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STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION USING FORMULATED SURFACTANT

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Andi Anriansyah

The document discusses the use of surfactant stimulation techniques, specifically 'huff & puff' and continuous injection methods, to enhance oil production from mature reservoirs by improving fluid flow and modifying reservoir behavior. It provides detailed methodologies for reservoir screening, candidate well analysis, and laboratory testing to evaluate fluid properties and surfactant effectiveness. The goal is to optimize oil recovery while addressing challenges related to water saturation and poor oil mobility in the reservoir.

Engineering
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STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION USING FORMULATED SURFACTANT Production Geologist (Development Geologist) Practical use and reference
SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION ACTIVITY  Introduction  Subsurface Situation  Reservoir Screening  Pattern Area and well Selection  Summary Data Initial Screening & Verification of Reserves  Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells  Huff & Puff wells  water injection wells  Laboratory Test  Fluid properties Test  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test  Mixture Viscosity Test  Surface Facility  Stimulation Huff & Puff  Continues Injection  Forecast & Actual Production
SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION The purpose of Surfactant Stimulation Huff & Puff and Continues Injection is to Enhance Oil Production and Recovery by Stimulating the Reservoir Behavior and Performance. The Situation of Mature Reservoir in most of well at the situation (in figure), can describe as follow :  Near wellbore (blue area) area become dominated by water saturation and no oil can move from this area only.  Since oil mobility is slower than water, then water bypassed the oil to oil well make the water channel, at this situation oil production drop significantly.  Conventional Methods are difficult to handle this condition. INTRODUCTION
The Holistic Approach is by enhancing Reservoir Performance with criteria as follow:  Modify water channel and change the flow path to sweep unswept (oil bank).  Peel out oil from rock surface in Reservoir.  Make oil able to go out from pore throat then to higher permeability area (water channel).  Avoid oil from sticking again to rock surface.  Bring oil from pore to the production wells. Surfactant Formulated (such: SeMAR/ SurPlus Technology) work by bringing the oil from the oil bank (dark black) to wellbore (blue) by modification of reservoir behavior and reservoir fluid flow performance. INTRODUCTIONSURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION
Relative Permeability (%) kro before EOR kro after EOR krw before EOR krw after EOR Sw at Capillary Barrier before EOR Sw at Capillary Barrier after EOR Cross Section Point between kro and krw known as Pc0 (Capillary Pressure Barrier) and Water Saturation at this point describe as Sw Capillary, at this point Watercut start increase sharply and oil production drop significantly. It is the indication that reservoir already reach the MATURE Stage. Effort to move Sw Capillar to the Right (higher Sw), as process of Enhance Oil Recovery. Swr(eor) = 1 – Sor(eor) Change in Sw (%) Pc 0.0 Free imbibition process ( + ) ( - ) Drainage process Imbibition process Swi 1 2 3Pc0 Legend Pri = Initial Reservoir Pressure Pc = Capillary pressure Pc0 = Pc barrier Sw = Water saturation Swi = Initial water saturation Swr(eor) = Residual water saturation after Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) at maximum Pressure-Volume (max PV) Sor(eor) = Residual oil saturation after EOR at max PV Free Imbibition Mechanism Explanatory Notes 1 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of water at ambient atmospheric pressure 2 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of wetting chemical (SurPlus) at ambient atmospheric pressure 3 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of wetting chemical (SurPlus) at reservoir pressure (Swr(eor) = 1 – Sor(eor)) Pri Primary Recovery EO R EOR
Wettability Alteration, as method to peel out oil from rock surface by put the chemical replacing of the oil position on rock surface Utilizing produce water or Sea water to mix with Surfactant Formulated such: (SeMAR/ SurPlus Technology) chemical will be very useful to reduce excessive water production from Reservoir. SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION INTRODUCTION Oil Come Out as Result of Imbibition of in the Core
Subsurface Situation Subsurface Situation information may consist of: Field Area and location, Regional Geology (Structure & stratigraphy Regional), Tectonic development, Structure and Stratigraphy of the field, Reservoir description, Production History, (Detail Geology , Geophysics, Reservoir Data's such: Seismic, Wells, Reservoir, Production, Reserve, Well correlation, Petrophysic model – Interpretation, Subsurface Geology model, Properties model, etc.), Current and plan Operations activity, etc.
Subsurface Situation Example: Subsurface Situation T-Field in South Africa
Reservoir Screening Screening of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Method should conduct each layer / zone due to may have different reservoir characteristic. Reservoir parameters are necessary for EOR Screening , consist of: 1. Oil API gravity 2. Oil viscosity 3. Rocks Porosity 4. Oil Saturation 5. Lithology 6. Permeability 7. Reservoir Depth & temperature 8. Hydrocarbon composition etc.
