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Chapter 1 Systems Analysis and Design Instructor’s Manual 1-1
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Solution Manual for Systems Analysis and Design 8th
Edition by Kendall
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Chapter 1
Systems, Roles, and Development
Methodologies
Key Points and Objectives
1. Information is an organizational resource that must be managed as carefully as other resources.
2. Information systems fall into one of the following eight categories:
A. Transaction processing systems (TPS) process large volumes of data, routine business
transactions.
B. Office automation systems (OAS) manipulate information and share it throughout the
organization. Software, such as spreadsheets, word processing, email, teleconferencing
and so on are routinely used in OAS.
C. Knowledge work systems (KWS) help professionals to develop new knowledge, often in
teams.
D. Management information systems (MIS) are computerized information systems that
support a broader range of business functions than do data processing systems.
E. Decision support systems (DSS) are information systems that help support decision
makers in making semi-structured decisions.
F. Expert systems capture the expertise of a human expert or experts for solving particular
organizational problems.
G. Artificial intelligence research is part of expert systems and has two avenues:
understanding natural language and analyzing the ability to reason through a problem to
its logical conclusion
H. Group decision support systems (GDSS) and computer supported collaborative work
systems (CSCWS) allow group members to interact and help facilitate group problem
solving.
I. Executive support systems (EES) help senior management to make strategic decisions.
3. New technologies, such as ecommerce, Enterprise or Enterprise Resource Planning, wireless and
mobile devices, and open source software are being integrated into traditional systems.
4. Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business activities. The benefits of using the Web are:
A. Increasing awareness of the availability of the service, product, industry, person, or group
B. 24-hour access for users
C. Improving the usefulness and usability of interface design

D. Creating a global system
5. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal of integrating many different information
systems within the corporation, using proprietary software.
6. Systems must be designed for wireless and mobile devices, including mobile commerce
(mcommerce).
7. Open source software (OSS) provides both software and the program source code used to create
the software. Many users and programmers may provide modifications to the programs. Open
source software may be categorized into four types of communities:
A. Ad hoc
B. Standardized
C. Organized
D. Commercial
8. Open source communities differ from each other on six key dimensions:
A. General structure
B. Environment
C. Goals
D. Methods
E. User community
F. Licensing
9. Systems analysis and design is a systematic approach to identifying problems, opportunities, and
objectives; analyzing the information flows in organizations; and designing computerized
information systems to solve a problem.
10. User involvement throughout the systems project is a critical success factor.
11. Systems analysts act as outside consultants to businesses, as supporting experts within a business
and as change agents.
12. Analysts are problem solvers and require communication skills.
13. It is important for analysts to be aware of their ethical framework as they work to build
relationships with users and customers.
14. The systems development life cycle is a systematic approach to solving business problems.
15. The human-computer interaction (HCI) is a human-centered approach that places an emphasis on
human needs before the needs of an organization or a system.
16. The human-computer interaction should be included into every phase of the systems development
life cycle.
17. The systems development life cycle is divided into seven phases:
A. Identifying problems, opportunities, and objectives

B. Determining human information requirements
C. Analyzing system needs
D. Designing the recommended system
E. Developing and documenting software
F. Testing and maintaining the system
G. Implementing and evaluating the system
18. System maintenance is removing undetected errors and enhancing existing software.
19. Systems are enhanced for the following reasons:
A. Adding additional features to the system.
B. Business and governmental requirements change over time.
C. Technology, hardware, and software are rapidly changing.
20. CASE tools are software packages for systems analysis and design.
21. Reasons for using CASE tools are:
A. To increase analyst productivity.
B. Facilitate communication among analysts and users.
C. Providing continuity between life cycle phases.
22. CASE tools may be divided into several categories, namely:
A. Upper CASE tools are used to perform analysis and design.
B. Lower CASE tools are used to generate computer language source code from CASE
design. The advantage in generating source code are:
a. The time to develop new systems decreases.
b. The time to maintain generated code is less than to maintain traditional systems.
c. Computer programs may be generated in more than one language.
d. CASE design may be purchased from third-party vendors and tailored to
organizational needs.
e. Generated code is free from program coding errors.
23. The agile approach is based on:
A. Values
B. Principles
C. Core practices
24. The four values of the agile approach are:
A. Communication
B. Simplicity
C. Feedback
D. Courage
25. Four resources may be adjusted for successful completion of an agile project:

