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Starting Out with Visual Basic, 7th Edition by Tony Gaddis/Kip Irvine
TEST BANK
Chapter 6 38
Chapter 6
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A procedure may not be accessed by procedures from another class or form if the __________ access specifier
is used.
a. Private
b. Public
c. Static
d. Scope
____ 2. By writing your own procedures, you can __________ an applications code, that is, break it into small,
manageable procedures.
a. streamline
b. duplicate
c. modularize
d. functionalize
____ 3. A is a special variable that receives a value being passed into a procedure or function.
a. temporary variable
b. pseudo-constant
c. class-level variable
d. parameter
____ 4. Which of the following calls to the GetNumber procedure is not valid?
Sub GetNumber(ByVal intNumber as Integer)
' (procedure body)
End Sub
a. GetNumber(intX)
b. GetNumber(3 + 5 * 8 + intX)
c. GetNumber(intX + 3, intY)
d. GetNumber(CInt(txtNumber.Text))
____ 5. When calling a procedure, passed arguments and declared parameters must agree in all of the following
ways except __________.
a. the order of arguments and parameters must correspond
b. the names of the arguments and parameters must correspond
c. the types of the arguments and parameters must correspond
d. the number of arguments and the number of parameters must be the same
____ 6. (True/False) When debugging a program in break mode, the Step Into command causes the currently
highlighted line of code to execute.
a. True
b. False

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 39
____ 7. Which of the following code examples is a function that will accept three integer parameters, calculate their
average, and return the result?
a. Function Average(ByVal intX As Integer, ByVal intY As Integer, _
ByVal intZ As Integer) As Single
Average = (intX + intY + intZ) / 3
End Function
b. Function Average(ByVal intX As Integer, ByVal intY as Integer, _
Average = intX + intY + intZ / 3
Return Average
End Function
c. Function Average(ByRef intX As Integer, ByRef intY as Integer, _
ByRef intZ As Integer, ByRef Average As Double)
Average = (intX + intY + intZ) / 3
End Function
d. Function Average(ByVal intX As Integer, ByVal IntY as Integer, _
Return (intX + intY + intZ) / 3
End Function
____ 8. What is incorrect about the following function?
Function sum(ByVal intX As Integer, ByVal intY As Integer) As Integer
Dim intAns As Integer
intAns = intX + intY
End Function
a. intAns should not be declared inside the Function.
b. the as Integer at the end of the Function heading should be eliminated.
c. the function does not return a value
d. parameters intA and intB should be declared as ByRef
____ 9. All of the following are true about functions except __________.
a. you can use a function call in an expression
b. they can return one or more values
c. they must contain at least one Return statement
d. you can assign the return value from a function to a variable

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 40
____ 10. What is assigned to lblDisplay.Text when the following code executes?
Dim intNumber As Integer = 4
AddOne(intNumber, 6)
lblDisplay.Text = intNumber
' Code for AddOne
Public Sub AddOne(ByVal intFirst As Integer, ByVal intSecond As Integer)
intFirst += 1
intSecond += 1
End Sub
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
____ 11. What is the value of intTotal after the following code executes?
Dim intNumber1 As Integer = 2
Dim intNumber2 As Integer = 3
Dim intTotal As Integer
intTotal = AddSquares(intNumber1, intNumber2)
Function AddSquares(ByVal intA As Integer, ByVal intB As Integer) As Integer
intA = intA * intA
intB = intB * intB
Return intA + intB
intA = 0
intB = 0
End Function
a. 0
b. 5
c. 10
d. 13
____ 12. Which of the following does not apply to procedures and functions?
a. they help to break up a large body of code into smaller chunks
b. they make it easier to maintain and modify code
c. the execution time is significantly reduced by calling procedures and functions
d. they permit the same sequence of code statements to be called from multiple places
____ 13. Which statement is true in regard to passing an argument by value to a procedure?
a. A copy of the argument is passed to the procedure.
b. A reference to the argument is passed to the procedure.
c. The procedure has access to the original argument and can make changes to it.
d. A procedure’s parameter list need not agree with the arguments provided to the procedure.
____ 14. If we were to call the MakeDouble and ChangeArg methods shown below, using the following statements,
what value would be assigned to lblResult.Text?
a. 0

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 41
b. 20
c. 40
d. (cannot be determined)
Dim intValue As Integer = 20
ChangeArg(intValue)
lblResult.Text = MakeDouble(intValue).ToString()
Function MakeDouble (ByVal intArg As Integer) As Integer
Return intArg * 2
End Function
Sub ChangeArg2(ByRef intArg As Integer)
' Display the value of intArg.
lstOutput.Items.Add(" ")
lstOutput.Items.Add("Inside the ChangeArg procedure, " &
"intArg is " & intArg.ToString())
lstOutput.Items.Add("I will change the value of intArg.")
' Assign 0 to intArg.
intArg = 0
' Display the value of intArg.
lstOutput.Items.Add("intArg is now " & intArg.ToString())
lstOutput.Items.Add(" ")
End Sub
____ 15. Which of the following examples correctly uses an input box to assign a value to an integer, and returns the
integer to the calling program using a reference parameter?
a. Sub GetInput(ByVal intNumber As Integer)
intNumber = CInt(InputBox(“Enter an Integer”))
End Sub
b. Sub GetInput(ByRef intNumber As Integer)
End Sub
c. Sub GetInput(ByRef intNumber As Integer)
Return intNumber
End Sub
d. Sub GetInput()
Dim intNumber As Integer
End Sub