Pattern Area and well Selection  The Selection of Injection/ water flooding area on a full scale mainly based on the following principles:  Selection of the optimum area Injection/ water flooding should take into account the remaining reserves (massive), interwell connectivity in the pattern area and the rock quality is pretty good.  Located in the center of oil production (oil production center), close to the terminal collecting / processing, easy setting and monitoring.  Area free of junk equipment and production equipment so as to facilitate construction.  The state of connectivity with the surrounding oil wells relative good.  Relative close to the water injection facility. Reservoir Screening
Reservoir Screening ZONES Open Layer BOPD Qoi (BOPD) Rate Max Cum. (MBO) Proven (MBO) Remaining (MBO) 1 T-289 H S3 S3(259.0 - 262.0) 6 12.58 15.8 23.51 No fluid (Suspended) 3-S3 62.8 39.29 2 T -196 - S5 S5 (311.12-328) 6 157 41.4 175.56 (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 5" csg) 5-S5 182 6.44 3 T- 127 - S2 S2 (222.21 – 223) 6 629 ? ? (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 6" csg) 4-S2 20.4 ? 4 T-061 H S3 S3A (232.0 - 263.0); S3B (254.5 - 255.5) 6 ? 16.3 8.9 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-14 3-S3 68.3 59.4 5 T-092 - S2 or S1 S2 or S1 (181.29-187.1) 6 19 ? 2.15 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-15 4-S2 20.4 18.25 6 T-202 F S1 or STC S1 or STC (185.0 - 192.0) 6 251 8.6 24.98 Suspended , Fish (Tag @82.5m) 2-STC 40.8 15.82 7 T-099 G S5 S5(328.0-330.5; 320.0-324.5) 6 18.86 12.2 18.7 Wait pressure down 2-S5 86.4 67.7 8 T-230 D STC STC(158.5-166) 6 189 16.5 103.14 prepare all materials 1-STC 116.6 13.46 9 T-227 C STC STC (167-179.2) 6 75 57.7 45.9 POP, being Observation 1-STC 99.5 53.6 10 T-224 D STC STC (173.4-190.65) 6 ? 41.4 56.4 POOH 3-1 / 2 " junk basket 23 ft + 5 JTS 2-7 / 8 " 1-STC 98 41.6 11 T-221 E STC STC (123.3-127.9) 6 30 ? 6.7 being Observation 2-STC 68.4 61.7 12 T-218 D S1 or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5 (339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5 or S6 (303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1 (194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1 (?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 19 T-197 L S3 S3 (?-227 ) 6 ? 21.6 25.6 POP, being Observation 7-S3 57.3 31.7 20 T-194 M S7 S7 (421.8-423.0) 6 6 38.5 17.1 POP, being Observation 7-S7 65 47.9 21 T-191 G S3 S3(232.25-248.5) 6 126 32.3 85.18 AFE approved (Location Ready) 3-S3 87.4 2.22 22 T-188 - STC STC (167.8-168)OH 6 19 25.6 33.7 AFE Reopening approved (Location Ready) 9-STC 77.8 44.1 23 T-185 G S5 - S6 S5 - S6 (286.2-402.0) 6 7.5 ? 2.5 AFE Reopening approved 2-S5 22.7 20.2 24 T-182 - STC LSTC ( 101.0-102.5 ; 98.0-99.0 ; 6 ? 47.4 83.7 Current Injector 5-STC 124.4 40.7 Prod History Reserve Remark Pattern location SampleNo Well Name TARGET Example: Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for HUFF & PUFF
Reservoir Screening 12 T-218 D S1or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5(339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5or S6(303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1(194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1(?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 19 T-197 L S3 S3(?-227) 6 ? 21.6 25.6 POP, being Observation 7-S3 57.3 31.7 20 T-194 M S7 S7(421.8-423.0) 6 6 38.5 17.1 POP, being Observation 7-S7 65 47.9 21 T-191 G S3 S3(232.25-248.5) 6 126 32.3 85.18 AFE approved (Location Ready) 3-S3 87.4 2.22 22 T-188 - STC STC (167.8-168)OH 6 19 25.6 33.7 AFE Reopening approved (Location Ready) 9-STC 77.8 44.1 23 T-185 G S5- S6 S5- S6(286.2-402.0) 6 7.5 ? 2.5 AFE Reopening approved 2-S5 22.7 20.2 24 T-182 - STC LSTC ( 101.0-102.5; 98.0-99.0; 91.0-94.0), S1(197.5-199.0) 6 ? 47.4 83.7 Current Injector (continues Injector) 5-STC 124.4 40.7 25 T-179 M S3/ S5 (305.36-310.8) 6 31 24.4 70.1 Current Injector (continues Injector) 8-S5 94 23.9 T-176 - STC (85.5-102.0) 6 157 67.7 38.1 Current Injector (continues Injector) 4-STC 96.4 58.3 26 T-173 H STC ? 6 ? 62.8 16.3 Current Injector 3-STC 71.5 55.2 27 T-170 - STC LSTC (83.0-89.5; 73.5-81.5) 6 19.4 37.1 4.16 Current Injector 4-STC 71.5 67.34 168Total Gain ZONES Open Layer BOPD Qoi (BOPD) Rate Max Cum. (MBO) Proven (MBO) Remaining (MBO) 1 T-289 H S3 S3(259.0- 262.0) 6 12.58 15.8 23.51 No fluid (Suspended) 3-S3 62.8 39.29 2 T -196 - S5 S5(311.12-328) 6 157 41.4 175.56 (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 5" csg) 5-S5 182 6.44 3 T- 127 - S2 S2(222.21–223) 6 629 ? ? (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 6" csg) 4-S2 20.4 ? 4 T-061 H S3 S3A (232.0- 263.0); S3B (254.5 - 255.5) 6 ? 