Structural Change: Confronting Race and Class
- 1. Structural Change: Confronting Race and Class THE KIRWAN INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF RACE AND ETHNICITY & ISAIAH OHIO ORGANIZING COLLABORATIVE WEEKLONG TRAINING TOLEDO, OH JULY 19, 2010
- 2. Presentation Overview Introduction and Opportunity Stories The Geography of Opportunity The Disparate Impacts of the Recession Race, Equity, and Organizing: the ISAIAH & Kirwan experience Small group exercise and reporting back
- 3. About Kirwan Multidisciplinary applied research institute, founded 2003 john powell, Executive Director Our mission is to expand opportunity for all, especially for our most marginalized communities Opportunity Communities Program Opening pathways to opportunity for marginalized communities through investments in people, places and supporting linkages Opportunity Mapping, Regional Equity, Neighborhood Revitalization, Opportunity Based Housing
- 4. About Our Work Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift certain populations or communities? What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve outcomes for marginalized communities Emphasis on intersections in our work Geography, race, class, gender Focus on how various populations are situated in our complex social, economic, civic, political systems
- 5. The Geography of Opportunity
- 6. Opportunity Matters…. “Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel. Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success: High-quality education Healthy and safe environment Stable housing Sustainable employment Political empowerment Outlets for wealth-building Positive social networks
- 7. Neighborhoods & Community Matters… Neighborhoods are critical to understanding access to opportunity Does your community provide pathways to opportunity and success? Safe environment, good schools, positive peers and role models, employment Or does your community present you with barriers to opportunity and success Unsafe environment, failing schools, poor peers and role models, no employment
- 8. Systems of Disadvantage: Neighborhoods & Access to Opportunity Five decades of research indicate that your environment has a profound impact on your access to opportunity and likelihood of success High poverty areas with poor employment, underperforming schools, distressed housing and public health/safety risks depress life outcomes A system of disadvantage Many manifestations Urban, rural, suburban 8
- 9. Our opportunity context matters Some people ride the Others have to run up the “Up” escalator to reach “Down” escalator to get opportunity there
- 10. Why do some people have access to the “good life” while others do not? It’s more than a matter of choice….
- 11. Historic Government Role 11 A series of federal policies have contributed to the disparities we see today School Policy Suburbanization & Homeownership Urban Renewal Public Housing Transportation
- 12. Policies Enforcing Inequity: Historical Government Role “If a neighborhood is to retain stability, it is necessary that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same social and racial classes. A change in social or racial occupancy generally contributes to instability and a decline in values.” –Excerpt from the 1947 FHA underwriting manual 12
- 13. The Rise of Suburbia: But not accessible to everyone In the suburb-shaping years (1930-1960), less than one-percent of all African Americans were able to obtain a mortgage.
- 14. FHA Highway Construction in Cincinnati – Demolishing much of the African American West Side 14
- 15. Structural Causes and Racialized Outcomes Structural disadvantage produces racialized outcomes People of color are far more likely to live in opportunity deprived neighborhoods and communities Poverty Rate: White and African American Neighborhoods in 2000 25% 24% 24% 20% 20% 15% 10% 8% 8% 9% 5% 0% Avg White Neighborhood Avg AA Neighborhood Cincinnati MSA Cleveland MSA Columbus MSA
- 16. Opportunity Indicators •Education •Economic & Mobility •Housing & Neighborhood •Public Health •Public Safety & Criminal Justice
- 17. In Ohio, Nearly 3 out of 4 Black Ohioans were living in the State’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods in 2000….
- 18. …compared to 1 in 2 Latinos and 1 in 4 Asians and Whites.
- 19. Racial Segregation & Educational Isolation
- 20. Economic Segregation and Racial Segregation in Public Schools: Southwest Ohio High Poverty Schools (Red and Yellow) are Concentrated in African American Neighborhoods (Areas in Gray) 20
- 21. Ohio Schools: Segregation by Race & Class Average School Poverty Rate for the Average Student by Race in 2000 African White Non American Metropolitan Area Hispanic Students Students Akron 25.7% 66.1% Cincinnati 27.0% 69.4% Cleveland 25.3% 74.3% Columbus 23.7% 61.1% Dayton 26.8% 74.7% Toledo 29.5% 77.8%
- 22. Overview: Summing it Up “I believe the State is staring at the crossroads: one path has opportunities with advancement…and the other is more of the status quo, where folks are falling behind.” (quote from State of Black Ohio interview participant)
- 23. The Disparate Impacts of the Recession