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 42
____ 16. Which of the following functions accepts a parameter named dblSales and returns the commission to the
calling statement? Assume that the commission should equal the sales multiplied by the commission rate.
Use the following table as a guide to the calculation of the commission rate.
Sales Commission Rate
less than 2,000 10%
2,000 or more 15%
a. Function Calc(ByVal dblSales As Double, ByRef dblComm As Double)
Dim dblRate As Double
Select Case dblSales
Case Is < 2000
dblRate = .1
Case Is >= 2000
dblRate = .15
End Select
DblComm = dblRate
End Function
b. Function Calc(ByVal dblSales As Double) As Double
Dim dblRate, dblComm as Double
Case Is < 2000
dblRate = .1
Case Is >= 2000
dblRate = .15
End Select
dblCommission = dblRate * dblSales
End Function
c. Function Calc(ByVal dblSales As Double) As Double
Case Is < 2000
dblRate = .1
Case Is >= 2000
dblRate = .15
End Select
Return dblRate * dblSales
End Function
d. Function Calc(ByVal dblSales As Double, ByRef dblComm as Double)
Case Is < 2000
dblComm = .1 * dblRate

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 43
Case Is >= 2000
dblComm = .15 * dblRate
End Select
End Function
____ 17. Which debugging command executes a function call without stepping through function’s statements?
a. Step Into
b. Step Over
c. Step Out
d. Step All
____ 18. When a procedure finishes execution, __________.
a. control returns to the point where the procedure was called and continues with the next statement
b. the application terminates unless the procedure contains a Return statement
c. control transfers to the next procedure found in the code
d. the application waits for the user to trigger the next event
____ 19. In the context of Visual Basic procedures and functions, what is an argument?
a. A value received by a procedure from the caller
b. A value passed to a procedure by the caller.
c. A local variable that retains its value between procedure calls.
d. A disagreement between the procedure and the statement that calls it.
____ 20. When a parameter is declared using the __________ qualifier, the procedure has access to the original
argument variable and may make changes to its value.
a. ByValue
b. ByAddress
c. ByRef
d. ByDefault
____ 21. If you do not provide an access specifier for a procedure, it will be designated __________ by default.
a. Private
b. Protected
c. Friend
d. Public
____ 22. Choose a new, more descriptive name for the WhatIsIt function based on the result of the code below.
Function WhatIsIt(ByVal intRepeat as Integer) as Integer
Dim intResult as Integer = 1
Dim intCount as Integer
For intCount = 1 to intRepeat
intResult = intResult * 2
Next intCount
Return intResult
End Function
a. PowersOfTwo
b. SquareRootsOfTwo

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 44
c. MultiplyByTwo
d. TwoPlusTwo
____ 23. Which of the following can be returned by a function?
a. String values
b. Integer values
c. Boolean values
d. All of the above
____ 24. What is the syntax error in the following procedure?
Sub DisplayValue(Dim intNumber As Integer)
MessageBox.Show(intNumber.ToString())
End Sub
a. intNumber cannot be converted to a string
b. the procedure’s does not have a return value
c. Dim is not valid when declaring parameters
d. all of the above are true
____ 25. Which one of the following declarations uses Pascal casing for the procedure name?
a. Sub MyProcedure()
End Sub
b. Sub myprocedure()
End Sub
c. Sub my_procedure()
End Sub
d. Sub myProcedure()
End Sub
____ 26. What is wrong with the following GetName procedure?
Sub GetName(ByVal strName As String)
strName = InputBox(“Enter your Name:”)
End Sub
a. The procedure is missing a Return statement.
b. GetName is a reserved word and cannot be used as a name of a procedure.
c. strName will be modified, but all changes will be lost when the procedure ends.
d. The syntax for the call to InputBox is incorrect.
____ 27. Which statement is not true regarding functions?

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 45
a. A function is a self-contained set of statements that can receive input values.
b. Visual Basic has many built-in functions such as CSng(txtInput.Text)
c. A function can only return a single value.
d. The same function can return several data types including integer, string, or double
____ 28. Which of the following procedure declarations matches the call to the IsLetter procedure below?
Dim strText as String = txtInput.Text
Dim blnLetter as Boolean = IsLetter(strText)
a. Sub IsLetter(ByVal strInput as String) as Boolean
b. Sub IsLetter(ByVal blnResult as Boolean) as String
c. Function IsLetter(ByVal strInput as String) as Boolean
d. Function IsLetter(ByVal blnResult as Boolean) as String
____ 29. What will be the value of dblSum after the button btnAdd is clicked, assuming that 25 is entered by the
user into txtNum1, and 35 is entered into txtNum2?
Private Sub btnAdd_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnAdd.Click
Dim dblNum1, dblNum2, dblSum As Double
dblNum1 = CDbl(txtNum1.Text)
dblNum2 = CDbl(txtNum2.Text)
dblSum = Sum(dblNum1, dblNum2)
lblSum.Text = dblSum.ToString()
End Sub
Function Sum(ByVal dblNum1 As Double, ByVal dblNum2 As Double) as Double
Return dblNum1 + dblNum2
End Function
a. 60
b. 50
c. 0
d. 70
____ 30. Which is the correct way to define a function named Square that receives an integer and returns an integer
representing the square of the input value?
a. Function Square(ByVal intNum as Integer) As Integer
Return intNum * intNum
End Function
b. Function Square(ByVal intNum as Integer)
End Function
c. Function Square(ByVal intNum as Integer) As Double
End Function

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 46
d. Function Square(ByVal intNum as Integer) As Double
Dim dblAns as Double
dblAns = intNum * intNum
Return dblAns
End Function
____ 31. (True/False) Although you can omit the ByVal keyword in a parameter variable declaration, it is still a good
idea to use it.
a. True
b. False