A. Time
B. Cost
C. Quality
D. Scope
26. An agile project is interactive and incremental
27. The agile development process has five distinct stages:
A. Exploration
B. Planning
C. Iterations to the first release
D. Productionizing
E. Maintenance
28. The planning game spells out rules that help formulate the agile development team from
their business customers.
29. Object-oriented (O-O) analysis and design is used to build object-oriented programs. This
includes not only data, but the instructions about operations that manipulate the data.
30. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized object-oriented modeling
language.
31. Object-oriented methodologies focus on small, quick iterations of development.
32. Object-oriented phases include:
A. Define the use case model.
B. Begin drawing UML diagrams.
C. Develop class diagrams.
D. Draw statechart diagrams.
E. Modify the UML diagrams.
F. Develop and document the system.
Consulting Opportunity 1.1 (p. 7)
Healthy Hiring: Ecommerce Help Wanted
The qualifications that the systems analysis team should be looking for when hiring their new ecommerce
development team member should focus on interpersonal skills as well as technical skills. The system
development project is not analyzing an existing business area and does not have to focus on how the
current system works or the problems present in the current system. This implies that the analysis team
will have to do extensive work with the users to define the new system before writing any program code.
One of the primary qualities of the new analyst is to get along well with the other team members as well
as users. A second quality is the ability to learn new languages rather than know specific languages.
Because this is a new project and the software used to develop ecommerce Web sites as well as the other
systems needed to support ecommerce is rapidly changing.

In this situation, it is important that the team members have some basic business understanding, because
ecommerce is much more than just building a Web site. However, it is probably advantageous if the team
members do not possess identical skills and competencies. Team member skills that complement one
another will help the team as it encounters project complexities and has to draw on a broad base of
experience and knowledge.
The personality traits that are desirable in a systems analyst who will be working in ecommerce
development are good interpersonal and team player skills, good communication skills, curiosity,
creativity, ability to deal with stress and pressure, an understanding of how systems are put together,
diagramming and design skills, and skills related to coding, testing, and debugging software.
HyperCase Experience 1
As stated in the general introduction, it is strongly suggested that students review the instructions. Click
on the link on the home page. This will enable them to understand the principles of how to use the
HyperCase environment and assist them in having a valuable learning experience with it.
You may wish to make assignments starting with the exercises, and have the students download the
Visible Analyst files and restore them into their copy of Visible Analyst. The Visible Analyst project
name is MRE. A review session or class discussion of what they learned would be a useful learning
experience. Students may also download the Visio files and the repository Web page.
The students should also go to the reception area and take a stroll around the building, clicking on links
and examining the office environment. Have the students print out the telephone directory.
Answers to Review Questions
1. Compare treating information as a resource to treating humans as a resource.
Information fuels business and can be the critical factor in determining the success or failure of
the business. Treating information as a resource includes physical or ergonomic factors, usability
factors, aesthetic and enjoyable aspects, and behavioral aspects relating to the usefulness of the
system. Treating humans as a resource means learning frustrations and feelings that humans have
when working with a system.
2. List the differences between OAS and KWS.
An office automation system (OAS) is a set of familiar commercial software tools that allow data
workers to manipulate data, rather than create it. General tools, such as word processing and
spreadsheets, are used to manipulate the data. A knowledge work system (KWS) is used by
professionals to create new knowledge.
3. Define what is meant by MIS.
Management information systems (MIS) includes transaction processing, decision analysis, and
produce output that is used in decision making.
4. How does MIS differ from DSS?
Both depend on a database as a source of data; however, DSS emphasizes the support of decision

