Процессорын архитектур
- 2. Процессорын архитектур • Control unit + Arithmetic unit= CPU – Control unit • Retrieval of the instructions stored in the main storage unit • Decoding of the retrieved instructions using the instruction decoder • According to the decoding, transmission of the specifications required for the execution of the instructions to each unit • Jonh von Neumann – Sequential control system
- 3. Sequential control system (дараалсан удирдлагын систем)
- 4. Арифметик нэгж • The official name of the arithmetic unit is arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
- 5. Процессорын ажиллах зарчим • The data and programs retrieved from the main storage unit are transferred to the processor through the data bus. Then the data subject to processing is temporarily stored in the "general-purpose register,“ while a part of the program indicating the procedure of the process is transferred to the "instruction register.“
- 6. Инструкц • The program is a set of instructions that indicates "do …" to the computer. Since inside the computer, data is represented in the binary system, instructions are also represented in the binary system. The instructions represented in the binary system are called machine language instructions. Regardless of the program language in which a program is written, at the end it is converted into language that can be understood by the computer, machine language, in order to be decoded and executed. Machine language instructions and instruction formats differ depending on the computer, but, in general terms, they are composed of the following parts. – Instruction part: Indicates instructions and operations – Address part: Specifies the address and register of the main storage unit subject to processing
- 7. Инструкц формат • Zero-address format The zero-address format performs operations using a dedicated register called a stack pointer. Currently, zero-address format computers are not used. The stack pointer is the register that stores the address to be returned to (return address) after execution completion. • Single-address format The single-address format performs operations between the content of the main storage unit specified in the address and the accumulator data. The accumulator stores operation values and operation results. There are cases where general-purpose registers are also used as accumulators.
- 8. Инструкц формат • Two-address format The two-address format specifies two addresses and uses the address data specified on the main storage unit. • Three-address format The three-address format specifies two addresses to be used for the operation, and the address where the operation result is to be stored.
- 9. Инструкц ачаалах • The instruction received from the main storage unit is stored in the instruction register (IR). The length of one word of the main storage unit is 16 bits. It is supposed that one instruction has 32 bits in the computers used. One instruction is stored in two words. Therefore, the content of the address of the main storage unit accessed is sent to the processor twice. In practice, it is determined beforehand that in one instruction the instruction part is stored in an even address while the address part is stored in an odd address.
- 10. Инструкцийн кодыг тайлах • The content of the instruction part of the instruction register is transferred to a device called the decoder. The decoder decodes the type of work indicated by the instruction and sends the signals for the execution of the operation to each unit.
- 11. • On the other hand, the content of the address part of the instruction register is transferred to the address bus. The content of the address of the main storage unit specified by the address bus corresponds to the data subject to processing. According to the instruction of the instruction part, a read/write signal is sent from the control unit to the data, subject to processing on the main storage unit.
- 12. Санах ойгоос ачаалсан өгөгдлийг хадгалах • If, as a result of decoding the instruction part and the address part using the instruction decoder, the instruction is found to say "Retrieve and transfer to the processor the contents of address 100 of the main storage unit," a place to store the retrieved contents will be needed. Therefore, a general-purpose register is set in the arithmetic unit of the processor in order to store the retrieved data.
- 13. Регистрүүд • Program counter-програмын тоолуур • Accumulator-аккумлятор • Index register-индекс • Base address register-суурь хаяг • Program Status Word (PSW)-програмын төлөв • Flag register-флаг • Complement register-гүйцээлт