TEST BANK
Chapter 6 47
Chapter 6
Answer Section
Answer Page Reference
1. a 383
2. c 380
3. d 383
4. c 388
5. b 390
6. a 403
7. d 395
8. c 396
9. b 395
10. a 391
11. d 391
12. c 380
13. a 387
14. a 393
15. b 391
16. c 391
17. b 403
18. a 382
19. b 387
20. c 391
21. d 395
22. a 390
23. d 396
24. c 388
25. a 383
26. c 391
27. d 388
28. c 388
29. a 388
30. a 387
31. a 387

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

instruction; to train: in general use both by
coacher and coachee.
1846. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, ch. v. The superb Cuff himself ...
helped him on with his Latin verses, COACHED him in play-hours.
1850. F. E. Smedley, Frank Fairleigh, ch. xxix. p. 240. Besides the
regular college tutor, I secured the assistance of what, in the slang
of the day, we irreverently termed a COACH.
1853. C. Bede, Verdant Green, pt. I., pp. 63-4. “That man is Cram,
the patent safety. He’s the first COACH in Oxford.” “A COACH,” said our
freshman in some wonder. “Oh, I forgot you didn’t know college
slang. I suppose a royal mail is the only gentleman COACH you
know of. Why, in Oxford a COACH means a private tutor, you must
know; and those who can’t afford a COACH, get a cab, alias a crib,
alias translation.”
1864. Eton School-days, ch. ix. p. 103. Lord Fitzwinton, one of the
smallest and best COACHES—in aquatics—in the school.
1870. London Figaro, June 10, “Quadrille Conversation.” It is, we
fear, Quixotic to hope that ladies and gentlemen invited to the
same ball would COACH with the same master.
1871. Times, “Report of the Debate in House of Lords on
University Test Bill.” The test proposed would be wholly ineffective;
... while it would apply to the college tutors, who had little
influence over the young men, it would not affect the COACHES, who
had the chief direction of their studies.
1889. Pall Mall Gazette, 29th Nov., p. 1, col. 3. The schoolmaster is
concerned with the education of boys up to eighteen; all beyond
that falls either to the COACH or the professor.
1891. Harry Fludyer at Cambridge, 15. Our COACH is always finding
fault with me.

Coaching, subs. (Rugby: obsolete).—A
flogging.
Coat. To get one’s coat, verb. phr. (Harrow).—
To be made a member of the “Sixth Form
Game”; the equivalent of the “Twenty-two”
at other schools: cricket.
Cob, subs. (Winchester).—A hard hit at
cricket; a slogger: a recent introduction.
Also as verb (common), to detect; to catch.
Verb. 1. (Stonyhurst).—To purloin oranges,
&c., after a Do (q.v.): e.g. “Cob for me,”
sometimes whispered by an envious
disappointed one to a fortunate friend as he
goes into the “Do-room.”
2. (Harrow).—In the verbal sense of COB = to
detect; to catch (see subs., ante); the
practice at Harrow is almost always to use
the word in the passive, with “badly”: e.g. “I
was badly COBBED ‘tollying-up’” (q.v.).
Cock, subs. (Stonyhurst).—An elevation from
which, at football, a GUARDER (q.v.) kicks balls

which “go out”: it corresponds to the “tee”
at golf.
To be cocked up, verb. phr. (Charterhouse).—
See quot.
1900. Tod, Charterhouse, 85. Fags [at Old Charterhouse] had to
fag in reality at cricket; they got COCKED UP if they cut, and they got
COCKED UP if they missed a catch, or muffed a ball. A stump was
always handy.
Cock-house, subs. (general). A champion
house; as at cricket, football—anything.
1890. Great Public Schools, 95. (Harrow) The various Houses are
divided into “Upper Round” Houses (being those which possess a
member of the School Eleven at the beginning of the term), and
“Lower Round” Houses (being those which possess no member of
the School Eleven at the beginning of the term). The “Upper
Round” Houses are drawn together, and play against each other;
and the same course is pursued with regard to the “Lower Round”
Houses. When all these ties are played off, the winner of the
“Upper Round” plays the winner of the “Lower Round” for COCK-
HOUSE. A silver challenge cup is presented to the COCK-HOUSE of the
year.
1898. Warner in Harrow School, 271. Coming back from the
holidays a boy will eagerly discuss with his comrades the prospects
of the term. Have they any chance of being “COCK-HOUSE” in football
or cricket—and no chance is too small on which to build a mighty
castle of hope.

Cockloft, The (Harrow).—A small room at the
top of the Old Schools; in turn a school-
room or the limbo for the School-stock (q.v.)
of confiscated books.
Cocks, subs. (Charterhouse).—The old
washing place. [Early in the century a
leaden trough, into which six taps
discharged water, was fixed in a corner of
Writing School, behind a partition which was
constructed to hold Gownboys Library.
These taps suggested the term COCKS.
Formerly Gownboys washed at the pump.]
Cocoa-club, subs. (The Leys).—Afternoon
tea, &c., at four in winter in House rooms or
studies.
Codd, subs. (Charterhouse).—See quot.
1854. Thackeray, The Newcomes. Yonder sit some threescore old
gentlemen, pensioners of the hospital; ... the Cistercian lads called
these old gentlemen CODDS.
Cog. To cog on, verb. phr. (Durham).—To
swindle; to cheat: e.g. “To cog on marks.”

Also TO COCK ON.
Coke on Littleton, subs. phr. (Eton).—See
quot.
1743. Daniel Wray, Letter from Cambridge [quoted in Etoniana
(1865), 70]. One blowing a chafing-dish with a surplice sleeve,
another warming a little negus or sipping “COKE UPON LITTLETON,” i.e.
tent and brandy.
Coll, subs. (United Services).—The College.
1899. Public School Mag., Nov., p. 345. To deal first with the
outward appearance of the COLL.—(COLL, be it noted, not College.)
“That long white barrack by the sea Stares blankly seaward still,”
sings Kipling in one of his very early poems.
Collections, subs. (Oxford).—College
Terminal Examinations.
1853. Bradley, Verdant Green, II. viii. Witless men were cramming
for COLLECTIONS.
College-John (Westminster).—The porter and
factotum of College: invariably so-called,
whatever his name may be.