making in all phases and is more closely tailored to the person or group using them.
5. Define the term expert systems. How do expert systems differ from decision support systems?
An expert system captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving organizational
problems. Expert systems select the best solutions to problems, whereas DSSs leave the ultimate
judgment to the decision maker.
6. List the problems of group interaction that group decision support systems (GDSS) and
computer-supported collaborative work systems (CSCWS) were designed to address.
The problems of group interaction that group decision support systems address are:
A. Lack of participation
B. Domination by group members
C. Group think decision making.
7. Which is the more general term, CSCWS or GDSS? Explain.
CSCW is a more general term, and may include software support called groupware for team
collaboration.
8. Define the term mcommerce.
Mcommerce is mobile commerce, performing ecommerce using handheld wireless devices.
9. List the advantages of mounting applications on the Web.
The advantages of mounting applications on the World Wide Web are:
A. Increasing awareness of the availability of the service, product, industry, person, or group
B. The possibility of 24-hour access for users
C. Standardizing the design of the interface
D. Creating a global system without worry about time zones
10. What is the overarching reason for designing ERP systems?
The overarching reason for designing ERP systems is the integration of many information
systems existing on different managerial levels and within different functions.
11. Provide an example of an open source software project.
There are many open source software projects that are available. Students may be familiar with
ones that are not mentioned. Mozilla Firefox, Apache, and Linux are mentioned in this chapter.
12. List the advantages of using systems analysis and design techniques in approaching computerized
information systems for business.
System analysis and design techniques provide the analyst with a systematic procedure for
analyzing data input, UML diagrams or data flow, and information output; furthermore, the
techniques can improve the functioning of business.

13. List three roles that the systems analyst is called upon to play. Provide a definition for each one.
The three roles of a system analyst are:
A. Consultant—hired from outside an organization to address information systems issues
within that organization.
B. Supporting Expert—serves as a resource for those who are managing a systems project.
C. Change Agent—an analyst who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for
change, and works with others in facilitating that change.
14. What personal qualities are helpful to the systems analyst? List them.
Personal qualities helpful to systems analysts include:
A. Problem-solving abilities
B. Communication skills
C. Computer experience
D. Self-discipline and self-motivation
E. Project management capabilities
15. List and briefly define the seven phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC).
The seven phases of the SDLC are:
A. Identifying problems, opportunities, and objectives—recognizing problems and
opportunities confronting the business and determining business objectives.
B. Determining information requirements—understanding what information users need to
perform their jobs.
C. Analyzing system needs—structured analysis of information needs and decision making.
D. Designing the recommended system—logical design of the information system.
E. Developing and documenting software—structured development of software and
documentation.
F. Testing and maintaining the system—testing and revising the system.
G. Implementing and evaluating the system—training users and reviewing system.
16. What are CASE tool used for?
The reasons for using CASE tools are:
A. Increasing analyst productivity
B. Improving analyst-user communication
C. Integrating life cycle activities
17. What is the difference between upper and lower CASE tools?
Upper CASE tools are used for creating and modifying the system design. Lower CASE
tools are used to generate computer source code, eliminating the need for programming
the system.
18. Define what is meant by the agile approach?

The agile approach is based on values, principles, and core practices. It values communication,
simplicity, feedback, and courage.
19. What is the meaning of the phrase “the planning game”?
The planning game spells out rules that can help formulate the agile development team’s
relationship with their business customers. The rules are a basis for building and
maintaining a relationship.
20. What are the stages in agile development?
The five stages in agile development are exploration, planning, iterations to the first
release, productionizing, and maintenance.
21. Define the terms object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design.
Object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design are techniques intended to facilitate the
development of systems that must change rapidly in response to dynamic business environments.
22. What is UML?
UML is the Unified Modeling Language, a standardized object-oriented language used to break
down a system into a use case model.
Central Pacific University—Problems
1. From the introductory conversation Chip and Anna shared, which elements mentioned might
suggest the use of CASE tools?
CASE tools would be used to help Chip and Anna communicate with each other and share
portions of the design that they have completed.
Because there are many users for the Computer System, CASE tools will help to facilitate
communication among the users and analyst and document the information that they have
received as a result of interviews, document analysis, and questionnaires.

