![Design
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: a propulsion module, lander, and rover.
Propulsion module
The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to a 100-kilometre (62 mi) lunar orbit. It was a box-like structure with a large solar
panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.[
Lander
The Vikram lander was responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of
producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carried the rover and has various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.[24][25]
The lander has four
variable-thrust engines with slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted
and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was attitude increase during the camera coasting phase.
This was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate was increased from
Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to
allow measuring attitude in three directions.[26][27]
The impact legs were made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy
was improved. It targeted a more precise 16 km2
(6.2 sq mi) landing region based on images provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC)
onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission,
and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failure during descent and landing.
Rover
The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms (57 pounds). It is 917 by 750 by 397 millimetres (36.1 in × 29.5 in × 15.6 in) in
size.[29]
The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in
the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.
Chandrayaan-3 integrated components
Chandrayaan-3 encapsulated
within LVM3's payload fairing
Propulsion module
Lander
Pragyan rover](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/souravjee-231002123000-bd6614d9/85/sourav-jee-docx-7-320.jpg)
![Mission life
Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to 100-by-100-kilometre (62 mi × 62 mi) orbit, with
operation of experimental payload for up to six months.
Lander module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).]
Rover module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).
MISSION LIFE: -
Chandrayaan-3, which softly landed on
the lunar south pole on August 23, 2023,
has been operating on the Moon for over
a week. With the successful landing of
Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander on the
Moon’s south pole, India became the first
country in the world to softly land a
spacecraft on the lunar south pole. About
four hours after the historic touchdown,
the Pragyan rover rolled out of the Vikram
lander. The lander and the rover began
operations the day after the landing. In
just a week, the payloads onboard Vikram
and Pragyan have made groundbreaking
scientific discoveries.
Both the spacecraft have a mission
duration of 14 days, and are halfway
through their mission life. They are
transmitting data back to Earth through
the Indian Space Research
Organisation’s (ISRO) Deep Space
Antenna Networks.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/souravjee-231002123000-bd6614d9/85/sourav-jee-docx-13-320.jpg)
sourav jee.docx
- 1. PRAGATI SARASWATI SHISHU VIDYA MANDIR BIRSANAGAR ZONE NO 1/B SESSION: (2023-2024) TOPIC: - CHANDRAYANN 3 NAME:- SOURAV GORAI CLASS:- TEN (X) ROLL NO:- THREE (03) SUBJECT:- COMPUTER SUB TEACHER:- PRITY MAM INDEX 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SIGN. OF SUB. TEACHER :-
- 2. 2. INTRODUCTION 3. ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN-3 4. CONCLUSION 5. SPACE CRAFT DESINGN 6. SPACE CRAFT PAYLOADS 7. LANDING 8. LAUNCH VEHICLE 9. SURFACE OPERATION 10. MISSION PROFILE 11. MISSION LIFE 12. BUDGET 13. TEAM 14. REFRENCES 15. THANKYOU I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher ( Prity Kumari mam) as well as our ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: -
- 3. principal (Suresh Kumar Rai) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ( CHANDRAYAAN - 3), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time. Just because of them I was able to create my project. Thanks again to all who helped me during the project. Welcome to this presentation on the Chandrayaan 3 mission, India's third lunar exploration mission. The previous missions, Chandrayaan 1 and 2, were groundbreaking achievements for India's space program and helped establish India as a major player in the global space community. Chandrayaan 3 builds on the success of these missions and aims to further our understanding of the moon and its resources. INTRODUCTION: -
- 4. Chandrayaan 3 is a robotic mission that will consist of a lunar lander and rover. The mission is designed to conduct scientific experiments and gather data about the moon's surface and subsurface. Through this mission, we hope to gain new insights into the moon's geology, mineralogy, and water resources. Additionally, the mission will help us develop technologies and capabilities for future manned missions to the moon and beyond. Chandrayaan-3 is the third mission in the Chandrayaan programme, a series of lunar- exploration missions developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Launched on 14 July 2023, the mission consists of a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan, similar to those launched aboard Chandrayaan-2 in 2019. About chandrayaan 3: -
- 5. Chandrayaan-3 was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and the lander touched down near the Lunar south pole on 23 August at 18:03 IST (12:33 UTC), making India the fourth country to successfully land on the Moon, and the first to do so near the lunar south pole. On 3 September the lander hopped and repositioned itself 30–40 cm (12–16 in) from its landing site. If the Chandrayaan-3 soft-lands on the moon successfully, India will be only the fourth country to reach the moon after the US, China and the Soviet Union. Interestingly, Russia tried to land on the moon on August 20, 2023. However, its Luna-25 spacecraft spun out of control and crashed on to the lunar surface. A BIGGEST ACHIEVEMENT FOR INDIA.