Colleger, subs. 1. (general).—A square cap; a
MORTAR-BOARD (q.v.).
2. (Eton).—A boy on the foundation as
opposed to an Oppidan (q.v.).
1899. Public School Mag., Nov., p. 367. The discussion continues
as to whether the COLLEGERS should compete for the House Cup. As
we have always said, this seems a ridiculous suggestion. If COLLEGE
is on a separate foundation to the Oppidans, we can see no reason
for them to desire to join in competing for Oppidan events.
1890. Great Public Schools, 14. Parents of independent means
rejoice when their sons obtain places on the Foundation at Eton.
Admitted after a severe competitive examination, and specially
encouraged in the habits of industry, the seventy COLLEGERS
generally win a large proportion of the prizes and other distinctions
that are offered to Etonians, and maintain the high reputation of
their old school in the class lists at Oxford and Cambridge.
College-ware, subs. (Winchester).—Crockery
that falls without breaking.—Mansfield.
Combie, subs. (University).—The
“Combination room,” a parlour in which
college dons drink wine after Hall.
Come. Come up! intj. (Sherborne).—The order
given by the Captain of the Games, after 3

Roll on a half-holiday, to start the games at
football.
Come-up, subs. (Stonyhurst).—A regulation
as to the conditions by which one player
might try to take the ball from another:
football.
Commoner, subs. (general).—A boy not on
the foundation. Whence (Winchester)
Commoners = the building they lived in. [Now
abolished as a residence and converted into
class-rooms with a handsome library. The
old building, which presented externally
(vide Mansfield) the appearance of an
inferior workhouse, was successfully altered
by Mr. Butterfield, and is now, in its
architecture, worthy of its purpose and
surroundings.]
1867. Collins, The Public Schools, p. 26. Of the fellow-commoners,
or COMMONERS, as they are now termed, who have so increased as
to form a supplementary body of scholars doubling in number the
College boys themselves, it will be necessary to give some
account. Provision had been made in the original statutes for the
reception and instruction of independent students to the number
of ten, sons of noblemen or of “special friends” of the College,
who, though not claiming the other advantages of the foundation,
might yet wish to avail themselves of its sound teaching; with a

proviso that these should not be in any way burdensome to the
revenues.... In [Dr. Burton’s] time the College rose rapidly as a
place of education for many of the young nobility, and the
accommodations were found insufficient. He built what is now
remembered by Wykehamists of the past generation as “OLD
COMMONERS.” ... The number of COMMONERS gradually increased, until
in 1820 they reached 135. “Old Commoners” was pulled down in
1839-41 to make way for the present building, which was the
result of a general Wykehamist subscription. Ibid., 115
[Westminster]. In every public school the masters were entirely
dependent for any income beyond their statutable salaries on the
liberality of the parents of those boys who were admitted as
COMMONERS, or oppidans. Ibid., Etoniana, 10. [At Eton] there were
two classes of these boys—“generosorum filii Commensales,” and
simple “Commensales”—corresponding to the “gentleman-
COMMONER” and “COMMONER” of Oxford; the former probably of
higher social rank, paying more for their commons, and dining at a
separate table.
Commoner-grub, subs. (Winchester).—A
dinner formerly given by COMMONERS (q.v.) to
College after cricket matches.
Commoners-speaking, subs. (Winchester).
—The day on which the speakers, selected
from among the Inferiors (q.v.), declaimed.
Common Innings, subs. (Stonyhurst:
obsolete).—A form of cricket.

Common-time, subs. (Winchester).—The
Short Half, and beginning of Long up to
Easter time.
Commons, subs. (University).—Rations of
bread, butter, and milk, supplied from the
buttery. [When a number of men breakfast
together, the student whose rooms are the
rendezvous tells his scout the names of
those in-college men who are coming to
breakfast with him. The scout then collects
their COMMONS, which thus forms the
substratum of the entertainment. The other
things are of course supplied by the giver of
the breakfast, and are sent in by the
confectioner. As to the knives and forks and
crockery, the scout produces them from his
common stock.]
1853. Bradley, Verdant Green, viii. Of course you’d like to take out
an æger, sir; and I can bring you your COMMONS just the same.
Compo, subs. (King Edward’s, Birm.).—The
championship competition in the
gymnasium, or at fives; place-kicking.

Compositions, subs. (Stonyhurst).—Three
days coming at the end of each quarter,
during which the composition work of the
various Forms is tested. According to the
results is arranged the “Order of
Compositions,” which is accepted as fixing a
boy’s place in his Form for the ensuing
quarter. There is a hill some distance from
the College known as “Composition Hill,” so
called because the Poets (q.v.) went there
for inspiration on composition days. The first
and second boys according to the order of
Compositions are known respectively as
“Roman Imperator” and “Carthaginian
Imperator.” The last Compositions of the
year used to be known as the “Great
Compositions.” By them the Form medals,
&c., were decided.
Compound-kish (or Hish), subs.
(Marlborough).—The rules of the Latin
compound sentence.
Compul, adj. and adv. (Harrow).—That is,
“compulsory.”