16.3 8.9 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-14 3-S3 68.3 59.4 5 T-092 - S2or S1 S2or S1(181.29-187.1) 6 19 ? 2.15 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-15 4-S2 20.4 18.25 6 T-202 F S1or STC S1or STC (185.0- 192.0) 6 251 8.6 24.98 Suspended , Fish (Tag @82.5m) 2-STC 40.8 15.82 7 T-099 G S5 S5(328.0-330.5; 320.0-324.5) 6 18.86 12.2 18.7 Wait pressure down 2-S5 86.4 67.7 8 T-230 D STC STC(158.5-166) 6 189 16.5 103.14 prepare all materials 1-STC 116.6 13.46 9 T-227 C STC STC (167-179.2) 6 75 57.7 45.9 POP, being Observation 1-STC 99.5 53.6 10 T-224 D STC STC (173.4-190.65) 6 ? 41.4 56.4 POOH 3-1 / 2 " junk basket 23 ft + 5 JTS 2-7 / 8 " 1-STC 98 41.6 11 T-221 E STC STC (123.3-127.9) 6 30 ? 6.7 being Observation 2-STC 68.4 61.7 12 T-218 D S1or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5(339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5or S6(303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1(194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1(?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 Prod History Reserve Remark Pattern location SampleNo Well Name TARGET Example: Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for Continues Injection Example: Data sheet may fulfilled for Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for HUFF & PUFF or Continues Injection
Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells Subsurface Evaluation from recent Operated wells (Reactivation, Workover, Deepening etc.), that the wells as canditate for Surfactan Stimulation by Huff & Puff should prepared, the evaluation may consist the information such well information, well operation description, production zone and hystory, Fluid properties, Rate production Reservoir thicknes, well location on depth structure and properties maps, (Initial, Rate and performance of production etc.). Subsurface Evaluation from recent water injection wells, as canditate for Surfactan Stimulation by continues injection the evaluation consist same as describe on Huff & Puff wells, with additional information such Fluid/ Water Injection profile @ current time, Isopach, and Buble maps could be overlied etc.. Huff & Puff wells Continues Injection wells
Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 100 1000 BOPD BFPD WC The T-289 has initial production :12.58 bfpd / 12.58 bopd (June 1912), has maximum rate production on Mei 1993 is 15.8 bopd/ 79.9%wc on layer S3, then suspended from Augusts 1993 to November 2003 and put on production again until Augusts 2011, and the cumulative production 23.5 MBO Reactivation work T-289 done on 26-29 April 2014, with result No Fluids. RIH bailer, tag @ 253.49m, RIH scrapper, circulation, RIH tubing 2-7/8" edge is open @ 226m, Preparation for Put on production (bailer truck). From Production data and correlation of near wells such T-149 & T-061, also those Structure and Isopach Map indicate that the layer S3 on fault block III is fairly productive layer. Example: Subsurface Analysis Candidate well for HUFF & PUFF Subsurface situation T-289 well in West part T- Field
Example: Subsurface Analysis Candidate well for Continues Injection Water injection as pressure maintenance of T field has 7 wells since 2014 until June 2016, there are T-100A, T-017, T-274, 087A, T-150, T-522, T-097, but only 4 wells that active as injector. T-100A status is SI and had ever POP, T-274 & T-097 had activated as injector, therefore the latest water injection active status only 4 consist of: T-017, T-087A, T-150, & KM-522, are fairly productive layers. Profile production – Injection T Field Subsurface situation T-274 well Injector in SE part T- Field Subsurface situation T274 well Injector in West part T- Field Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells
Laboratory Test The primary objective of laboratory test is to determine and select a modifier of Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) that gives an optimum performance to increase the oil recovery reservoir. If the field has no existing core (only one core description old data) then laboratory test of the reservoir will be conduct Fluid properties Test, Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) Screening -Phase Behavior Test, Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test, and Mixture Viscosity Test. The main purpose of Laboratory test are to determine the optimum imbibition condition which consist of soaking time and Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology) etc.) concentration based on the result phase behaviour test, and to find theoptimum Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) modifier selection for Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) stimulation process under field condition.
