal mechanics is controlled by the interface to the watch. The data members
stored in the watch are hidden inside the watch and the member functions (looking
at the face to get the time and setting the time) provide the interface to the data.
1.11 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements (based on Section 1.17):
a) The open source database management system used in LAMP development is
.
ANS: MySQL
b) A key advantage of Software as a Service (SaaS) is .
ANS: When the servers are updated, all clients worldwide see the new capabilities; no local
installation is needed.
c) are proven architectures forconstructing flexible and maintainable object-ori-
ented software.
ANS: Design patterns
d) is the most popular open source server-side “scripting” language for develop-
ing Internet-based applications.
ANS: PHP
Making a Difference

1.12 (Test Drive: Carbon Footprint Calculator) Some scientists believe that carbon emissions,
especially from the burning of fossil fuels, contribute significantly to global warming and that this
can be combatted if individuals take steps to limit their use of carbon-based fuels. Organizations and
individuals are increasingly concerned about their “carbon footprints.” Websites such as TerraPass

www.terrapass.com/carbon-footprint-calculator/
and Carbon Footprint
www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx
provide carbon footprint calculators. Test drive these calculators to determine your carbon foot-
print. Exercises in later chapters will ask you to program your own carbon footprint calculator. To
prepare for this, research the formulas for calculating carbon footprints.
1.13 (Test Drive: Body Mass Index Calculator) By recent estimates, two-thirds of the people in
the United States are overweight and about half of those are obese. This causes significant increases
in illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease. To determine whether a person is overweight or obese,
you can use a measure called the bodymass index (BMI). The United States Department of Health
and Human Services provides a BMI calculator at www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/. Use it to calculate
your own BMI. An exercise in Chapter 2 will ask you to program your own BMI calculator. To pre-
pare for this, research the formulas for calculating BMI.
1.14 (Attributes of Hybrid Vehicles) In this chapter you learned the basics of classes. Now you’ll
begin “fleshing out” aspects of a class called “Hybrid Vehicle.” Hybrid vehicles are becoming in-
creasingly popular, because they often get much better mileage than purely gasoline-powered vehi-
cles. Browse the web and study the features of four or five of today’s popular hybrid cars, then list
as many of their hybrid-related attributes as you can. For example, common attributes include city-
miles-per-gallon and highway-miles-per-gallon. Also list the attributes of the batteries (type, weight,
etc.).
ANS:
• Manufacturer
• Type of Hybrid—Battery hybrid (Hybrid Electric Vehicles), Plug-in hybrid, Fuel cell etc.
• Driverfeedback system—so the driver can monitor fuel efficiency based on their driving
• Energy recovery—for example, regenerative breaking
• Carbon footprint—tons of CO2 per year
• Fuel capacity
• City-miles-per-gallon
• Highway-miles-per-gallon
• Two-mode hybrid propulsion system
• Engine size—V6, V8, etc.
• Vehicle type—SUV, crossover, compact, mid-size, etc.
• Seating capacity
• Horse power
• Drive train (front wheel drive, all wheel drive)
• Top speed
• Torque
• Price
1.15 (Gender Neutrality) Manypeople want to eliminate sexism in all forms of communication.
You’ve been asked to create a program that can process a paragraph of text and replace gender-spe-
cific words with gender-neutral ones. Assuming that you’ve been given a list of gender-specific

words and their gender-neutral replacements (e.g., replace “wife” by “spouse,” “man” by “person,”
“daughter” by “child” and so on), explain the procedure you’d use to read through a paragraph of
text and manually perform these replacements. How might your procedure generate a strange term

like “woperchild?” In Chapter 3, you’ll learn that a more formal term for “procedure” is “algo-
rithm,” and that an algorithm specifies the steps to be performed and the order in which to perform
them.
ANS: Search through the entire paragraph for a word such as “wife” and replace every oc-
currence with “spouse.” Repeat this searching process for every gender specific word
in the list. You could accidentally get a word like “woperchild” if you are not careful
about how you perform replacements. For example, the word “man” can be part of
a larger word, like “woman.” So, replacing everyoccurrence of “man” can yield
strange results. Consider the process of replacing “man” with “person” then replacing
“son” with “child.” If you encounter the word “woman,” which contains the word
“man,” you’d replace “man” with “person” resulting in the word “woperson.” In a
subsequent pass you’d encounter “woperson” and replace “son” with “child” result-
ing in the “woperchild.”