- 24. Uneven Impacts Across Various Dimensions 30.0 Underemployment Rate by Race July 2007 to Nov 2009 (Calculated by the Economic Policy Institute) An uneven recession 25.0 with many disparate impacts 20.0 Race, Age, Gender, Geography, 15.0 Educational Attainment, 10.0 Occupation 5.0 Black Latino White Total
- 25. An Uneven Recession… Unemployment Rate by Race (January 09 to January 10) 18.0 16.5 16.0 14.0 12.8 12.6 12.0 9.9 9.7 10.0 8.7 7.7 8.0 7.0 6.0 White Black Latino Total Jan-09 Jan-10 Percent Change in Unemployment, by Race: (January 2009 to January 2010) 40.0% 38.4% 33.9% 35.0% 32.2% 30.0% 25.0% 22.3% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% White Black Latino Total
- 26. An Uneven ‘Recovery’…. In June 2010, private sector employment grew by 83,000 jobs… From June 2009-June 2010: White unemployment decreased by 1.7% Black unemployment increased by 4.4% Latino unemployment increased by 3%
- 27. Ohio’s Challenges Unemployment Foreclosures and Vacant property Budget Crisis
- 28. Growing Unemployment 28 Unemployment Rate in Ohio, 1990 - 2007 (%) 18.0% 16.0% 16.3% 15.3% 15.5% 15.2% 14.0% 12.0% Percentage 10.0% 11.2% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 White 5.7% 4.2% 6.4% 6.1% 6.3% Black 15.3% 11.2% 16.3% 15.5% 15.2% Asian 5.1% 3.7% 5.2% 3.7% 4.6% Hispanic 7.9% 9.1% 9.9% 9.7%
- 29. Ohio: 3rd highest black unemployment rate Top Five States with the Highest Unemployment Rates by Race (Ranked by 2009 3rd Quarter Unemployment) Projected Projected Projected Projected 3rd Quarter 3rd Quarter 3rd Quarter 3rd Quarter Total 1st Quarter Black 1st Quarter White 1st Quarter Latino 1st Quarter 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 Michigan Michigan Michigan Nevada 15.2% 15.7% 23.9% 24.8% 13.7% 14.2% 20.1% 19.0% South Rhode Nevada California 13.0% 12.3% Carolina 20.4% 22.7% Island 11.2% 11.7% 15.6% 16.9% Rhode Ohio Oregon Florida Island 12.8% 13.4% 19.5% 22.0% 11.0% 12.4% 13.1% 14.3% New California Illinois Kentucky 12.1% 13.1% 18.6% 20.2% 10.6% 11.2% Jersey 12.0% 12.6% Oregon Alabama Nevada Arizona 11.8% 13.3% 18.0% 18.8% 10.6% 10.0% 11.6% 13.1% Source: Derived from data tables and analysis conducted by the Economic Policy Institute. Available on the EPI website at: www.epi.org
- 30. Will Growing Poverty Lead to a Recession Generation? Top Ten States for Child Poverty (By Race) in 2008 Child Poverty Child Poverty Child Poverty Child Poverty Black 2008 Native American 2008 Latino 2008 White 2008 Mississippi 48% New Mexico 37% Kentucky 41% West Virginia 22% Arkansas 47% Arizona 35% Arkansas 39% Kentucky 20% Kentucky 44% California 24% Tennessee 39% Montana 18% Louisiana 43% Oklahoma 24% Alabama 36% Arkansas 17% Oklahoma 43% Alaska 23% Pennsylvania 36% Oklahoma 17% Wisconsin 42% Nevada 9% Rhode Island 36% Tennessee 16% Michigan 41% Data unavailable for other States Massachusetts 35% Mississippi 15% Ohio 41% Oregon 35% Indiana 14% Indiana 40% North Carolina 34% Maine 14% Alabama 38% Oklahoma 34% Missouri 14% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Data (American Community Survey), Analyzed by the Annie E. Casey Foundation Kids Count Database
- 31. Unemployment Remains High Highest Rate: Clinton County 16.7% Lowest Rate: Delaware County 7.2% National Rate: 9.7% Ohio’s Rate: 10.7%
- 32. Ohio Unemployment Using the U6 measure of unemployment— which includes underemployment and those who have dropped out of the workforce-- Ohio’s unemployment rate climbs above 17% Source: Monthly Report on Ohio’s Economy and State Finances, May 2010 http://obm.ohio.gov/
- 33. Foreclosure Crisis From Redlining… …to Reverse Redlining
- 34. Disparities Cost us All …. Lost Home Equity from nearby foreclosures, 2009-2012 US: $1.9 trillion Ohio: $17.2 billion Almost 4 million Ohio homes are experiencing a foreclosure-related decline…
- 35. “Race or Risk” ? …what about fair credit Source: United for a Fair Economy
- 36. Ohio has a long history of foreclosure problems… Rising foreclosures Almost ten-fold from 1995
- 37. Changing causes of foreclosures? From a subprime problem… Foreclosures increased by 155% between 1994 and 2001 despite strong economic growth in Ohio….
- 38. Foreclosures contd. …to an unemployment problem? •Morgan has an unemployment rate of 13.8%, 6th highest in Ohio •6 out of these 10 counties had unemployment rates greater than Ohio’s average in May 2010… Table from “Home Insecurity”, David Rothstein, Policy Matters Ohio, March 2010 http://www.policymattersohio.org/pdf/HomeInsecurity2010.pdf
- 39. Budget Crisis •2012-2013 budget deficit could be as large as $8 billion •In 2009, tax collections declined by 12%, an historic high http://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2010/07/other_states_in_much_worse _fis.html
- 40. ISAIAH and Kirwan RACE, EQUITY AND ORGANIZING DORAN SCHRANTZ ISAIAH
- 41. Small Group Exercise Each group will generate a list for each of the following questions: Q1: How did opportunities decline in the Rust Belt? Q2: How could we open up opportunity for all in the Rust Belt? What are the key items in a new Rust Belt agenda? Each person will vote for their “top two” items from each list Each group will report back to the larger group
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