 Fluid properties Test The Fluid properties test consists of Fluid Density and viscosity of Oil & formation water and Formation Water Analysis. The Objective Fluid density test is to measure density of oil and formation water at atmospheric temperature and reservoir conditions usually using a picnometer, and the objective of Fluid viscosity test is to measure viscosity of oil and formation water at reservoir temperature conditions usually using Ostwalt visco meter.  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test The objective of Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test is to obtain the concentration of Formulated Surfactant at which the oil and Formulated Surfactant solution form an optimum microemulsion.  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test The objective of Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test is to determine the best Formulated Surfactant formulation for enhancing oil recovery using a selection of proprietary chemistries.  Mixture Viscosity Test The objective of Mixture Viscosity Test is to analyze viscosity value related to mobility of mixture fluid that will occur in the reservoir. Laboratory Test
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 %OilRecovery) Soaking Time (Day) AirFormasi(S-1) S12A1%(S-2) S12A1%+ STA-3 0.5% (S-3) S18A1%(S-4) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Viskositas(cp) %Minyak S12A0.5% S12A1% S12A2% S12A3% S12A4% S13A*2% S13A*3.5% S13A*5% Imbibition Lab Results for SL Field Viscoemulsion Lab Result for SL Field Example Test Result Laboratory Test
Surface Facility There are two type of surface facility regarding production optimization using surfactant stimulation huff & puff and continues injection, first is rental facility unit gathering station for stimulation huff & puff at reopening wells, 2nd using existing gathering station for continues injection at injector wells, and for proper engineering practices will be suggested by Facility engineer, Civil Engineer, and Process engineer.
Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff Huff and Puff is a process of injecting surfactant solution into a well, and then allowed to stand (soaking) sometime after it was produced back in. So Huff and Puff was injecting chemicals into a well and produce at the same well.
The Example lay out of the operating unit injection preparation huff and puff of T field . There are some equipment needed in the operation of Huff and Puff surfactants are as follows: 1. Tank Mixer commonly used cementing (2x50 bbl) 2. Workover rig for setting and pull the plug pumps and cubing 3. The water reservoir tank (2x300 bbl) 4. The tank container surfactant solution (2x160 bbl) 5. Line-line injection 6. Injection pump Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff
Continue………. (From the Layout example previous slide) A1= Water Source (Capacity 600-700 bfpd) A2= Water Sources existing Location equipment at Gathering Station B. Water collection tanks of gathering station after optimal (600-700 bfpd) and separation of production wells (700-800 bwpd). total 1300-1400 ~ 0.9 bpm C. Injection pump with automatic switch Location equipment at Well Huff & Puff D. Suction pumps for chemical transfer into the batch mixer E. Batch mixer circulatory system and agitation (2 x 50 bbl) F. Centrifugal pump (transfer from batch mixer tank to the collector) G. collector tank @ 170 bbls (+ contain chemical fluid that is ready to be injected into the well) H. Transfer pumps and the "T" valve for fluid transfer to the main pump and for circulating fluid in the tank remains homogeneous I. Pumping units (2 x 350 kpa). all equipment BJ services using diesel power J. The wells (800 psi injectivity results, 2500 bwpd ~ 2 bpm Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff
Surface Facility Continues Injection Surface facility regarding production optimization using surfactant stimulation continues injection using existing gathering station at injector wells. For modification and proper engineering practices will be suggested by Facility engineer, Civil Engineer, and Process engineer.