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents

The Times' "Bee-Master," whose letters from Tunbridge Wells
have awakened so much interest in this pleasing pursuit, also
commissioned us to exhibit a "super," produced under his own
management in that locality. Mr. S. B. Fox, at Exeter, had, upwards,
of 400 lbs; of honey, of excellent quality, though one of his apiaries is
quite within the city.
The last has been an excellent honey-yielding season; our own
bees, at Dorking, Surrey, have produced us large quantities, and the
accounts from nearly all parts of the country coincide in stating that
the bees have, in the years 1864 and 1865; enjoyed unusual
opportunities for accumulation. In not a few localities, the season of
1863 was even more abundant.
WASPS AND MOTHS.
Bees, have few enemies more formidable, than wasps. The most
effectual method of checking their invasion of hives is to have, as
narrow an entrance, as the bees can do with. If a stock be not, very
weak in numbers, the bees will be well able to guard a small
aperture, and can repel the attacks of those insidious, and merciless
robbers. On this account, the entrance to our cottager-hive, as
described at page 74, may be used.
The bee-keeper is interested in preventing the increase of wasps;
it is, therefore, a good practice for him to set a price on queen-wasps
in the spring the death of one of them at that time being equivalent to
the destruction of a whole nest.
Should nests be found in the neighbourhood of an apiary, their
annihilation must be accomplished, either by blowing them up with
gunpowder, an operation well understood by most country, lads, or
any, other effectual method. The late Mr. Payne recommended, that
a small quantity of gas tar should be put into the mouth of a wasps'
nest, and if then covered with earth, the total destruction of the
wasps will be accomplished without further trouble. But to use
blazing straw for the purpose is always dangerous in country
districts. We have lately heard of a very ingenious and successful

mode of entrapping and killing wasps. Place some sugar or strongly-
sweetened compound on the ground in a garden, and place over it a
square hand-glass, wedged up an inch or so all round. On this glass,
which should have an opening at the apex, lodge another, but a
sound one. The wasps, attracted, by the sweets, will soon crowd
under the lower glass, and, when they have well feasted, will ascend
into the upper one; there, between the two, they soon become
scorched and perish by the heat of the sun shining on the outer
glass.
The season of 1864 was most productive for the increase of
these prime pests of the apiary, and many hives have severely
suffered by their depredations. When once wasps in any number
have gained an entrance into a hive, the bees can seldom eject
them, and the invaders generally remain until they have freely
regaled themselves from the luscious store. They not only consume
the honey, but cause a good deal of worry to the legitimate
inhabitants of the hive, as well as killing the foremost defenders of it.
Wasps being much superior in strength, it requires at least three
bees to master one of them.
Having suffered loss in our own apiary from the attacks of wasps,
we feel it desirable to give a detailed account of our troubles from
that cause. A Ligurian stock was besieged and worried by wasps to
such an extent, that the bees deserted it on the 5th of September,
1864. Fortunately, the bees chose a time for their departure just as
we visited the apiary. An unusual turmoil was heard in the hive, such
as is experienced at the time of swarming, and on immediately
examining the entrance, we observed that the bees were quitting in
tumultuous haste. The usual methods that induce bees to settle were
tried—amongst others, that of throwing sand up into the air, so that it
should fall down amongst the bees on the wing; but they were
dispersed in disorder, and their flight extended over three adjacent
gardens. We only discovered the clustered bees by diligent search,
as the sequel will show. Permission being asked of our next-door
neighbour, we searched his garden to see if our bees had alighted
there; but found that they had passed over. Making a similar
application to the owner of the garden adjoining, we entered, having

a straw hive in hand, but no bees were there. After looking diligently
all round, and climbing the wall, thereby gaining a view of the third
garden, we perceived in it unmistakable signs of an unwonted
commotion. The occupiers of the house were intently looking at a
particular part of the garden, and there was a dust-pan and a key,
with which the master had been "tanging the bees," to induce them
to settle. We quickly made for the proper entrance to the garden, and
soon discovered our little wanderers clustered to a large flower-vase.
Our neighbours, however, were sadly disappointed of their prize, for
the gardener had hastily been dispatched into the town to purchase
a hive for the welcome colonists. In depriving our neighbours of a so
unexpected and cheaply-acquired treasure, we could sympathise
with their regret, having been much disheartened half an hour before
at our own loss; but, of course, we could do no other than claim our
own bees. We gladly agreed to defray the expense of the straw hive
that had been purchased for the sake of our truant swarm. After
brushing the bees into the hive, and leaving it propped up with a
stick, in order that the stray ones might join, we returned home for an
hour or so, to give them time to settle. Judge of our vexation when,
on returning to fetch the hive home, we found that the refractory
creatures had again taken flight, and that all the work was to do over
again. The wasps were not to blame for this second flight of the
Ligurians; we judged that the swarm had been disturbed by visits
from a colony of bees that we discovered were living the life of
outlaws under the roof of an adjoining house. Although much
disheartened and perplexed, we at once renewed our search, and,
upon inquiry, found that the missing bees had taken a southerly
course across the turnpike road, and it was therefore necessary to
ask permission to search the gardens of the houses opposite. From
one of these we observed, on looking through the hedge, that the
inhabitants of the' next house were on the qui vive. On inquiring
whether they had seen a colony of bees, the wary old dame replied
that she "had no bees but her own," and added that "they were very
much excited." Having asked permission to go through the hedge to
look at her bees, we soon discovered our Ligurians on the top of the
old lady's bee-house. There was no difficulty in identifying our own
bees; their yellow rings were as good as a private mark. Quickly