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maxime in Creta et in Africa et in Syriae regionibus. quaecumque
ergo ex parte meridiana caeduntur utiliores erunt, ex parte autem
septentrionali proceriores sunt arbores sed cito vitiantur.
(Full text) Primo ita cortes et culinae calidis locis designentur. bubilia
in parte meridiana ita ut ad ortum aut ad focum boves spectent.
nitidiorem enim cultum recipiunt, si ad lumen attendant. latitudo xv
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sunt constituenda, ut ab ignis periculo villae sint tutiores. si quid
vero melius et nitidius facere volueris, exempla de urbanis fabricis
sumes.
(Full text) Urbani itaque operis gratiam luminosam esse oportet,
praesertim cum nulli vicini parietes inpediant. disponendum erit
tamen ante, ut certa genera aedificiorum caeli regiones apte possint
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triclinia ad septentrionem spectare debent, quod ea regio praeter
ceteras frigidior est et solstitiali tempore iocundam sanitatis
voluptatem corporibus praestat.
(Full text) Tricliniorum et conclavium quanta latitudo et longitudo
fuerit in uno computata mensura, ex ea medietas altitudini tribuatur.
si autem exedrae aut oeci quadrati fuerint, media pars mensurae in
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septentrionali sunt constituendae, ut colores et purpurae sine vitio
reserventur. de vaporatis enim regionibus corruptelae nascuntur.
(Full text) Balneis locus eligendus est contra occasum hibernum aut
partem meridianam, ut sole decedente vaporetur usque ad
vesperum quod tempus ad lavandum tributum est. suspensurae
calidarum cellarum ita sunt faciendae ut primum area

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privato pedibus binis semis, in publico ternis. tegulae bipedales
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patenam aeream habet, supra fornacem conlocetur, alterum simile
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hominum copia aut voluntatis gratia fieri debebunt, dummodo cellae
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(Full text) Camerae structiles fortiores erunt. figulinae autem ad
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velut palliola quae cameram circinent sustineant. eadem ratione et
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iuncturae quae ad pavimentum spectabit primo calce cum testa
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maior tamen et diligentiae et utilitatis ratio videtur, si duplices

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inter duas enim cameras umor retentus numquam vitiabit
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(Full text) Considerandum erit ut solum firmum sit et aequale, tunc
rudus inducatur et vectibus ligneis contusum calcetur. supra inpensa
testacea crassior inducatur et iterum vectibus contusa solidetur.
tertio nucleus id est inpensa mollior inducatur, et politionibus
insistas. ne rimas inutiles operi relinquat.
(Full text) In contignationibus diligenter respiciendum est ut
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aesculinis commisceantur. nam quercus cum accepto umore
siccescere coeperit arcuatur et rimas inutiles operi efficiet, aesculus
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aut fago seu farno coaxationes haut ad vetustatem poterunt
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possit. tunc insuper statuminetur saxo ne minori quam qui possit
manum implere. statuminibus ＜inductis＞ ruderi seu novo sive
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lapides contusi cum calce mixti] inpensa crassiori induci debebit ne
minus crassitudine digitorum vi. exacto pavimento ad regulam et
libellam supra inpensa testacea mollior inducatur, et siccet. tum aut
marmor sectile aut tesserae aut scutula aut trigona aut favi
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necessitas aut voluntas facere hortatur, hanc operis subtilitatem
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postea nucleum sex digitorum induces, et frequenter fricabis ne
setas faciat, et tesseram duorum aut trium digitorum latam supra
inprimes aut tabulas quammagnascumque marmoreas, ut nullo
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omnibus annis ante hiemem iuncturas axium faecibus perungui
faciat. testacea spicata tiburtina pari modo fricaturis et politionibus
exerceantur.
(Full text) In albario opere calcem sic probare debebis. in fossa
calcem, quae multo ante tempore fuerit macerata, de ascia quasi
lignum dolabis, et aciem si nusquam inpegerit atque adhaerens
asciae viscosa videbitur, optima erit operi albario. recenter extincta
et calculosa si fuerit, dum siccescere coeperit calculi crepant et