Forecast & Actual Production Example Forecast & Actual Production FORECAST Production T-Field FORECAST & ACTUAL Production O-Field
Reference  From many Sources

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STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION USING FORMULATED SURFACTANT

  • 1. STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION USING FORMULATED SURFACTANT Production Geologist (Development Geologist) Practical use and reference
  • 2. SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION ACTIVITY  Introduction  Subsurface Situation  Reservoir Screening  Pattern Area and well Selection  Summary Data Initial Screening & Verification of Reserves  Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells  Huff & Puff wells  water injection wells  Laboratory Test  Fluid properties Test  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test  Mixture Viscosity Test  Surface Facility  Stimulation Huff & Puff  Continues Injection  Forecast & Actual Production
  • 3. SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION The purpose of Surfactant Stimulation Huff & Puff and Continues Injection is to Enhance Oil Production and Recovery by Stimulating the Reservoir Behavior and Performance. The Situation of Mature Reservoir in most of well at the situation (in figure), can describe as follow :  Near wellbore (blue area) area become dominated by water saturation and no oil can move from this area only.  Since oil mobility is slower than water, then water bypassed the oil to oil well make the water channel, at this situation oil production drop significantly.  Conventional Methods are difficult to handle this condition. INTRODUCTION
  • 4. The Holistic Approach is by enhancing Reservoir Performance with criteria as follow:  Modify water channel and change the flow path to sweep unswept (oil bank).  Peel out oil from rock surface in Reservoir.  Make oil able to go out from pore throat then to higher permeability area (water channel).  Avoid oil from sticking again to rock surface.  Bring oil from pore to the production wells. Surfactant Formulated (such: SeMAR/ SurPlus Technology) work by bringing the oil from the oil bank (dark black) to wellbore (blue) by modification of reservoir behavior and reservoir fluid flow performance. INTRODUCTIONSURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION
  • 5. Relative Permeability (%) kro before EOR kro after EOR krw before EOR krw after EOR Sw at Capillary Barrier before EOR Sw at Capillary Barrier after EOR Cross Section Point between kro and krw known as Pc0 (Capillary Pressure Barrier) and Water Saturation at this point describe as Sw Capillary, at this point Watercut start increase sharply and oil production drop significantly. It is the indication that reservoir already reach the MATURE Stage. Effort to move Sw Capillar to the Right (higher Sw), as process of Enhance Oil Recovery. Swr(eor) = 1 – Sor(eor) Change in Sw (%) Pc 0.0 Free imbibition process ( + ) ( - ) Drainage process Imbibition process Swi 1 2 3Pc0 Legend Pri = Initial Reservoir Pressure Pc = Capillary pressure Pc0 = Pc barrier Sw = Water saturation Swi = Initial water saturation Swr(eor) = Residual water saturation after Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) at maximum Pressure-Volume (max PV) Sor(eor) = Residual oil saturation after EOR at max PV Free Imbibition Mechanism Explanatory Notes 1 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of water at ambient atmospheric pressure 2 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of wetting chemical (SurPlus) at ambient atmospheric pressure 3 = Change in Sw Max due to imbibition of wetting chemical (SurPlus) at reservoir pressure (Swr(eor) = 1 – Sor(eor)) Pri Primary Recovery EO R EOR
  • 6. Wettability Alteration, as method to peel out oil from rock surface by put the chemical replacing of the oil position on rock surface Utilizing produce water or Sea water to mix with Surfactant Formulated such: (SeMAR/ SurPlus Technology) chemical will be very useful to reduce excessive water production from Reservoir. SURFACTANT STIMULATION HUFF & PUFF AND CONTINUES INJECTION INTRODUCTION Oil Come Out as Result of Imbibition of in the Core
  • 7. Subsurface Situation Subsurface Situation information may consist of: Field Area and location, Regional Geology (Structure & stratigraphy Regional), Tectonic development, Structure and Stratigraphy of the field, Reservoir description, Production History, (Detail Geology , Geophysics, Reservoir Data's such: Seismic, Wells, Reservoir, Production, Reserve, Well correlation, Petrophysic model – Interpretation, Subsurface Geology model, Properties model, etc.), Current and plan Operations activity, etc.
  • 8. Subsurface Situation Example: Subsurface Situation T-Field in South Africa
  • 9. Reservoir Screening Screening of EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery) Method should conduct each layer / zone due to may have different reservoir characteristic. Reservoir parameters are necessary for EOR Screening , consist of: 1. Oil API gravity 2. Oil viscosity 3. Rocks Porosity 4. Oil Saturation 5. Lithology 6. Permeability 7. Reservoir Depth & temperature 8. Hydrocarbon composition etc.