hiving the swarm, we took them home, and replaced them in the hive
they had quitted. It was almost destitute of honey; but by liberal
feeding, and lessening the entrance so that only one bee at a time
could find ingress or egress, we succeeded in inducing them to rest
in their old home. Thus nearly half a day's exertion was needed to
save a fine colony, which would otherwise have been utterly lost by
the power of the relentless wasps.
Much watchfulness is needed to prevent the loss of swarms, and
the foregoing incident may serve to suggest the necessity of having
hives so located as to be constantly within view, either from the
dining-room, or of those whose duties oblige them to be near the
apiary. If we had not happened to be at hand at the moment this
colony started, it would have been irretrievably lost to us. Many
swarms and colonies are lost, simply because the departure takes
place without anyone witnessing it. Let us hope that runaway bees
may always fall into the hands of those who are as capable of taking
care of them as our neighbours appeared to be on the occasion we
have described.
Other formidable enemies of bees are moths. These insects are
creatures of the night, as the wasps are of the day, and they make
their way into the hives under cover of darkness, in spite of the bee-
sentinels. They deposit their eggs in any crevices in or near the hive
that they can find. There the warmth of the hive, or of the sheltered
situation, causes the eggs speedily, to hatch, and then the maggots
soon work their way to the comb and larvæ food, which they greedily
devour, thereby often bringing about the gradual but certain
destruction of the whole community of bees. The best method of,
keeping moths outside the hives is to lessen the entrance, as before
alluded to. Also, in the early spring, the hives should be lifted from
their floor-boards, which must then be made thoroughly clean; and
all crevices and corners about the hive and stand should be scraped,
so as to get rid of all eggs of moths and other insects before the
warm weather hatches them or enables them to do mischief. The
bee-moth is not so troublesome in England as it is in America and
some parts of Germany; but still its encroachments should be
carefully guarded against in this country, for if not, it may easily

increase to a very serious extent. In the season of 1865, wasps were
as few as they were numerous the preceding year; their paucity was
attributable either to frosts in May or to heavy rains in June, which
destroyed them in their nests. In general, wasps are great
depredators of wall-fruit, but, in the autumn before mentioned, the
bees occupied the wasps' foraging-ground. Perhaps never in the
memory of bee-keepers did bees feast upon fruit in the same
manner. Various reasons have been assigned for this unusual
occurrence; some thought that as there were so few wasps the bees
were unmolested, and enjoyed the saccharine matter in the fruit
without let or hindrance—for bees are about as partial to the
company of wasps as mice are to that of rats. Other bee-keepers
remarked the sudden and early termination of the honey-gathering,
and conjectured that the bees, being anxious to make up their winter
store, endeavoured to bring home nectar from the fruit because the
weather was unusually fine. There was one feature which is worth
remarking: as far as our observation extended, the bees did not, like
the wasps, break the skin of sound fruit, but were satisfied with
lapping the juice of the ripe fruit that had the skin already broken.
An unusual amount of robbing and fighting occurred in the
autumn of 1865; the weather remaining fine and warm, and the
honey having all but ceased in the flowers, the bees began to assail
each other's hives, as usual, the strong attacking the weak. In most
years, this spirit of depredation exists, and the bee-keeper should be
on his guard not to tempt the avarice of bees' by exposing honey,
either in the comb or liquid, and also to be very tardy of opening bar
and frame hives at this time of year. If needful to do so (soon after
sunrise is the safest, because there will be few bees about), take the
hive to a quiet corner of the garden, many yards away from the other
hives, and do what is requisite speedily, so as not to expose the
honey to the scent of a host of robbers, who will most
unceremoniously pillage, and cause a terrible commotion. This
caution will also be necessary to be kept in view when removing
supers. In fact, many liberties that may be taken with bees when
they are busy in the gathering season will most wofully disturb an

apiary in August or September; and this plundering spirit may exist
even in October.[27]
[27] In the spring of the year, great care is also needful as
regards feeding and in opening hives.
DRAINING HONEY FROM THE COMBS.
Those of our readers who prefer eating "run honey" to honey in
the comb may be glad of some instruction as to the best way of
separating the two. For this purpose, it is better to let the honey run
without squeezing, in order to preserve both its transparency and
flavour.
Take a sharp knife, and slice the combs on both sides, keeping
the knife parallel with the partition wall, so that every cell may be laid
open. Place these broken combs in a sieve, or on a piece of muslin
stretched across and tied round the opening of a pan or large-
mouthed jar. Allow the honey to flow out of the combs
spontaneously, and reserve the squeezing process for a separate
jar, so that the honey of the first drained jar may be perfectly pure,
both in appearance and flavour. That which has pressure put on it
will be waxy in flavour and thick. Some persons recommend that the
opened combs be placed in the sun, as the heat will cause the
honey to run more freely. The great disadvantage of this is, the
temptation the honey offers to bees, who will be eager to gain a
share. Honey, whilst in the combs, keeps remarkably well when left
in the supers; if cut out, the combs should be folded in writing-paper,
and sealed up, so as to effectually prevent the free entrance of air:
they should then be placed in a warm, dry closet.
Honey, like most vegetable products, should be fresh every year.
It may easily be kept from one season to another; but when kept
beyond that time, unless very carefully stored in a warm
temperature, it will crystallize in the comb, and it is liable to ferment
when in jars separated from the comb.
DISEASES OF BEES.