inutiles rimae operi efficientur. unde proxime extinctam in opus
albarium mittere non oportet.
(Full text) Camerae ergo canniciae sic erunt disponendae. asseres
abiegnei ad lineam aut regulam aequaliter dirigantur, ne plus
habeant grossitudinis quam digitos tres. hos inter se sesquipedali
mensura divisos ordinabis et catenis ad contignationem suspendes
ita ut binae perticae graciliores inter eos sint missae. his faciant
tomices ligaturas, catenae autem parentur aut de iunipero aut oliva
aut buxo aut cupresso. camerae ex harundine graeca vel palustri vel
grossiori rasa et contusa sic contexantur ut fasciculi aequalis
admodum grossitudinis et longitudinis ante ligentur, qui possint
aequalem nitorem ostendere, aut si quam cultiorem gratiam emutare
volueris, fasciculi mollioris cannae facilius flexi ducantur. postea
primo manu inducatur inpensa pumicea, et trullizetur ut canna
subigatur, deinde harena et calce dirigatur. tertio marmor tunsum
super calce inducatur et poliatur. sic et nitore gratiam et virtutem
solidam facies. si quid autem urbanius cameris addere volueris,
fasciculos de canna facies et laquearis operis delicate aut arcuatilis
camerae exemplis uteris.
(Full text) Parietes uno corio tenui et alio grossiori si fuerint inducti
et politi, macritate inpensae cito corrumpentur. exemplum huius ex
speculis sumere debemus, quorum tenues lamminae falsas et
deformes exprimunt imagines, solidae autem lamminae veras et
suae pulchritudinis formas designant. prima ergo inductione
trullizata, cum arescere coeperit, iterum ac tertio loricationes
dirigantur. cum tribus coriis opus fuerit deformatum, tunc ex
marmore granio trullizationes sunt subigendae. sed ipsa species sic
paretur ut ante inductiones tamdiu subigatur ut rutrum ex ea

mundum levetur. inarescente inductione alterum corium subtilius
inducatur, ut marmoris candore et politionibus fundata soliditas
nitidum culturae faciat decorem. omnia ergo quae diligenti studio
componuntur, neque vetustatibus obsolescunt neque cum purgari
coeperint gratiam coloris amittunt. umidi enim parietes cum picturis
ornantur desudescent, et operi obligatus color elui non potest.
(Full text) Operi coronario subtilior inpensa necessaria est, ut
amplius fricata mollius nitore gratiam faciat. observandum tamen erit
ne gypsum inpensae adiungatur. siticulosa enim materia dum cito
arescit, vicina coronarium opus politionibus parietum et camerarum
cum superinducitur ruina corrumpit.
(Full text) Parietes vero umidis locis sic erunt solidandi. si perpetuus
umor manabit, tribus pedibus ab imo, testaceo paries vestiatur et
vestitura calcetur et poliatur, ne umorem admittere possit. quodsi
maior umor perpetuus manabit, canaliculum brevem extrues
aliquantum a pavimento altius, qua collectus umor sine vitio parietis
exeat. si autem affluens umor abundabit, tegulas bipedales ex ea
parte qua umor inriguus erumpet diligenter picabis, ne vis umoris ad
parietem transeat. ex altera parte, qua structurae iungentur, tegula
calce liquida linietur, ut facilius operi adhaerere possit.
(Full text) Triclinia hiberna non convenit grandibus picturis ornari,
quoniam hibernis temporibus frequenti lumine cereorum aut
lucernarum fumante obsolescunt. propterea et camerae eorum
planae fiunt, ut detersa fuligine statim inluminatus splendor
appareat.
(Full text) Etiam pavimentorum utilis dispositio inventa videtur.
itaque excavatis in altum duobus pedibus, festucato solo inducatur

aut rudus aut testaceum pavimentum, deinde congestis et calcatis
spisse carbonibus inducatur ex sabulone et favilla et calce mixta
inpensa crassitudine unciarum vi. ad regulam exaequata planities
reddit speciem nigri pavimenti. hieme ergo non recipit frigus et
ministros licet nudis pedibus vapore delectabit. sic enim erit
pavimentum ut etiam bibentium pocula si fusa fuerint momento
siccescant.
(Full text) Colores vero alii certis locis procreantur, alii ex
commixtionibus componuntur. rubricae itaque multis locis
generantur, sed optimae in Ponto et in Hispania nascuntur.
paraetonium ex ipso loco unde foditur habet nomen. eadem ratione
et melinum, quod eius metallum per insulas cycladas Melo dicitur.
creta viridis pluribus locis nascitur, sed optima creta Smyrnae tantum
procreatur, quae graece θεοδοτειον dicitur a Theodoto quodam in
cuius solo primum est inventa. auripigmentum, quod αρϲενικον
graece appellatur, in Ponto nascitur. sandaraca plurimis locis
generatur, sed optima in Ponto et iuxta flumen Hypanim. minii autem
natura primum a Graecis Ephesiorum solo reperta memoratur,
deinceps in Hispania. cuius natura has admirationes habet. glebae
itaque cum ex metallis primum exciduntur, argenti vivi guttas
exprimunt, quas artifices ad plures usus colligunt. neque enim
argentum neque aes sine his inaurari potest. nam confusae in unum
ita ut quattuor sextariorum mensuram habeant, centum librarum
pondus efficient. supra cuius liquorem centenarium saxi pondus si
posueris, sustinebit, scripulum auri super si posueris, in liquore
descendet. unde intelleges non ponderis sed naturae esse
discretionem. itaque si aurifex pannis textilibus adustum rudi vaso
fictili solidi auri pulverem prius lavaverit, postea mixtum argento vivo