  • 10. Pattern Area and well Selection  The Selection of Injection/ water flooding area on a full scale mainly based on the following principles:  Selection of the optimum area Injection/ water flooding should take into account the remaining reserves (massive), interwell connectivity in the pattern area and the rock quality is pretty good.  Located in the center of oil production (oil production center), close to the terminal collecting / processing, easy setting and monitoring.  Area free of junk equipment and production equipment so as to facilitate construction.  The state of connectivity with the surrounding oil wells relative good.  Relative close to the water injection facility. Reservoir Screening
  • 11. Reservoir Screening ZONES Open Layer BOPD Qoi (BOPD) Rate Max Cum. (MBO) Proven (MBO) Remaining (MBO) 1 T-289 H S3 S3(259.0 - 262.0) 6 12.58 15.8 23.51 No fluid (Suspended) 3-S3 62.8 39.29 2 T -196 - S5 S5 (311.12-328) 6 157 41.4 175.56 (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 5" csg) 5-S5 182 6.44 3 T- 127 - S2 S2 (222.21 – 223) 6 629 ? ? (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 6" csg) 4-S2 20.4 ? 4 T-061 H S3 S3A (232.0 - 263.0); S3B (254.5 - 255.5) 6 ? 16.3 8.9 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-14 3-S3 68.3 59.4 5 T-092 - S2 or S1 S2 or S1 (181.29-187.1) 6 19 ? 2.15 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-15 4-S2 20.4 18.25 6 T-202 F S1 or STC S1 or STC (185.0 - 192.0) 6 251 8.6 24.98 Suspended , Fish (Tag @82.5m) 2-STC 40.8 15.82 7 T-099 G S5 S5(328.0-330.5; 320.0-324.5) 6 18.86 12.2 18.7 Wait pressure down 2-S5 86.4 67.7 8 T-230 D STC STC(158.5-166) 6 189 16.5 103.14 prepare all materials 1-STC 116.6 13.46 9 T-227 C STC STC (167-179.2) 6 75 57.7 45.9 POP, being Observation 1-STC 99.5 53.6 10 T-224 D STC STC (173.4-190.65) 6 ? 41.4 56.4 POOH 3-1 / 2 " junk basket 23 ft + 5 JTS 2-7 / 8 " 1-STC 98 41.6 11 T-221 E STC STC (123.3-127.9) 6 30 ? 6.7 being Observation 2-STC 68.4 61.7 12 T-218 D S1 or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5 (339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5 or S6 (303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1 (194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1 (?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 19 T-197 L S3 S3 (?-227 ) 6 ? 21.6 25.6 POP, being Observation 7-S3 57.3 31.7 20 T-194 M S7 S7 (421.8-423.0) 6 6 38.5 17.1 POP, being Observation 7-S7 65 47.9 21 T-191 G S3 S3(232.25-248.5) 6 126 32.3 85.18 AFE approved (Location Ready) 3-S3 87.4 2.22 22 T-188 - STC STC (167.8-168)OH 6 19 25.6 33.7 AFE Reopening approved (Location Ready) 9-STC 77.8 44.1 23 T-185 G S5 - S6 S5 - S6 (286.2-402.0) 6 7.5 ? 2.5 AFE Reopening approved 2-S5 22.7 20.2 24 T-182 - STC LSTC ( 101.0-102.5 ; 98.0-99.0 ; 6 ? 47.4 83.7 Current Injector 5-STC 124.4 40.7 Prod History Reserve Remark Pattern location SampleNo Well Name TARGET Example: Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for HUFF & PUFF
  • 12. Reservoir Screening 12 T-218 D S1or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5(339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5or S6(303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1(194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1(?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 19 T-197 L S3 S3(?-227) 6 ? 21.6 25.6 POP, being Observation 7-S3 57.3 31.7 20 T-194 M S7 S7(421.8-423.0) 6 6 38.5 17.1 POP, being Observation 7-S7 65 47.9 21 T-191 G S3 S3(232.25-248.5) 6 126 32.3 85.18 AFE approved (Location Ready) 3-S3 87.4 2.22 22 T-188 - STC STC (167.8-168)OH 6 19 25.6 33.7 AFE Reopening approved (Location Ready) 9-STC 77.8 44.1 23 T-185 G S5- S6 S5- S6(286.2-402.0) 6 7.5 ? 2.5 AFE Reopening approved 2-S5 22.7 20.2 24 T-182 - STC LSTC ( 101.0-102.5; 98.0-99.0; 91.0-94.0), S1(197.5-199.0) 6 ? 47.4 83.7 Current Injector (continues Injector) 5-STC 124.4 40.7 25 T-179 M S3/ S5 (305.36-310.8) 6 31 24.4 70.1 Current Injector (continues Injector) 8-S5 94 23.9 T-176 - STC (85.5-102.0) 6 157 67.7 38.1 Current Injector (continues Injector) 4-STC 96.4 58.3 26 T-173 H STC ? 6 ? 62.8 16.3 Current Injector 3-STC 71.5 55.2 27 T-170 - STC LSTC (83.0-89.5; 73.5-81.5) 6 19.4 37.1 4.16 Current Injector 4-STC 71.5 67.34 168Total Gain ZONES Open Layer BOPD Qoi (BOPD) Rate Max Cum. (MBO) Proven (MBO) Remaining (MBO) 1 T-289 H S3 S3(259.0- 262.0) 6 12.58 15.8 23.51 No fluid (Suspended) 3-S3 62.8 39.29 2 T -196 - S5 S5(311.12-328) 6 157 41.4 175.56 (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 5" csg) 5-S5 182 6.44 3 T- 127 - S2 S2(222.21–223) 6 629 ? ? (No log, Run CBL-VDL-GR, 6" csg) 4-S2 20.4 ? 4 T-061 H S3 S3A (232.0- 263.0); S3B (254.5 - 255.5) 6 ? 16.3 8.9 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-14 3-S3 68.3 59.4 5 T-092 - S2or S1 S2or S1(181.29-187.1) 6 19 ? 