Dysentery is a disease produced either by long confinement, by
dampness, or by feeding in the winter. The first thing bees do when
disturbed is to fill themselves with food, so that in winter weather,
when they cannot get out to void their fæces, hives should not be
meddled with, otherwise the complaint may be brought on. It is also
engendered in many instances by the state of the weather in winter
months, and is indicated by the yellow colour of the excrement, and
by its being voided upon the floors and at the entrance of the hives,
which bees in a healthy state generally keep clean. All, that can be
done for them when affected is to well clean or to change the floor-
board, and so produce cleanliness. Having made some remarks on
this disease at page 214, in connection with bees sent to Australia,
we will pass on to the more formidable, but happily less common,
malady of "foul brood."
This disease does not attack the bees themselves, but affects the
larvæ, by causing them to putrefy in the cells, thus destroying all
hope of the rising generation. Bees are exceedingly fond of their
young, and are greatly dispirited when their hives are in this plight. In
common with most pestilential disorders, no satisfactory cause is
assigned for its first appearance. Some apiarians contend, that "foul
brood" is another name for chilled, brood; others, that the queen, by
a freak of nature, deposits some of her eggs the wrong way
upwards, and that these putrefy in the cells and contaminate the
others. Whatever may be the origin, one thing is very certain, "it is
catching;" there is, however, in the circumstance of the adult bees
and of those about emerging from the cells not being injuriously
affected thereby, a great help to its eradication, as will presently be
shown.
There are two kinds of foul brood—one is moist and fœtid, the
other is dry and not contagious, the brood merely drying up in the
cells, and, from its partial character, is probably within the power of
the bees themselves to overcome. In the former, instead of drying
up, the brood remains dark and slimy in the cells, and emits a most
unpleasant odour, perceptible at some distance from the hive.
In the year 1848, Pastor Dzierzon lost a large number of stocks
from this disease; he, however, was enabled to banish it from his

apiary, and communicated to a German bee-journal very wholesome
advice, which Mr. Langstroth quotes, and from which we make an
extract:—"When the malady makes its appearance in only two or
three of the colonies, and is discovered early (which may readily be
done in hives having movable combs), it can be arrested and cured
without damage or diminution of profit. To prevent the disease from
spreading in a colony, there is no more reliable and efficient process
than to stop the production of brood; for where no brood
exists, none can perish or putrefy. The disease is thus deprived both
of its aliment and its subjects. The healthy brood will mature and
emerge in due time, and the putrid matter remaining in a few cells
will dry up and be removed by the workers. All this will certainly
result from a well-timed removal of the queen from such colonies. If
such removal becomes necessary in the spring or early part of the
summer, a supernumerary queen is thereby obtained, by means of
which an artificial colony may be started, which will certainly be
healthy if the bees and brood used be taken from healthy colonies.
Should the removal be made in the latter part of summer, the
useless production of brood will at once be stopped and an
unnecessary consumption of honey prevented. Thus, in either case,
we are gainers by the operation."
In cases where the disease assumes a more malignant character
—in other words, "has got ahead," through "not being nipped in the
bud,"—it will be well to take notice of another quotation from Mr.
Langstroth's book:—"In the spring or summer, when the weather is
fine and pasturage abounds, the following cure is recommended by
a German apiarian:—'Drive out the bees into any clean, hive, and
shut them up in a dark place without food for twenty-four hours;
prepare for them a clean hive, properly fitted up with comb from
healthy colonies; transfer the bees into it, and confine them two days
longer, feeding them with pure honey.'"
Mr. Woodbury's apiary was severely attacked by this disease in
the spring and summer of 1863. The writer happened to be on a visit
to him at this juncture, and witnessed him withdrawing infected
combs from hives that were literally masses of corruption, the brood-
cells of which, on being opened with a pointed instrument, revealed

the dark brown slimy matter before alluded to, and from which arose
a most unpleasant smell. Mr. Woodbury communicated to the
Journal of Horticulture, of July 21, 1863, an exact and graphic
account of his misfortunes, headed "A Dwindling Apiary." Finding
that the removal of the putrid matter must be simultaneously effected
and the bees driven out and placed in hives that had undergone a
complete purification, Mr. Woodbury set about endeavouring to
accomplish his object, and was so far successful, that he was able to
furnish an article to the before-named journal of August 4th, under
the more cheerful title of "Convalescent," in which he says: "First, let
me indorse the opinions both of Dzierzon and Rothe, that, except
under very especial circumstances, it is unadvisable to attempt the
cure of a foul-breeding stock: better, far better, to consign its
inhabitants to the brimstone pit; the hive itself, if a straw one, to the
flames; the comb to the melting pot; and appropriate the honey to
any purpose, except that of feeding bees."
Mr. Woodbury further says: "Before starting, it was requisite to
insure the transfer of the bees to unpolluted hives; and here I found
that Dzierzon declares that every hive that has contained a foul-
breeding colony should be exposed to the sun and air for two years
before being re-stocked. In my own case, this was simply
impossible, and I therefore adopted the practice of another German
writer on the subject, viz., to scrape out the hive very carefully, wash
it all over with a saturated solution of chloride of lime, keeping it
closely shut up for twenty-four hours, and then, after thoroughly
washing it with clean water, exposing it to the sun and air until the
smell of the disinfectant had passed off. This method has the
advantage of enabling one to use a wooden hive again after a lapse
of a couple of days, and is, I believe, thoroughly effectual."
Mr. Woodbury then captured the queen, secured her in a "cage,"
and placed her in a clean empty hive; all her bees were brushed
from their combs into it as rapidly as possible, in order to prevent
their carrying much of the infected honey with them, whilst the
combs themselves were set draining out of the bees' reach, and
consigned as quickly as possible to the melting pot. After the lapse
of three or four days, the queen (still imprisoned) and bees were