- 6. In conclusion, the Chandrayaan 3 mission represents a significant step forward in India's space exploration efforts. Building on the successes of the previous missions, Chandrayaan 3 has ambitious scientific objectives that will contribute to our understanding of the moon and the broader universe. The mission also represents an important collaboration between international partners, highlighting the importance of cooperation in space exploration endeavors. Furthermore, the Chandrayaan 3 mission has captured the imagination of people around the world, inspiring a new generation of scientists and engineers. The technological advancements made for this mission have pushed the boundaries of what is possible in space exploration, and will undoubtedly lead to further innovations in the field. Overall, the Chandrayaan 3 mission is a testament to India's commitment to scientific advancement and its place on the global stage. On 23 August, the Chandrayaan-3 lander module successfully landed on the moon's South pole, making it the first country to have achieved the historic feat. The country became the fourth– after the US, China, and Russia – to have successfully landed on the moon's surface CONCLUSION: - SPACE CRAFT DESINGN: -
- 7. Design Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: a propulsion module, lander, and rover. Propulsion module The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to a 100-kilometre (62 mi) lunar orbit. It was a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.[ Lander The Vikram lander was responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carried the rover and has various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.[24][25] The lander has four variable-thrust engines with slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was attitude increase during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate was increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in three directions.[26][27] The impact legs were made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy was improved. It targeted a more precise 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) landing region based on images provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failure during descent and landing. Rover The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms (57 pounds). It is 917 by 750 by 397 millimetres (36.1 in × 29.5 in × 15.6 in) in size.[29] The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere. Chandrayaan-3 integrated components Chandrayaan-3 encapsulated within LVM3's payload fairing Propulsion module Lander Pragyan rover
- 8. Payloads On lander Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site. Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time On rover An alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer the mineralogical composition of the lunar surface. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site. On the propulsion module Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will study spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1–1.7 μm). Findings of SHAPE might aid in future exoplanet research and search for extraterrestrial life. SPACE CRAFT PAYLOADS: Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)
- 9. On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30 kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent. It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly 150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:33 UTC. The landing site for the Chandrayaan 3 mission is located in the southern polar region of the moon. This area was chosen because it has never been explored before and is believed to contain water ice, which could potentially be used as a resource for future missions. In addition, the southern polar region has unique geological features that make it an ideal location for scientific research. The area contains craters that are permanently shadowed, which means they have not been exposed to sunlight for billions of years. These craters are believed to contain valuable information about the history of the moon and the solar system. LANDING: - A PICTURE WHEN CHANDRAYAAN 3 LAND ON MOON INDIANS ARE CELEBRATING FOR SUCCESS
- 10. LAUNCH VEHICLE: - Launch vehicle LVM3 is configured as a three stage vehicle with two solid strap-on motors (S200), one liquid core stage (L110) and a high thrust cryogenic upper stage (C25). The S200 solid motor is among the largest solid boosters in the world with 204 tonnes of solid propellant. The liquid L110 stage uses a twin liquid engine configuration with 115 tonnes of liquid propellant, while the C25 Cryogenic upper stage is configured with the fully indigenous high thrust cryogenic engine (CE20) with a propellant loading of 28 tons. The overall length of the vehicle is 43.5 m with a gross lift-off weight of 640 tonnes and a 5m- diameter payload fairing. LVM3 is the new heavy lift launch vehicle of ISRO for achieving a 4000 kg spacecraft launching capability to GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost effective manner. LVM3 is a three stage launch vehicle consisting of two solid propellant S200 strap- ons and core stages comprising of L110 liquid stage, C25 cryogenic stage, the equipment bay (EB) and the Encapsulated assembly (EA). EA comprises of the spacecraft, Payload Adaptor (PLA) and the Payload fairing (PF). With a lift-off mass of 640 tons, this 43.5 m tall three-stage launch vehicle gives ISRO full self-reliance in launching heavier communication satellites that weigh up to 4000 kg in GTO. The vehicle takes off with the simultaneous ignition of the two S200 boosters. The core stage (L110) is ignited at about 113s through the flight, during the firing of the S200 stages. Both S200 motors burn for about 134s and the separation occur at 137s. The payload fairing is separated at an altitude of 115 km and at about 217s during L110 firing. The L110 burnout and separation and C25 ignition occur at 313s. The spacecraft is injected into a GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) orbit of 180x36000 km at a nominal time of 974s.