2.15 High WC,(then POP), Prod. 21-03-15 4-S2 20.4 18.25 6 T-202 F S1or STC S1or STC (185.0- 192.0) 6 251 8.6 24.98 Suspended , Fish (Tag @82.5m) 2-STC 40.8 15.82 7 T-099 G S5 S5(328.0-330.5; 320.0-324.5) 6 18.86 12.2 18.7 Wait pressure down 2-S5 86.4 67.7 8 T-230 D STC STC(158.5-166) 6 189 16.5 103.14 prepare all materials 1-STC 116.6 13.46 9 T-227 C STC STC (167-179.2) 6 75 57.7 45.9 POP, being Observation 1-STC 99.5 53.6 10 T-224 D STC STC (173.4-190.65) 6 ? 41.4 56.4 POOH 3-1 / 2 " junk basket 23 ft + 5 JTS 2-7 / 8 " 1-STC 98 41.6 11 T-221 E STC STC (123.3-127.9) 6 30 ? 6.7 being Observation 2-STC 68.4 61.7 12 T-218 D S1or STC STC (146.5-147) 6 63 ? 22.7 POP, being Observation 1-STC 49.8 27.1 13 T-215 H S5 S5(339-345) 6 13 17.7 27.15 POP, being Observation 3-S5 31.3 4.15 14 T-212 M S5 S5or S6(303.61-311) 6 ? 6 27.16 Cont' re-opening work : RIH 4-1/2" pilot mill 8-S5 32.4 5.24 15 T-209 E S1 S1(194-201) 6 ? 19.8 22.5 POP, being Observation 2-S1 102.1 79.6 16 T-206 F S1 S1(?-248) 6 ? ? 10.1 POP, being Observation 2-S1 63.8 53.7 17 T-203 - S3 S3(246.17-257.36) 6 541 3.2 98.2 POP, being Observation 8-S3 98.3 0.1 18 T-200 M S5 S5(320.09-327.5) 6 ? ? 27.1 POP, being Observation 7-S5 34.6 7.5 Prod History Reserve Remark Pattern location SampleNo Well Name TARGET Example: Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for Continues Injection Example: Data sheet may fulfilled for Initial Screening Summary and Verification Reserves for HUFF & PUFF or Continues Injection
  • 13. Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells Subsurface Evaluation from recent Operated wells (Reactivation, Workover, Deepening etc.), that the wells as canditate for Surfactan Stimulation by Huff & Puff should prepared, the evaluation may consist the information such well information, well operation description, production zone and hystory, Fluid properties, Rate production Reservoir thicknes, well location on depth structure and properties maps, (Initial, Rate and performance of production etc.). Subsurface Evaluation from recent water injection wells, as canditate for Surfactan Stimulation by continues injection the evaluation consist same as describe on Huff & Puff wells, with additional information such Fluid/ Water Injection profile @ current time, Isopach, and Buble maps could be overlied etc.. Huff & Puff wells Continues Injection wells
  • 14. Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 100 1000 BOPD BFPD WC The T-289 has initial production :12.58 bfpd / 12.58 bopd (June 1912), has maximum rate production on Mei 1993 is 15.8 bopd/ 79.9%wc on layer S3, then suspended from Augusts 1993 to November 2003 and put on production again until Augusts 2011, and the cumulative production 23.5 MBO Reactivation work T-289 done on 26-29 April 2014, with result No Fluids. RIH bailer, tag @ 253.49m, RIH scrapper, circulation, RIH tubing 2-7/8" edge is open @ 226m, Preparation for Put on production (bailer truck). From Production data and correlation of near wells such T-149 & T-061, also those Structure and Isopach Map indicate that the layer S3 on fault block III is fairly productive layer. Example: Subsurface Analysis Candidate well for HUFF & PUFF Subsurface situation T-289 well in West part T- Field
  • 15. Example: Subsurface Analysis Candidate well for Continues Injection Water injection as pressure maintenance of T field has 7 wells since 2014 until June 2016, there are T-100A, T-017, T-274, 087A, T-150, T-522, T-097, but only 4 wells that active as injector. T-100A status is SI and had ever POP, T-274 & T-097 had activated as injector, therefore the latest water injection active status only 4 consist of: T-017, T-087A, T-150, & KM-522, are fairly productive layers. Profile production – Injection T Field Subsurface situation T-274 well Injector in SE part T- Field Subsurface situation T274 well Injector in West part T- Field Subsurface Analysis Candidate wells
  • 16. Laboratory Test The primary objective of laboratory test is to determine and select a modifier of Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) that gives an optimum performance to increase the oil recovery reservoir. If the field has no existing core (only one core description old data) then laboratory test of the reservoir will be conduct Fluid properties Test, Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) Screening -Phase Behavior Test, Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test, and Mixture Viscosity Test. The main purpose of Laboratory test are to determine the optimum imbibition condition which consist of soaking time and Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology) etc.) concentration based on the result phase behaviour test, and to find theoptimum Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) modifier selection for Formulated Surfactant (Such vendor SeMAR/ Surplus Technology etc.) stimulation process under field condition.