again transferred to another clean hive, furnished with a few pure
combs, and in this they were suffered to remain, their queen being
released in a day or two, as soon as they appeared contentedly
settled. Mr. Woodbury gives another important hint that operations of
this kind with tainted combs should be performed out of reach of
robber-bees from adjacent hives, lest they should carry the infection
to their respective houses. By the before-mentioned process, Mr.
Woodbury succeeded in completely extirpating foul brood from his
apiary in 1863, and has had no return of it since. English apiarian
writers have made so little allusion to this disorder, that some of our
older bee-keepers contend that modern hives and foreign bees have
something to do with bringing it about. To show that the disease
made its appearance in former days, there is a chapter on this
subject in Bonner's "Bee-Keeper's Companion," published at
Berwick, in 1798, entitled, "An uncommon Disaster which
sometimes, though rarely, happens to Bees," which Mr. Woodbury
quotes at length in the Journal of Horticulture. Bonner, after
recounting therein his observations of the dwindling state of his
apiary for which he could not account, says: "He saw plainly that the
young were all going backward in the cells, and that he looked down
between the combs, but was unable to proceed for the stench that
the rotten maggots produced." Mr. Langstroth writes that "Aristotle
speaks of a disease which was accompanied with a disgusting smell,
so that there is reason to believe that foul brood was known two
thousand years ago."
When we take into consideration how sorely our farmers are
perplexed by the cattle plague, known as the rinderpest, concerning
which so many conflicting opinions exist (and the same may be said
of the recommendations for its cure), can we wonder that our little
favourites should occasionally be liable to disorders of this sort,
which puzzle even experienced bee-keepers? In the hope of allaying
unnecessary alarm, we would just add that "foul brood" is not a very
general complaint, and, so far as our observation extends, has been
most fatal in large experimental apiaries, where extensive
propagation has necessarily had to be pushed forward. With the
experience and advice already gained, this disorder may now be
said to be deprived of its terrors.

GENERAL REMARKS.
Every bee-keeper should be a book-keeper; that is, so far as to
have a permanent record of the events of the apiary and the fortunes
of his bees. A book similar to a tradesman's journal would be very
suitable for the purpose. In it he should note down the date of the
first swarm of the season especially, and those of the other swarms
also; and in autumn, the quantity of honey taken from each hive
should be entered, with remarks on the probable size of the various
stocks. These particulars will not only be interesting for the bee-
keeper to turn to in winter, but will be of practical service in enabling
him to know the exact age and probable strength of each stock. The
bee-book may also be contrived to show the total amount of honey
that the bees have produced for their owner, and the net money
profit of the apiary. A simple and clear account like this—provided,
by the bye, that it does show a satisfactory balance—will be very
useful for inducing cottagers and farm-labourers to start bee-
keeping. Nothing like ocular demonstration for this class. The
"humane" apiarian will reason with them in vain, until he shows them
a monster "skep" of honey, and mentions the price that it will fetch in
the market When convinced that the depriving system will pay, the
cottager will gladly adopt it.
A writer in the Quarterly Review gives the following good advice:
—"Don't bore the cottager with long lectures; don't heap upon him
many little books; but give him a hive of the best construction, show
him the management, and then buy his honey; buy all he brings,
even though you should have to give the surplus to some gardenless
widow. But only buy such as comes from an improved hive—and you
cannot easily be deceived in this,—one which preserves the bees
and betters the honey. Then, when you pay him, you may read to
him, if you will, the wise rules of old Butler, exempli gratiâ:—
"'If thou wilt have the favour of thy bees that they sting thee
not, thou must not be unchaste or uncleanly; thou must
not come among them with a stinking breath, caused
either though eating of leeks, onions, or garlic, or by
any other means, the noisomeness whereof is