- 11. Surface operations On 3 September, the rover was put into sleep mode after it had completed all of its assignments. Its batteries were charged and receiver left on, according to ISRO, in preparation for the impending lunar night. "The rover's payloads are turned off and the data it collected has been transmitted to Earth via the lander", the statement said. Chandrayaan-3's lander and rover were expected to operate only for one lunar daylight period, or 14 Earth days, and the on-board electronics were not designed to withstand the −120 °C (−184 °F) nighttime temperatures on the Moon. On 22 September, the lander and rover missed their wake-up calls, and by 28 September neither had responded, diminishing hopes for further surface operations. Vikram fired its engines for a brief 'hop' on the lunar surface on 3 September, ascending 40 cm (16 in) off the lunar surface and translating a similar distance laterally across the surface. The test demonstrated capabilities to be used in potential future sample return missions. The instruments and rover deployment ramp were retracted for the hop and redeployed afterwards. SURAFCE OPERATION: -
- 12. Engineering and implementing a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon. Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon. MISSION PROFILE: -
- 13. Mission life Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to 100-by-100-kilometre (62 mi × 62 mi) orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to six months. Lander module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).] Rover module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days). MISSION LIFE: - Chandrayaan-3, which softly landed on the lunar south pole on August 23, 2023, has been operating on the Moon for over a week. With the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander on the Moon’s south pole, India became the first country in the world to softly land a spacecraft on the lunar south pole. About four hours after the historic touchdown, the Pragyan rover rolled out of the Vikram lander. The lander and the rover began operations the day after the landing. In just a week, the payloads onboard Vikram and Pragyan have made groundbreaking scientific discoveries. Both the spacecraft have a mission duration of 14 days, and are halfway through their mission life. They are transmitting data back to Earth through the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) Deep Space Antenna Networks.
- 14. In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$9.4 million), out of which ₹600 million (US$7.5 million) would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹150 million (US$1.9 million) was sought for operating expenditure. Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to reduce the price considerably." Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (equivalent to ₹721 crore or US$90 million in 2023). The budget for the Chandrayaan 3 mission is an impressive feat of financial planning and management. At a total cost of approximately $91 million, it is significantly less expensive than other space missions, such as NASA's Mars Curiosity rover, which had a price tag of over $2.5 billion. Despite this lower budget, the Chandrayaan 3 mission is still expected to make significant contributions to our understanding of the moon and its environment. One reason for the lower cost of the Chandrayaan 3 mission is the use of indigenous technology. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has developed much of the technology used in the mission in-house, which has helped to keep costs down. Additionally, the use of a previously developed launch vehicle, the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), has also helped to reduce costs. Overall, the Chandrayaan 3 mission represents a remarkable achievement in cost-effective space exploration. BUDGET: -
- 15. Team 1. ISRO chairman: S. Somanath 2. Mission Director: S. Mohana Kumar 3. Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan 4. Project Director: P. Veeramuthuvel 5. Associate Project Director: Kalpana Kalahasti 6. Vehicle Director: Biju C. Thomas TEAM: - REFRENCES: - NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 mission: https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0.