Compulsory, subs. (Charterhouse).—See
Runabout.
Con, subs. 1. (Winchester).—A rap on the
head with the knuckles, or with anything
hard, such as a cricket ball. Also as verb: to
rap with the knuckles. [The derivation
formerly accepted at Winchester was
κονδυλον = a knuckle, but the editors of the
Wykehamist suggest its origin in the North
Country con, “to fillip,” with which the
French se cogner exactly corresponds.]
2. (general).—That is, “construe.” Hence TO
GET A CONSTRUE = to get some one to translate
a piece.
Conduct, subs. (Eton).—A chaplain.
1867. Collins, The Public Schools, p. 163. I was stopped on my
entry into school by the “Minos.” The title of “CONDUCT,” by which
the chaplains of Eton College are known, was for many years
ludicrously misprinted by the successive editors of Horace
Walpole’s Letters, who made him talk of “standing funking over
against a conduit to be catechised.”
Conduit, subs. (Winchester).—(1) In College,
a water-tap; (2) in Commoners, a lavatory.

Continent, adv. (Winchester).—Ill; on the
sick-list: cf. Abroad. [From continens
cameram vel lectum.] Hence CONTINENT-ROOM =
a sick-chamber.
1605. Shakspeare, Lear, i. 2. I pray you have a CONTINENT
forbearance; ... if you do stir abroad, go armed.
c. 1840. Mansfield, School-Life at Winchester College, p. 146. When
a boy felt ill, or inclined to quit school for a period, he had to get
leave CONTINENT, which was done by sending a boy in the morning
first to get leave from his tutor, and then from the Head Master.
1878. Adams, Wykehamica, p. 224. We suggested the “CONTINENT
room”; and on being required to say what was to become of the
sick boys? replied, that it was notorious that there was never
anything the matter with them!
1881. Felstedian, Nov., p. 75, “A Day’s Fagging at Winchester.” I
remember that I have to get “LEAVE CONTINENT” for one of the
fellows, i.e. he wants to be “æger for the day” (“continent,” of
course = “keeping indoors,” being confined to “sick house” or the
infirmary). I have to ask leave from the senior præfect in
chambers, the præfect of hall, the second master, and the head-
master, whom I waylay going to chapel.
Cool (or Cool-kick), subs. (Eton).—A kick at
football with no one near. Also as verb = to
kick hard.
Copus, subs. (University).—A wine or beer
cup: commonly imposed as a fine upon

those who talked Latin in Hall, or committed
other breaches of etiquette. [Dr. Johnson
derives it from episcopus, and if this be
correct it is doubtless the same as Bishop.]
Copy, subs. (Harrow).—An asterisk: e.g. as
placed on the broadsheet against the name
of any boy who comes out top of his
division in any subject; three COPIES secure a
prize in Speech-room. See Appendix.
Corn (The), subs. (Oxford).—Cornmarket
Street.
Corner, intj. (The Leys).—Look out! Clear the
way! [Originally shouted as a warning by
boys cycling about the buildings on
approaching a corner.]
Corner-monitor, subs. (Harrow).—The
monitor in turn at Bill (q.v.) to keep line
and preserve order generally.

Corps-board, subs. (Harrow).—The Rifle
Corps notice-board.
Cosh, subs. (King Edward’s, Birm.).—A caning.
Also as verb = to cane. A rarer word is TANK
(q.v.).
Cots, subs. (Christ’s Hospital).—See quot. [A
corruption of “cotton.”]
1810. Charles Lamb, Recollections of Christ’s Hospital [1835], p. 24.
The COTS, or superior Shoe Strings of the Monitors.
Coup, verb. 1. (Durham).—To upset: in
frequent use on the river. [North dia. COUP =
to empty or overset.]
2. (Stonyhurst).—At Bandy (q.v.), to lift the
ball from the ground by means of the crook
of the stick.
Course, subs. (Winchester).—Duty: in rota. In
course = on duty. [Course-keeper (obsolete) =
a Commoner who drew up a table of
fagging duties.—Wrench.]

c. 1840. Mansfield, School-Life at Winchester, 206. Course-keeper,
an office in the patronage of the Commoner Præfects, the duties
of which were principally connected with the organisation of the
fagging department. He was required to have been three years in
the school, to be of reasonable bodily strength, and in Middle Part.
His privileges were numerous, the principal being that he was
allowed to fag. When he ascended into Senior Part his duties
ceased, but his privileges remained; he was then called EX-COURSE-
KEEPER.
Court, The (Stonyhurst).—The quadrangle
behind the College Towers; now more
commonly called the Quadrangle.
[“Quadrangle” was one of the names which
puzzled the Claimant in the famous
Tichborne Trial. Cf. Times reports; also
Stonyhurst Magazine, vol. i. p. 294, and vol.
ii. p. 317.]
Courts, subs. (Sherborne).—The school
quadrangles: the earliest known use of the
term is at the end of the sixteenth century.
Cowshed, subs. (Christ’s Hospital). See
Appendix.
c. 1890. More Gleanings from The Blue, 84. Time was when it was
looked upon as a sacred duty on the first Sunday of each term to
introduce Hertford boys to those three stones in the Ditch which

represent the toffee man, to show them his six little children, his
brush and comb, his windmill, and whatsoever else belonging to
him the imaginative youth can discern in the bare stones under the
COWSHED, as it is called. Those “sermons in stones” belonged
essentially to Sunday.
Cow-shooter, subs. (Winchester: obsolete).
—A “deer-stalker” hat: worn by Præfects
and Candle-keepers (q.v.).
Coxy, adj. (general).—Stuck up; conceited;
impudent. [Coxy = conceited
(Warwickshire).—Halliwell.]
1856. Hughes, Tom Brown’s School-days, p. 202. He’s the COXIEST
young blackguard in the house—I always told you so. Ibid., p. 214.
“Confoundedly COXY those young rascals will get if we don’t mind,”
was the general feeling.
1882. F. Anstey, Vice Versâ, ch. iv. “Now then, young Bultitude, you
used to be a decent fellow enough last term, though you were
COXY. So, before we go any further—what do you mean by this sort
of thing?”
Coy, adv. (Sherborne).—Shy.
Crackle (or Crackling), subs. (University).—
The velvet bars on the gowns of the Johnian
“Hogs” (q.v.). [From a resemblance to the