corrected by a cup of beer; thou must not be given to
surfeiting or drunkenness; thou must not come puffing
or blowing unto them, neither hastily stir among them,
nor violently defend thyself when they seem to threaten
thee; but, softly moving by, thy hand before thy face,
gently put them by; and, lastly, thou must be no
stranger to them. In a word (or rather in five words), be
chaste, sweet, sober, quiet, familiar; so they will love
thee and know thee from all others.'"
Allusion having been made to the profit that may be gained by
the judicious management of bees, we will illustrate that point by
relating an anecdote of a certain French curé.[28] It is one which may
be suggestive to some of the rural clergy in this country, who might
almost as easily keep an apiary as they do a garden or an orchard.
[28] This story, in a disguised form, or, as the writer would say,
an improved form, was quoted in the Cornhill Magazine some
time ago. In transforming the bee-keeping curé into an English
clergyman, the effect was cleverly enhanced, especially as to the
dismay of the decorous English prelate in hearing that his poor
brother in the Church had turned "manufacturer;" but then the
vraisemblance of the story, as we have it, was destroyed.
A good French bishop, in paying his annual visit to his clergy,
was very much afflicted by the representations they made to him of
their extreme poverty, which, indeed, the appearance of their houses
and families corroborated. Deploring the sad state of things which
had reduced them to such a condition, he arrived at the house of a
curate, who, living amongst a poorer set of parishioners than any he
had yet visited, would, he feared, be in a still more woful plight than
the rest. Contrary, however, to his expectations, he found the
appearance of this remote parsonage to be superior to those he had
already visited. Everything about the house wore the aspect of
comfort and plenty. The good bishop was amazed. "How is this, my
friend?" said he; "you are the first pastor I have met with having a
cheerful face and a plentiful board! Have you any income
independent of your cure?" "Yes, sire," said the pastor, "I have: my
family would starve on the pittance I receive from the poor people

that I instruct. If you will walk into the garden, I will show you the
stock that yields me such excellent interest." On going into the
garden, he showed the bishop a long range of bee-hives. "There,"
said he, "is the bank from which I draw an annual dividend, and it is
one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey enabled him
almost to dispense with the use of sugar, leaving him a considerable
quantify for disposal in the market; of the coarser portions he made a
tolerable substitute for wine, and the sale of the wax nearly paid his
shoemaker's bill. Ever afterwards, when any of the clergy
complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to them, "Keep
bees! keep bees!" In this succinct advice—extending it to laity as
well as clergy in rural districts—we heartily join, believing that in this
country a ten-fold greater number of hives might be successfully kept
than are now established.
In a very practical sense, the oft-repeated lines of Gray are
strictly true:—
"Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
And waste its sweetness on the desert air."
An apiary in the garden of every village clergyman would afford the
means of economising this unclaimed bounty of Providence.
An amusing, instance of the fondness of bears for honey is
related by a Muscovite ambassador to Rome, in the "Feminine
Monarchie; written out of Experience by Charles Butler. Printed in
the Year 1609,"—a quaint, but sensible work:—
"A neighbour of mine (saith he), in searching in the woods
for honey, slipped down into a great hollow tree, and
there sunk into a lake of honey up to the breast; where
—when he had stuck fast two days, calling and crying
out in vain for help, because nobody in the meanwhile,
came nigh that solitary place—at length, when he was
out of all hope of life, he was strangely delivered by the
means of a great bear, which, coming thither about the
same business that he did, and smelling the honey,
stirred with his striving, clambered up to the top of the

tree, and then began to lower himself down backwards
into it. The man bethinking himself, and knowing that
the worst was but death—which in that place he was
sure of—beclipt the bear fast with both his hands about
the loins, and withal made an outcry as loud as he
could. The bear being thus suddenly affrighted, what
with the handling and what with the noise, made-up
again with all speed possible. The man held, and the
bear pulled, until, with main force, he had drawn him
out of the mire; and then being let go, away he trots,
more afeared than hurt, leaving the smeared swain in
joyful fear."
Bees may be very inexpensively and profitably kept in the
cottager's hive (see page 80), which will be found a very productive
one. It is true that it has not the appliances of windows and bell-
glasses; for the cottager is not supposed so much to care for his
hives as a source of amusement; his object in bee-keeping is simply
the profit it may bring. For those of our readers who wish to have
united the facility, of observing the bees with that of the plentiful
production of honey, we would especially recommend the improved
cottage hive, described at page 69. If inclined to go to a little further
expense, the hives described at pages 51, 62, 77, and 84, all afford
constant opportunity for inspection of the bees, and allow of their
working freely in the most natural manner. The Stewarton hive (page
109) is also a favourite with those who give the preference to honey,
stored in boxes, although the opportunities for observation are not so
great as with some others.
There are few hobbies which cost so little outlay as the keeping
of bees! Once the "plant" of hives is purchased, there is little, if any,
additional expense, and always a probability of a fair return. If honey
be obtainable, the bees will find it; they work for nothing, and provide
themselves, with sustenance, requiring only a very little labour from
their keepers, and that labour of a pleasing and instructive, kind.
To the advanced and skilful apiarian we would especially
commend the use of the bar and frame hives. With these, as we
have attempted to show, the bee-keeper has a full command over