vel in panno vel in linteolo comprimes ut liquor argenti expressus
emanet et auram solidum intrinsecus remaneat. verum probatio
minii sic erit observanda. in lammina ferrea mittatur et super ignem
ponatur tamdiu donec lammina rubescat. tunc retractum refrigescat.
si colorem non mutaverit, optimum erit, si mutaverit, vitiatum erit.
colores autem omnes calcis mixtione corrumpi manifestum est.
chrysocolla a Macedonia venit, foditur autem ex metallis aerariis.
armenium et indicum ab ipsis ostenditur quibus in locis nascitur.
atramenti vero compositio sic erit observanda, quae non solum ad
usum picturae necessaria videtur sed etiam ad cotidianas scripturas.
lacusculus curva camera struatur. huic fornacula sic componitur ut
nares in lacusculo habeat qua fumus possit intrare. taedae in eadem
fornace incendantur, super taedas ardentes resina mittatur, ut
omnem fumum et fuliginem per nares in lacusculum exprimat.
postea fuliginem diligenter conteres et aquam ad modum mittes et
atramentum facies nitidum. pictores autem glutinum miscent, ut
nitidius esse videatur. sed ad celeritatem operis etiam taedarum
carbones cum glutino attriti parietibus praestabunt atramenti
suavitatem, nec minus sarmenta exusta et contrita atramenti
colorem imitabuntur. sed et sarmenta uvae nigrioris si in optimo vino
mersa aruerint et postea exusta fuerint, addito glutino imitata indici
suavitatem monstrabunt. usta vero, quae plurimum necessaria in
operibus picturae videtur, sic temperatur. glebae silis boni in igne
coquuntur, tunc acerrimo aceto perfuso extinguuntur, et reddunt
purpureum colorem. caerulei temperationes Alexandriae primo sunt
inventae, nunc autem Puteolis ex harenae pulvere et nitri flore
temperatur. sed cyprium adustum ＜addes＞. cerussa et quam nostri
aerucam vocant sic erit conficienda. sarmenta vitis amineae infuso

aceto in dolio coiciantur, super tabulae plumbeae deponantur et
dolium eludatur, et pluribus mensibus transactis aperiatur. sed
cerussa in fornace coquatur, quae mutato colore meliorem efficiet
sandaracam. ostrum autem quod pro colore purpurae temperatur
plurimis locis nascitur, sed optimum insula Cypro et ceteris quae
proxime sub solis cursu habentur. conchylia itaque cum circumcisa
ferro fuerint lacrimas purpurei coloris emittunt, quibus collectis
purpureus color temperatur. ideo autem ostrum est appellatum quod
ex testis umor elicitur. qui cito ex salsugine inarescit, nisi temperatus
umor melle circumfusus habeatur. fiunt etiam purpurei colores
infecta creta rubiae radice. similiter ex floribus alii colores inficiuntur.
itaque pictores cum voluerint sil atticum imitari, violam aridam in
vaso cum aqua ad ignem adponunt ut ferveat, et decoctam in
linteolo exprimunt et in mortario cum creta conterunt et faciunt silis
attici colorem. eadem ratione vaccinium cum lacte temperantes
purpuram faciunt elegantem. qui non possunt chrysocolla propter
caritatem uti, herbae quae lutear appellatur sucum caeruleo inficiunt
et utuntur viridissimo colore. haec autem infectiva appellantur.
propter inopiam coloris simili modo cretam selinusiam sive anulariam
vitro miscentes, quod Graeci ιϲατιν vocant, imitationibus efficiunt
indici colorem.
(Full text) Quoniam ad omnes usus normae ratio subtiliter inventa
videtur, sine qua nihil utiliter fieri potest, hoc modo erit disponenda.
sumantur itaque tres regulae, ita ut duae sint pedum binum et tertia
habeat pedes duos uncias x. eae regulae aequali crassitudine
compositae extremis cacuminibus iungantur schema facientes
trigoni. sic fiet perite norma composita.

