Stephan Krashen's five hypotheses
- 1. Ajit A. Kaliya M.A. Sem 3 Roll No. 1 Enrollment No. 2069108420170013 Batch 2016-18 Email: kaliyaajitbhai@gmail.com Department of English, MKBU
- 2. • Born in 1941 • Professor at the university of south California • Contributed to the fields of second language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. •Known for his hypotheses related to second language acquisition.
- 3. Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and does not require tedious drill. Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, natural communication in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. Five Hypotheses: 1. The acquisition- learning hypothesis 2. The monitor hypothesis 3. The natural order hypothesis 4. The input hypothesis 5. The affective filter hypothesis
- 4. 1. The acquisition- learning hypotheses Krashen believed that language acquisition is the only way to learn second language. Acquisition unconscious and natural process getting something. Informal situations Natural communication in the target language. Uses grammatical feel. Learning Conscious process of getting something. Formal situations Uses grammatical rules
- 5. The Monitor hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. According to Krashen, the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, while the learning system performs the role of the 'monitor' or the 'editor'. The 'monitor' acts in a planning, editing and correcting function Monitor over users: Use the monitor all the time Monitor under users: who prefer not to use their conscious knowledge Monitor optimal users: use the 'monitor' appropriately
- 6. He believed that role of conscious learning is somewhat limited in second language So, role of the monitor should be minor. extroverts are under-users, while introverts and perfectionists are over-users. Lack of self-confidence is frequently related to the over- use of the "monitor".
- 7. the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a 'natural order' which is predictable. Language is acquired in a particular order, and that this order does not change between learners, and is not affected by explicit instruction some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late. This order seemed to be independent of the learners' age, L1 background, conditions of exposure Krashen rejects grammatical sequencing when the goal is language acquisition.
- 8. In this hypotheses Krashen explains how the learner acquires a second language. It suggests learners progress in language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. Krashen called this level of input "i+1", where "i" is the learner's inter language and "+1" is the next stage of language acquisition. Only concerned with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. The learner improves and progresses along the 'natural order' when learner receives second language 'input' that is one step beyond current stage of linguistic competence. Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus.
- 9. This states that learners' ability to acquire language is constrained if they are experiencing negative emotions such as fear or embarrassment. Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition. Low motivation, low self-esteem, and debilitating anxiety can combine to 'raise' the affective filter and form a 'mental block' that prevents comprehensible input from being used for acquisition. when the filter is 'up' it impedes language acquisition.
- 10. In these hypotheses Krashen gives importance to acquisition rather than learning. He rejects grammatical rules. He also talks about how emotions can also affect learning process. These hypotheses can help second language teachers.
- 11. Works Cited Hatfield, Robin. Krashen's Five Main Hypotheses. 3 June 2013. 5 November 2017 <https://www.slideshare.net/AjaanRobCMU/krashens-five-main- hypotheses>. Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. 5 November 2017 <http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash-english.html>. Wikipedia. Stephan Krashen. 28 April 2017. 5 November 2017 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Krashen>.