his hives and bees. Many mistakes, it is true, have been made by
uninitiated bee-keepers in using the more elaborate hives. Being
struck with the remarkable facilities afforded by these superior hives
for the extraction of any one comb, and, perhaps, fascinated with
their easy sway over so highly-organized a community, these new-
fangled bee-keepers have acquired a habit of perpetually and
incautiously meddling with the bees. The inevitable results in such
cases are, distress to the bees, impoverishment of the stocks, and
loss and vexation to the over-zealous apiarian. All these things may
be avoided, if it is remembered that there are first steps in bee-
keeping, as well as in chemistry, croquet, or cricket. In bee-keeping,
as in floriculture, it is a great point to know when to "let well alone."
There is no florist, however anxious for a prize, who would be
continually pulling up his plants to see how their roots were growing.
Doubtless, the full control which the bars and frames afford over the
inmost recesses of the hives is a great temptation to the bee-keeper;
but if he yields too readily to it, he will imperil his chance of profit and
deprive himself of that continuous source of interest which a
judicious apiarian always enjoys.
Many persons who are well-informed on most subjects are
extraordinarily ignorant of the natural history of bees and the
economy of the bee-hive. Perhaps we might venture to suggest that
more pains should be taken at schools, or by parents, to inform
young persons on this, in connexion with kindred subjects. As an
amusing illustration of the ignorance referred to, we transcribe an
order we received a short time since from a seminary in the north of
England. The young gentleman thus writes:—"Master —— presents
his compliments to Messrs. Neighbour, and begs they will send him
a swarm of bees; he encloses six postage stamps, and hopes they
will send him a good swarm." This embryo naturalist was evidently of
a mercantile turn, and had a mind to buy in the cheapest market, for
in a postscript he adds:—"Please let it be fourpence, if you can!" We
need scarcely say that, in reply, we endeavoured to enlighten our
juvenile correspondent as to what constituted a swarm of bees, and
returned the stamps, with our thanks.

Much superstition has existed, and, in some quarters, still exists,
among the poor respecting bees. If a death occurs in the family of
the bee-owner, these superstitious folk consider it needful to make
the bees aware of the bereavement by "waking" them; that is, by
giving a few raps at the entrance, and audibly announcing the
circumstance. If this be not done, "no luck," say they, will come of the
bees the following season. Last summer, even near the metropolis,
we heard a cottager bemoaning to his neighbour "his bad luck with
his bees," when the other replied, "Ah! no wonder; you never 'waked'
your bees when your wife died; what can you expect if you omit such
needful duty?" In many parts of France, as well as here, it is a
custom on such occasions to put the bees into mourning, by placing
black crape or some such material round the hives. Bees also
receive intelligence when a marriage or a christening takes place: in
these cases, the hives are draped with red cloth. In fact, it is
considered an essential element of "good luck" to inform the bees of
any remarkable circumstance that occurs in the family of the bee-
keeper. How would these good people manage with the newly-
imported foreign bees, for they can hardly be expected to have
learned our "lingo"? This difficulty is, however, not "likely" to be
experienced, for it is to be hoped that intelligent bee-keepers do not
believe in such nonsense. Fancy a man in this nineteenth century
haranguing his bees after the above-mentioned fashion! Mr.
Langstroth says that "some superstitious folk in America assert that
the bees sometimes take the loss of their master so much to heart
as to alight upon the coffin whenever it is exposed." A clergyman told
him that he attended a funeral where, as soon as the coffin was
brought from the house, the bees gathered on it so much as to excite
alarm. Some years after this occurrence, being engaged in
varnishing a table, the bees alighted upon it in such numbers as to
convince the clergyman that love of the varnish on the outside,
rather than any respect for the deceased within, was the occasion of
their conduct at the funeral. Mr. Langstroth adds: "How many
superstitions, believed even by intelligent persons, might be as
easily explained, if it were possible to ascertain as fully all the facts
connected with them?" Another infatuation is, that you should on no
account part with your bees for silver money—only for gold. This is

so far sensible, that it ensures a respectable price. Certain credulous
bee-keepers cannot, on any account; be induced to part with their
bees for money; they will barter, but not sell,—to sell bees is, in their
view, to lay themselves open to evil fortune. If these apprehensions
are correct, our punishment will be a severe one, for we have been
great offenders in that way, and seem likely to go on sinning.
It is scarcely necessary to add that, with the increase of
education, such superstitions and fancies are becoming less and
less, and will soon, it is hoped, be ranked amongst the follies of
bygone days.
The culture of bees would be greatly promoted if a knowledge of
it were considered necessary as one of the regular qualifications of a
gardener. So little time is needed to gain the skill requisite for the
tendance of an apiary, that it seems only reasonable to expect it of a
well-taught gardener, and he should feel a pleasure in the
circumstance of its forming a part of his duties. In Germany, where a
country gentleman's table is kept constantly supplied with fresh
honey, the gardeners are expected to understand the management
of hives; and in Bavaria, modern bee-culture is taught in the colleges
to all the horticultural students. Travellers in Switzerland will call to
mind the almost invariable practice of placing new honey on the
breakfast tables at hotels in that country.
Some writers on bee-culture attach much importance to the
particular position in which an apiary stands, and the aspect towards
which it faces. A southern, or rather a south-eastern aspect, is the
one which we have already recommended. Our reason for this
preference is, that we deem it very important for the bees to have the
first of the morning sun. Bees are early risers, and should have every
inducement given them for the maintenance of so excellent a
practice. A few years since, many strong opinions were expressed in
favour of a northern aspect for hives. The chief reason given for
those opinions, though very plausible, appears to us to be a very
partial and inadequate one. It was said that, when the hives face the
south, the bees may, like the incautious swallow in the fable, be
tempted to fly abroad in the transient winter sunshine, and then
perish in the freezing atmosphere when a passing cloud intervenes.