(Full text) Multa variaque genera sunt horologiorum, sed pelecini et
hemicyclii magis aperta et sequenda ratio videtur. pelecinum enim
horologium dicitur quod ex duabus tabulis marmoreis vel lapideis
superiore parte latioribus inferiore angustioribus componitur, sed
haec tabulae aequali mensura fiunt et quinis lineis directis notantur,
ut angulum faciant qui sextam horam signabit. semis ergo ante
primam et semis post undecimam supplebunt xii numeros horarum.
sed iunctis aequaliter ante et extensis tabulis, in angulo summo
iuncturae circinum figes et angulo proximum circulum facies, a quo
primum lineae horarum partitae aequaliter notantur. item alium
maiorem circulum ab eodem puncto angulari facies, qui prope oram
tabularum attingat, ad quem aestivis temporibus gnomonis umbra
pervenit. subtilitas ergo disparis mensurae de spatio horarum
expectanda non est, quando aliud maius et aliud minus horologium
poni solitum videatur, et non amplius paene ab omnibus nisi quota
sit solum inquiri festinetur. gnomon itaque in angulo summo
iuncturae paululum inclinis ponitur, qui umbra sua horas designet.
constitues autem horologii partem qua decimam horam notabit
contra orientem aequinoctialem, sicut de exemplis multifariam
cognoscitur. horologium autem quod hemicyclion appellatur simili
modo de lapide vel de marmore uno, quattuor partibus sursum
latioribus infra angustioribus componatur, ita ut ab ante et a tergo
latiores partes habeat, sed frons aliquantum promineat atque
umbram faciat maiorem. sub hac fronte rotunditas ad circinum
notatur, quae cavata introrsus hemicyclium faciat schema. in hac
cavatura tres circuli fiant, unus prope summitatem horologii, alius
per mediam cavaturam, tertius prope oram signetur. a minore ergo
circulo usque ad maiorem circulum horalem una et x lineae directae

aequali partitione ducantur, quae horas demonstrent. per medium
vero hemicyclium supra minorem circulum planitia aequalis subtiliori
crassitudine fiat, ut aperta rotunditate digitali facilius solis radius
infusus per numeros linearum horas demonstret. hiemis ergo
tempore per minorem circulum horarum numeros servabit,
aequinoctiali tempore medium circulum sequetur, aestivo tempore
per maioris circuli spatia gradietur. sed ne error in construendo
horologio cuiquam videatur, libero loco alto vel plano sic ponatur ut
angulus huius qui occiduas horas notabit contra aequinoctialem
vernum spectet, unde sol nono kal. apriles oriatur. fit etiam in uno
horologio duplex elegantiae subtilitas. nam dextra ac sinistra
extrinsecus in lateribus eius quinae lineae directae notantur, et
ternae partes circulorum aequali intervallo sic fiunt ut una proxima
sit angulis posterioribus, ubi stili ponentur qui umbra sua horas
designent, altera mediam planitiem detineat, tertia prope oram
contingat. has enim partes circulorum hieme vere et aestate sic ut
interius gnomonis umbra sequitur. in angulis ergo posterioribus stilos
modice obliquos figes, qui umbra sua horas designent. oriens enim
sol in primo latere sex horas notabit, occidens alias sex in sinistro
latere percurret. legitur etiam horas sic comparari debere, primam
sextam septimam et duodecimam uno spatio mensuraque
disponendas, secundam quintam octavam et undecimam pari
aequalitate ordinandas, tertiam quartam nonam et decimam simili
ratione edendas. est et alia de modo et mensuris horarum
comparatio, quam prolixitatis causa praetereundam aestimavi,
quoniam haec diligentia ad paucos prudentes pertinet. nam omnes
fere, sicut supra memoratum est, quota sit solum requirunt.

(Full text) Quantum ergo ad privatum usum spectat, necessaria huic
libello ordinavimus. civitatum sane et ceterarum rerum institutiones
praestanti sapientiae memorandas reliquimus.

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