scored rind on roast pork.] The covered
bridge between one of the courts and the
grounds of John’s is called the Isthmus of
Suez (Latin sus, a swine).
1885. Cuthbert Bede, in Notes and Queries, 6 S., xi. 414. The word
CRACKLE refers to the velvet bars on the students’ gowns.
Cram, subs. (general).—An adventitious aid to
study; a translation; a crib. As verb = to
study at high pressure. Hence, CRAMMER = a
COACH (q.v.); a GRINDER (q.v.); and CRAMMING =
studying hard.
1803. Gradus ad Cantab., s.v.
1812. Miss Edgeworth, Patronage, ch. iii. Put him into the hands of
a clever grinder or CRAMMER, and they would soon cram the
necessary portion of Latin and Greek into him.
1825. Hone, Every-Day Book, Feb. 22. Shutting my room door ...
and CRAMMING Euc.
1841. Punch, vol. i. p. 201, col. 1. Aspirants to honours in law,
physic, or divinity, each know the value of private CRAMMING.
1844. Puck, p. 13. Though for Great Go and for Small, I teach
Paley, CRAM and all.
1853. Bradley (“C. Bede”), Verdant Green, pt. II. p. 68. The
infatuated Mr. Bouncer madly persisted ... in going into the school
clad in his examination coat, and padded over with a host of CRAMS.
1863. Charles Reade, Hard Cash, i. p. 16. “All this term I have been
(‘training’ scratched out and another word put in: c—r oh, I know)
CRAMMING.” “Cramming, love?” “Yes, that is Oxfordish for studying.”

1869. Spencer, Study of Sociology, ch. xv. 574 (9th ed.). And here,
by higher culture, I do not mean mere language-learning, and an
extension of the detestable CRAMMING system at present in use.
1872. Besant and Rice, My Little Girl. The writer of one crushing
article CRAMMED for it, like Mr. Pott’s young man.
1872. Evening Standard, Aug. 16. “The Competition Wallah.” The
CRAMMER follows in the wake of competitive examinations as surely
as does the shadow the body.
1872. Daily News, Dec. 20. Competitive examinations for the
public service defeated in a great measure the object of their
promoters, which was to place rich and poor on an equality,
because success was made to depend very largely on successful
CRAMMING, which meant a high-priced CRAMMER.
Crib, subs. (general).—A surreptitious aid to
study. Also as verb.
1841. Punch, i. 177. Cribbing his answers from a tiny manual ...
which he hides under his blotting-paper. Ibid., 185. He has with a
prudent forethought stuffed his CRIBS inside his double-breasted
waistcoat.
1855. Thackeray, Newcomes, ch. xxii. I wish I had read Greek a
little more at school, ... when we return I think I shall try and read
it with CRIBS.
1856. T. Hughes, Tom Brown’s School-days, pt. II. ch. vi. Tom, I
want you to give up using vulgus books and CRIBS. Ibid., ii. 3. Two
highly moral lines ... which he CRIBBED entire from one of his books.
1889. Globe, 12th Oct., p. 1, col. 4. Always, it seems likely, there
will be men “going up” for examinations; and every now and
again, no doubt, there will be among them a wily “Heathen Pass-
ee” like him of whom Mr. Hilton speaks—who had CRIBS up his
sleeve, and notes on his cuff.

Crick, The (Rugby). See quot.
1890. Great Public Schools, 182. The crick is the most celebrated of
all school runs. Everybody, I fancy, in the running world has heard
of it. On a day at the end of the Christmas term—generally on the
first Thursday in December—you may see all the School assembled
at the “Quad gates.”... The crick is only run once a year. Its course
is along roads and footpaths to Crick village, and then back by
Hillmorton, the finish being a length of about a third of a mile
along the Hillmorton Road. It is a race pure and simple; and is in
this respect a race against time.... The length of the race is
supposed to be about eleven or twelve miles, and the time in
which it is run is generally between an hour and twenty minutes
and an hour and a half.
Cricket-bill, subs. (Harrow).—A “call-over” on
the cricket-ground. All fall into line, down
which a master goes noting the number of
those absent as stated by the Shepherds
(q.v.).
Cricket-Quarter, subs. (Charterhouse).—See
Long Quarter.
Croc, subs. (Cheltenham).—A ladies’ school
when walking out.

Crocketts, subs. (Winchester).—A kind of
bastard cricket, sometimes called “small
CROCKETTS.” A stump was used and a fives ball,
with a bat of plain deal about two inches
broad, or a broomstick. To get crocketts = to
fail to score; to get a “duck’s egg.” Cf. Books.
c. 1840. Mansfield, School-Life at Winchester College, p. 122. The
more noisily disposed would indulge in ... playing Hicockolorum, or
CROCKETTS.
Cropple, verb (Winchester).—To pluck; to
plough—UP TO Books. [Wykehamicé for
cripple.]
Cross. To be crossed, verb. phr.—For not
paying term bills to the bursar (treasurer),
or for cutting chapels, or lectures, or other
offences, an undergrad. can be CROSSED at
the buttery, or kitchen, or both, i.e. a CROSS is
put against his name by the Don, who
wishes to see him, or to punish him.
1853. Bradley (“Cuthbert Bede”), Verdant Green, pt. II. ch. x. Sir!—
You will translate all your lectures; have your name CROSSED on the
buttery and kitchen books; and be confined to chapel, hall, and
college.