But it is a very easy matter, if considered needful, to screen the
entrance by fixing up matting so as to intercept the rays of the sun.
At our own apiary we make no alteration in winter, under the belief
that the bees will take care of themselves and that they seldom
venture out when the weather is unsuitable.
With hives exposed in the open garden, it is a good practice to
wind hay-bands round them in frosty weather, as such a protection
enables the bees to resist the cold.
When a thaw occurs, everything, both in and out of doors, has a
great deal of dampness about it. The combs of a hive are not exempt
from this, so that it is advisable to have slight upward ventilation in
winter. Holes the size of a pin's head allow of the escape of a good
deal of bad air, which is generated by the exhalations of the bees, as
well as by the dampness before referred to. These holes, being
small, do not create sufficient draught through the hives to be
pernicious; if closed up by propolis, they are readily reopened with a
pin. With wooden hives in winter, a bell-glass is often found to be
useful; it should be placed over the hole in the crown-board, with a
zinc trough to receive the condensed moisture.
In summer, bees do much towards ventilating their own stock-
hives. The observant apiarian will not fail to remark how, on a warm
day, several of the little creatures will stand at the entrance, with their
abdomens sightly raised and their twinkling wings in rapid motion,
producing a current of air inwards; while another set are engaged in
like manner, driving the bad air out, so that a supply of pure oxygen
is conveyed to the crowded inmates. In this fanning operation their
wings vibrate with such rapidity, that their shape is as indistinct as
are the spokes of a wheel when revolving in rapid centrifugal motion.
This important office entails great physical exertion on the part of
the bees, and they relieve each other in detachments.
Fine colonies are sometimes destroyed by the entrance-way
becoming stopped by some impediment or other, and care is
requisite to keep a watch, that so fatal a catastrophe does not
happen, because the bees (unless where very ample ventilation is
given), excited by their imprisonment, make matters worse, by

raising the temperature of their hive to such a pitch, that the combs
melt from their foundations, and the bees themselves are suffocated,
presenting, alas! a most woful spectacle to witness.
We give this hint because, having ourselves suffered from a
similar cause when workmen have been employed in the vicinity of
hives, these gentlemen, thoughtless of the welfare of the bees, but
most careful of their own convenience, placed a piece of wood
across, or otherwise stopped, the entrances, to prevent the bees
coming out. In summer weather a very short time of confinement in a
close hive suffices to complete the work of desolation; but should the
bee-keeper's attention be drawn to such a state of things, he must
immediately raise the hive from its floor-board, and let the poor bees
have all the air possible, leaving them thus exposed for the purpose
of affording them a chance of revival. When bees are likely to
incommode those whose duties temporarily oblige them to be near
the entrances, it is better to move the hives a few paces (for less
loss will be experienced), or else let the workmen cover their faces
with net. The foregoing remarks more particularly apply to the
summer season. In winter or in the spring, when the weather is cool
and the bees are not so numerous, hives may be shut up even for a
day or so without much ventilation, and but little harm will arise
therefrom.
When we send away stocks or swarms, we are always careful to
pack them so as to allow of a full current of air, in order that they may
travel even in the hottest weather.
Some bee-keepers find an adapting-board convenient for placing
underneath straw supers, as it facilitates their removal. These
boards are made of mahogany half an inch thick, with a hole in the
centre corresponding with that in the stock-hive. We do not consider
it necessary to fix cross sticks in the straw stock-hives, as is
frequently done; but if the apiarian prefers to have his hives so
furnished, there is no serious objection to it. These observations
refer to our cottager's hive (page 80).
There is another little matter of detail that should be named here;
that is, the necessity of the bee-keeper always having a common

hive in readiness near the bees, so as to be able to secure any
swarm which may unexpectedly start.
Here our pleasant task must close. We trust that all information
has been given that is needful to enable the practical bee-keeper to
begin business and the scientific apiarian to extend his observations.
By way of illustrating the two characters combined, we will quote
another simple idyll, by the German bee-keeper, Herr Braun, whose
winter musings we have already presented to the reader:—
ON THE FIRST FLIGHT OF BEES IN SPRING.
[From the German of Adalbert Braun.]
By "A Devonshire Bee-keeper."
Hark! what is so gaily humming
In the little garden there?
Hark! what is so briskly whizzing
Through the still and silent air?
Friend, it is our bees—the darlings—
Now enliven'd by the spring;
Yes, the winter is departed,
And once more they're on the wing.
Happy he, who winter's perils
All his stocks brings safely through;
Thank Him, of all good the Giver—
Faithful Watchman He, and true.
Of my own are none departed,
All as yet unhurt remain;
Though no longer rich in honey,

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