Spring hydrogeology and its classification
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This document discusses the classification of springs based on hydrogeology. It defines different types of springs that form due to specific geological conditions: depression springs form in low-lying areas where the water table intersects land surface; contact springs occur at boundaries between permeable and impermeable rock layers; fracture springs form where joints or fractures intersect the surface; fault springs can develop along fault zones; and karst springs are commonly seen in limestone areas where solution features have formed. Spring discharge varies seasonally and by spring type, with factors like aquifer properties, catchment conditions, and recharge areas influencing output. A typology of springs is proposed considering geological setting and factors like discharge quantity and variability.
Spring hydrogeology and its classification
- 1. Spring Hydrogeology and its classification PRASARI
- 2. What is the difference between a well and a spring? What is common between a well and a spring?
- 4. Lez Spring – water supply for the city of Montpellier, France Big Spring for the city of Huntsville, Alabama Karst spring systems that supply water 10 villages and communities of the Swabian Alb in Germany.
- 5. Jack Daniel advertises its whiskey as being made with iron-free water from a Tennessee cave spring Single source of pure natural water, from a spring on the hillside above the Glenfiddich distillery, and this gives it its unique purity of taste. Glenfiddich has bought 200 acres of surrounding hillside just to protect that small spring. LaMoreaux, P. and Tanner, J. (2011). Springs and Bottled Waters of the World Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use.
- 6. Gurpreet Singh Nibber | Hindustan Times, May 20, 2019 Radheshyam Jadhav | TNN | Times Of India, Updated: Jun 9, 2018, More about wells and borewells……
- 7. Time Quantity of water Drivers of source depletion: changes – climate, land-cover, land-use, seismicity, etc. More than 60% of low- discharge springs reported decline in the last 20 years – sampled across the Himalayan Region… ACWADAM, in partnership with various organisations – 2007 - 2016
- 8. Water scarcity in Kathmandu Photo credit: Himalayan Times Drudgery caused to women's in rural areas Chapakharka village, Kathmandu
- 9. Dependency on spring water for domestic purposes Tanker services across many parts of the Himalayan regions Pudung village, Kalimpong Kalimpong town
- 10. Regional spring-scapes Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Himalayan region Groundwater – blind spot - sparse data on groundwater in general and springs in particular…
- 11. What is behind a spring?
- 12. A system of rocks (Aquifers) feeding into the spring…….
- 13. Understanding the resource that supports sources ..and the aquifer feeding this spring???
- 14. …to a typology: based on hydrogeology
- 15. Classification of Springs • Geology • Magnitude, variation, and permanence of flow • Quality and mineralization of the spring water • Temperature of the spring water. (Fetter, 1980; Tolman, 1937; Meinzer, 1923)
- 16. Gravity Springs Gravity springs emerge under unconfined conditions where water table intersects land surface. They are also called descending springs. Artesian Springs Artesian springs discharge under pressure due to confined conditions in the underlying aquifer. They are also called ascending or rising springs. Classification based on nature of the hydraulic head in the underlying aquifer at the point of discharge
- 17. Types of Springs It is necessary to identify the type of spring in order to understand how they behave over time and space - Depression spring - Contact spring - Fracture spring - Fault spring - Karst spring Modified after Tolman, 1937
- 19. Depression spring • Formed at topographic lows. • Formed when water table reaches the surface due to topographic undulations.
- 20. Fracture spring
- 21. • Fracture spring occur due to the existence of jointed or permeable fractures (usually in the form of ‘fracture zones’) • Springs are formed where these fractures intersect the land surface. Fracture Spring
- 22. Karst spring
- 23. Karst Spring
- 24. Karst spring Limestones host many springs. Springs in limestone terrains can be interconnected to topographic depressions caused by sinkholes – depressions in the ground surface cause due to the dissolving of limestones below. Large quantities of water move through the cavities, channels, conduits and other openings developed in limestones.
- 25. Contact spring
- 26. Contact Spring • Formed at places where relatively permeable rocks overlie rocks of low permeability. • A lithological contact is usually marked by a line of springs.
- 27. Contact spring In Horizontal layered rocks
- 28. Fault spring Faulting may also give rise to conditions favorable for spring formation as groundwater (at depth) under hydrostatic pressure (such as in confined aquifers) can move up along such fault zones. An impermeable rock unit may be brought in contact with an unconfined aquifer due to faulting.
- 29. Fault spring Faults may play one of the following three roles • Conduit for groundwater flow • Storage of groundwater due to increased porosity within the fault zone • Barrier to groundwater flow due to decrease in porosity within the fault Neven Kresic MACTEC Engineering and Consulting Inc., Ashbuurn, Virginia
- 30. Summer Monsoon Winter Time Discharge D A typical behaviour of a spring………
- 31. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Apr-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jun-16 Discharge in volume per time Time Spring Discharge Hydrograph
- 32. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Apr-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jun-16 Discharge in volume per time High Discharge- Perennial High Discharge- Seasonal Consistent Discharge- Perennial Low Discharge- Seasonal Represents spring typology, diversity in aquifers, catchment conditions, size and distance of recharge zones etc.
- 33. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Apr-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jun-16 Discharge in volume per time Karstic / Depression Depression / Karstic / Fracture Contact / Fracture Fracture / Contact Indicating spring typology and aquifer conditions
- 34. Typology of Springs • Sedimentary, Metamorphic & Igneous • Geological structure, Dip slope • Escarpment slope issue • All spring types, Fracture springs dominate • Wide ranging discharge, 0-30, 30-100, >100, even >1000 lpm • Elevation 500m to 5000m • Igneous • Geological structure • Contact , fracture and few depression • Moderate discharge range 0-20, 20-100, few >100 lpm • Elevation 200m to 2200m • Metamorphic, sedimentary • Geological structure • Fracture • Low discharge range 0-15, 15- 50, > 50 lpm • Elevation 200m to 1000m Himalayas Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
- 36. Advanced Center for Water Resources Development And Management