Crow, subs. (Stonyhurst).—A master. [From
the black gown with “wings.”]
Crown (Charterhouse).—The school tuck-
shop.
1900. Tod, Charterhouse, 96. At Old Charterhouse the word CROWN,
with a sort of coronet above it, was painted in large white letters
on a wall near the racket courts. The story is that the Crown Inn
once stood just outside this wall.... When the inn was pulled down,
Lord Ellenborough, then a boy in the school, painted a crown on a
wall near the place where the inn had stood. Years after, on his
return from India, being touched to find his boyish work still in
existence, he expressed a hope that it might never be allowed to
vanish; so it has been painted again from time to time, and
Merchant Taylors’ still keep it fresh. This “CROWN” was not near the
tuck-shop, which was a grimy cellar under the old school, with the
face of a disused clock for a signboard, and the superscription, “NO
TICK HERE.” But it was thought fit that the memory of this old word
should be kept up somehow and somewhere at the new school, so
a large theatrical-looking crown was suspended, like a tavern sign,
outside the school tuck-shop in the pavilion. In this way the name
and memory of this bit of antiquity are preserved.
Crow Wood (Stonyhurst).—A wood in the
Park.
1884. Stonyhurst Mag., June, p. 294. The churn was in the latter
days [1834] turned by a wheel worked by water supplied from the
CROW WOOD.

Crug, subs. 1. (Christ’s Hospital).—At
Hertford, a crust; in the London school,
crust and crumb alike.
1820. Lamb, Elia (Christ’s Hospital) [Works (1852), 322]. He had his
tea and hot rolls in a morning, while we were battening upon our
quarter of a penny loaf—our CRUG.
2. A Blue (q.v.); especially an “old boy.”
1877. Blanch, Blue-Coat Boys, p. 80. All CRUGS will well remember,
&c.
Cruganaler, subs. (Christ’s Hospital).—A
biscuit given on St. Matthew’s Day.
[Orthography dubious. Blanch inclines to the
following derivation: “The biscuit had once
something to do with those nights when
bread and beer, with cheese, were
substituted for bread-and-butter and milk.
Thence the term ‘crug and aler.’ The only
argument against this is the fact that the
liquid was never dignified with the name of
ale, but was invariably called ‘the swipes.’ By
another derivation = ‘hard as nails.’ It is
then spelt CRUGGYNAILER.”] Obsolete.
Cruggy, adj. (Christ’s Hospital).—Hungry.
[From CRUG (q.v.).]

Crump, subs. (Winchester).—A hard hit; a fall.
Also as verb.
Cud, adj. 1. (Winchester).—Pretty; handsome.
[A suggested derivation is from κυδος;
another is the A.S. cuð, the Scots couthie,
and whence cuðle, to cuddle (a derivative of
cuð), the meaning formerly given to a
verbal usage of CUD at Winchester.]
2. (Christ’s Hospital).—Severe. Whence CUDDY
= hard: difficult; said of a lesson. Also
Hertfordicé for PASSY (q.v.). [There is a
common hard biscuit called a “cuddy-
biscuit” which doubtless has this derivation.]
Obsolete.
Culminate, verb (University: obsolete).—To
mount a coach-box.
1803. Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, s.v.
Cup-fag, subs. (Charterhouse).—A boy whose
duty it is to place the challenge cups, should
his House have any, in their cases each
morning, and remove them to a safe place
every night. He has also to keep them

clean, and for neglect of any of these duties
he is fined. He receives a quarterly payment
for his services, and is exempt from other
forms of fagging.
Curtain. Above the curtain, phr. (Westminster).
—See quot.
1867. Collins, The Public Schools, p. 108. A curtain formerly was
drawn across the school, dividing the upper forms from the lower.
One day a boy was so unlucky as to tear it; and Busby’s known
severity left no doubt of the punishment that would follow. The
offender was in despair, when a generous schoolfellow volunteered
to take the blame upon himself and suffered in his friend’s stead
accordingly.... In three year’s time he was sufficiently advanced to
be admitted by Busby ABOVE THE CURTAIN—that is, into the fourth
class, the lowest in the upper school. Of this class, however, he
says the head-master “took little or no care,” but as he rose into
the higher forms he found the teaching more satisfactory.
Cuse, subs. (Winchester).—A book in which a
record is kept of the “marks” in each
division; a CLASSICUS PAPER (q.v.): also used for
the weekly order.
Custos, subs. (Harrow).—The official who
looks after all arrangements in the way of

stationery, &c., keeps the keys, cuts names
on the House-boards, &c.
Also see Admonishing-money.
Cut, verb (general).—To avoid; to absent
oneself from: e.g. TO CUT LECTURE, TO CUT CHAPEL,
TO CUT HALL, TO CUT GATES. See Appendix.
To cut into, verb. phr. (Winchester).—
Originally to hit one with a “ground ash.”
The office was exercised by Bible-clerks
upon a man kicking up a row when up to
Books. Now generally used in the sense of
to correct in a less formal manner than
TUNDING (q.v.).
To cut in a book, verb. phr. (Winchester).—
See quot.
c. 1840. Mansfield, School-Life at Winchester (1866). Cut in a book.
—A method of drawing lots. A certain letter was fixed on (e.g. the
first in the second line on the left page), each boy then turned
over a leaf, and whoever turned over the leaf in which the
corresponding letter was nearest to A, won.
Cuts, subs. (general).—Flannel trousers; SHORTS
(q.v.).

ab, subs. (Harrow).—The entrance
examination: held at the beginning of
term.
To be a DAB = to be skilled at anything.
Hence, the two entrance examinations, one
at the end of term, and the other at the
very beginning of the next, are the SKEW
(q.v.) and the DAB respectively. The DAB offers
no second chance; hence a bad candidate
tries the “skew” first.
Dame, subs. (Eton).—A mathematical or other
master (except a classical) who keeps a
boarding-house for boys in College. Also
(obsolete) at Harrow. See Appendix, and
quot. 1867.
1786-1805. Tooke, Parley, 390, s.v. Battel. A term used at Eton for
the small portion of food which in addition to the College
allowance the Collegers receive from their DAMES.