  • 17.  Fluid properties Test The Fluid properties test consists of Fluid Density and viscosity of Oil & formation water and Formation Water Analysis. The Objective Fluid density test is to measure density of oil and formation water at atmospheric temperature and reservoir conditions usually using a picnometer, and the objective of Fluid viscosity test is to measure viscosity of oil and formation water at reservoir temperature conditions usually using Ostwalt visco meter.  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test The objective of Formulated Surfactant Screening -Phase Behavior Test is to obtain the concentration of Formulated Surfactant at which the oil and Formulated Surfactant solution form an optimum microemulsion.  Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test The objective of Formulated Surfactant Screening -Spontaneous Imbibition Test is to determine the best Formulated Surfactant formulation for enhancing oil recovery using a selection of proprietary chemistries.  Mixture Viscosity Test The objective of Mixture Viscosity Test is to analyze viscosity value related to mobility of mixture fluid that will occur in the reservoir. Laboratory Test
  • 18. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 %OilRecovery) Soaking Time (Day) AirFormasi(S-1) S12A1%(S-2) S12A1%+ STA-3 0.5% (S-3) S18A1%(S-4) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Viskositas(cp) %Minyak S12A0.5% S12A1% S12A2% S12A3% S12A4% S13A*2% S13A*3.5% S13A*5% Imbibition Lab Results for SL Field Viscoemulsion Lab Result for SL Field Example Test Result Laboratory Test
  • 19. Surface Facility There are two type of surface facility regarding production optimization using surfactant stimulation huff & puff and continues injection, first is rental facility unit gathering station for stimulation huff & puff at reopening wells, 2nd using existing gathering station for continues injection at injector wells, and for proper engineering practices will be suggested by Facility engineer, Civil Engineer, and Process engineer.
  • 20. Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff Huff and Puff is a process of injecting surfactant solution into a well, and then allowed to stand (soaking) sometime after it was produced back in. So Huff and Puff was injecting chemicals into a well and produce at the same well.
  • 21. The Example lay out of the operating unit injection preparation huff and puff of T field . There are some equipment needed in the operation of Huff and Puff surfactants are as follows: 1. Tank Mixer commonly used cementing (2x50 bbl) 2. Workover rig for setting and pull the plug pumps and cubing 3. The water reservoir tank (2x300 bbl) 4. The tank container surfactant solution (2x160 bbl) 5. Line-line injection 6. Injection pump Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff
  • 22. Continue………. (From the Layout example previous slide) A1= Water Source (Capacity 600-700 bfpd) A2= Water Sources existing Location equipment at Gathering Station B. Water collection tanks of gathering station after optimal (600-700 bfpd) and separation of production wells (700-800 bwpd). total 1300-1400 ~ 0.9 bpm C. Injection pump with automatic switch Location equipment at Well Huff & Puff D. Suction pumps for chemical transfer into the batch mixer E. Batch mixer circulatory system and agitation (2 x 50 bbl) F. Centrifugal pump (transfer from batch mixer tank to the collector) G. collector tank @ 170 bbls (+ contain chemical fluid that is ready to be injected into the well) H. Transfer pumps and the "T" valve for fluid transfer to the main pump and for circulating fluid in the tank remains homogeneous I. Pumping units (2 x 350 kpa). all equipment BJ services using diesel power J. The wells (800 psi injectivity results, 2500 bwpd ~ 2 bpm Surface Facility Stimulation Huff & Puff
  • 23. Surface Facility Continues Injection Surface facility regarding production optimization using surfactant stimulation continues injection using existing gathering station at injector wells. For modification and proper engineering practices will be suggested by Facility engineer, Civil Engineer, and Process engineer.
  • 24. Forecast & Actual Production Example Forecast & Actual Production FORECAST Production T-Field FORECAST & ACTUAL Production O-Field