1865. Etoniana, 133. Formerly these [boarding] houses were
almost entirely kept by “DAMES” or “Dominies”—the latter being the
old style when there was a male head of the establishment,
though now the term “DAMES” applies to all without reference to
sex. Tutors and assistant-masters used to live in most of these
houses, but had no charge over the boys. Only the lower master
and some of the senior assistant-masters kept houses of their
own. There are now twenty boarding-houses kept by masters, and
ten by “DAMES”—of whom four only are ladies.
1866-72. “Mac,” Sketchy Memories of Eton (1885). I am thankful to
say that I did not attend the show. But I happened to see the
World conducted back to his DAME’S, and the spectacle was
gruesome. The punishment inflicted had been very considerable,
and I do not think the World appeared in public for quite a
fortnight.
1867. Collins, The Public Schools [Harrow], p. 293. All these
[sixteen boarding-houses other than the head-master’s] are kept
by assistant-masters, and form one considerable source of their
income. No DAMES’ boarding-houses are now sanctioned; and for
the good order of his establishment each master is responsible.
1890. Great Public Schools, 16. Until recently some of the
boarding-houses were kept by assistant-masters, the remainder by
“dominies” or “DAMES,” who took no part in the work of education,
and had little or no disciplinary jurisdiction. The boys, therefore,
who boarded in DAMES’ houses had as their tutors assistant-masters
residing elsewhere. Now, although there remains only one female
DAME, the teachers of mathematics, science, and French are for
some purposes accounted DAMES.
Damnation-corner, subs. (Eton).—See
quot., and Damnation-hill (Appendix).

1866-72. “Mac,” Sketchy Memories of Eton (1885). Meanwhile,
“regardless of our doom, we little victims played,” or rather
watched the play; we little knew what cruel fate awaited us, or
that the present head-master of Eton and the Rev. F. W. Cornish
lay in ambush for our outcoming behind that very sharp turn in the
High Street, which, on account of its acute angle, and the
consequent danger of being nailed in shirking in old days, was
somewhat flippantly termed DAMNATION-CORNER.
Dancing Gallery, The (Stonyhurst:
obsolete).—The old name of the Picta
Gallery.
1884. Stonyhurst Mag., i. 290. The gallery now known as “Our
Lady’s Gallery,” which in former times was designated THE DANCING
GALLERY. It is by competent judges pronounced to be one of the
finest bits of “Baronial Gothic” architecture in England, but the
door is quite a solecism, for it is of a much later design.
Dark Walk, The (Stonyhurst).—A long
avenue of tall yew trees in the garden.
Tradition says the last of the Shireburns was
poisoned by eating some of the berries from
these trees. Cf. Stonyhurst Mag., ii. 179; iv.
703.
1885. Stonyhurst Mag., i. 179. The DARK WALK formerly extended a
considerable way nearer the house than now, and when the
Jesuits came it was found necessary to encroach upon the gardens
to make room for the playgrounds, and a certain part of the DARK
WALK was taken in.

Darker (Harrow).—The photographic “dark-
room”: formerly under the Science Schools.
Dark-lanthorn (Harrow).—See Jack-o’-
Lantern.
Date-card, subs. (Haileybury).—See quot.
1890. Great Public Schools, 297. Besides the ordinary forms of
punishment, there is the DATE-CARD, of which refractory or forgetful
youths write out selected “twelves.” It is much more useful to
know “Gutenberg prints from moveable type, 1453,” than to record
“Infaudum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem.”
Daviesites (Charterhouse).—See Out-houses.
Day (Stonyhurst).—Rector’s Day, Provincial’s
Day, General’s Day—whole holidays given in
honour of superiors; in the two former
instances accompanied by presentations of
verses written by the boys. [The word “DAY”
seems as peculiar as “PLACE” (q.v.). Cf. the
“Three hundred-day,” given when the
number of boys first reached three hundred;
“Kenna’s Day,” on the occasion of the visit of
Captain Kenna, V.C., to the College, &c.]

Day-boys, subs. (Cheltenham).—An exercise
on the horizontal bar.
Dean, subs. (Winchester).—A small band of
wood round a Bill-brighter (q.v.); that
securing a fagot is called a Bishop (q.v.).
Debater, subs. (Harrow).—The school
debating society.
Deeds (or Dees), subs. (Felsted).—Private
prayers.
Deg, subs. and verb (The Leys).—To degrade;
to depose. Hence, one who has forfeited
rank or office by misconduct.
Degra, subs. (Charterhouse).—A degradation.
Degrade, verb (Christ’s Hospital).—To feel
degradation: e.g. he is DEGRADED to do so-
and-so.

Dep, subs. (Christ’s Hospital).—A deputy
Grecian (q.v.), i.e. a boy in the form below
the Grecians.
Deputy, subs. (Winchester).—The Junior
Candlekeeper (q.v.), who had the organisation
of the Fagging department, and assisted the
Senior Candlekeeper in thrashing the Juniors
in Hall.—Mansfield (c. 1840).
Derrywag, subs. (Harrow).—Paper used for
parsing: ruled twenty lines down, and six
across. [That is, “derivation paper.”]
Deten, subs. (King Edward’s, Birm.).—A card
issued to a boy set down for Saturday
afternoon detention. Also called a SOUP-TICKET.
Devor, subs. (Charterhouse).—Plum-cake.
[From the Latin verb.]
Dex, subs. (Loretto).—A form of “small
cricket” once extremely popular at Loretto.
[The name originated with Andrew Lang,

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