Mapping Opportunity for Advocacy and Social Justice
- 1. Mapping Opportunity for Advocacy and Social Justice CRP 608- Winter Quarter, 2011 January 18, 2011 Jason Reece Senior Research Associate reece.35@osu.edu Matthew Martin Research Associate martin.1227@osu.edu Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity The Ohio State University
- 2. • Use of mapping in our work • Opportunity mapping: • Assumptions • Methodology • Examples • Applications and Impact Overview 2
- 3. Racial and social inequities are often manifested spatially Local issues tend to have a regional scope and variation e.g. school performance, housing vacancy ◦ Maps are naturally the best tools to display this spatial phenomena ◦ Maps give us the opportunity to look at our entire regions or states Informing people about an issue at a scale they may not usually think of linking communities sharing similar problems Space and Social Equity 3
- 4. Columbus Neighborhoods: 2006 Foreclosures Maps are incredibly efficient compacting volumes of data ability to convey information in seconds tell a story or solve a problem Provide spatial reference Shared sense of value Builds mutual trust Why use maps? 4
- 5. Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity ◦ How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift certain populations or communities? ◦ What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve outcomes for marginalized communities Extensive use of GIS/mapping in our work ◦ Inequity has a geographic footprint ◦ Leverage points sometimes geographic in scope ◦ Maps powerful for tools for Research Designing policy/programming Communicating research/issues to the public and other stakeholders About Our Work 5
- 6. In our work we see mapping as serving these primary advocacy goals ◦ Analysis Existing conditions, spatial trends, scenarios, optimization etc. ◦ Storytelling A narrative ◦ Legal Evidence Liability, disparate impact Remedy Using Maps for Advocacy 6
- 7. Are hospital investments benefiting communities of color? (Columbus) Are job growth areas connected to transit? (Baltimore) Is the distribution of subsidized housing units affirmatively furthering fair housing? (Baltimore) Analytical Examples 7
- 8. Franklin County, OH Health Investment Disparity Hospital Investments and African American neighborhoods Columbus Health Equity Research 8
- 9. Recent Job Growth 98-02 and Public Transit in the Baltimore Region Job Growth & Public Transit in Baltimore Percent Change in Jobs Job Loss 0- 5 5 - 15 Spatial Mismatch 15 - 30 9 30 - 66.6
- 10. Foreclosures in African American neighborhoods are due to subprime lending patterns (Cleveland) What if Montclair, NJ schools returned to neighborhood school system? Were Stimulus investments made in communities that were most impacted by the recession (Florida)? Affordable housing is scarce in areas with access to quality education and employment opportunities. How have historic redlining practices affected today’s opportunity landscape (Portland)? Narratives Examples 10
- 11. Cleveland MSA Subprime Loans: 2005 Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential Fellow, Case Western University Race and Subprime Lending 11
- 12. Cleveland MSA Foreclosures: 2006 Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential Fellow, Case Western University Race and Foreclosure
- 13. Montclair School District, NJ
- 14. Opportunity & Recovery 14
- 15. Historic Redlining Practices and Access to Opportunity in 2010 Redlining & Opportunity
- 16. Research tool to ◦ understand the dynamics of “opportunity” within metropolitan areas ◦ illustrate where opportunity rich communities exist (and assess who has access to these communities) ◦ understand what needs to be remedied in opportunity poor communities Based on Kirwan Institute’s “Communities of Opportunity” framework Opportunity Mapping: Combining Analysis with a Strong Narrative 16
- 17. Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life. Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human capital. A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone. The Communities of Opportunity Approach 17
- 18. Communities of Opportunity Primer 18
- 19. “Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel. Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success: ◦ High-quality education ◦ Healthy and safe environment ◦ Stable housing ◦ Sustainable employment ◦ Political empowerment ◦ Outlets for wealth-building ◦ Positive social networks Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life Outcomes 19
- 21. Redlining maps (Hartford, CT) 21
- 22. Some people ride the “Up” Others have to run up the escalator to reach “Down” escalator to get opportunity. there. 22
- 23. The Communities of Opportunity framework is inherently spatial ◦ Inequality has a geographic footprint ◦ Maps can visually track the history and presence of discriminatory and exclusionary policies that spatially segregate people ◦ Identifying places with gaps in opportunity can help direct future investment and identify structures which impede access to opportunity The model uses state-of-the-art GIS and extensive data sets to analyze the distribution of opportunity in our metro regions Mapping Opportunity: Why and How 23
- 24. Opportunity Mapping Model A refined model to depict spatial pattern of opportunity ◦ Identifying indicators as proxy for opportunity ◦ Supported by social science literature ◦ Data easily available ◦ Index based approach compresses multi-factors to an index Model is a good communications tool to work with communities 24
- 25. The Geography of Opportunity 25
- 26. How do you map opportunity? ◦ Data representing community conditions is gathered for neighborhood (census tracts) across the state or region Aggregated to the Census Tract level Analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity index for the region ◦ The opportunity index is then mapped and census tracts are broken into quintiles based on their opportunity score Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators 26
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- 29. Opportunity Analysis 29
- 30. Redlining: 1937 to 2009 30
- 31. African American men are isolated from neighborhoods of opportunity in Detroit Detroit Opportunity and Race 31
- 32. Low opportunity neighborhoods have higher number of linguistically isolated households Austin Opportunity and Linguistic Isolation 32
- 33. Applications 33
- 34. Building A Fair Florida A Study of Opportunity and Recovery Pre-Conference Workshop March 11, 2010
- 35. What does Florida’s opportunity landscape look like? What communities in Florida have been impacted the most by the recession? What’s happening with the resources from The Recovery Act (ARRA)? Are jobs being created in Florida’s hard-hit communities? What’s being done about the housing crisis? Recession and Recovery
- 36. Phase 1: A call for transparency, tracking, and accountability (September 2009) Phase 2: Analysis of the opportunity landscape and the effects of the recession (October 2009) Phase 3: A study of ARRA contract procurement and job creation (January 2010) Phase 4: Reviewing the neighborhood stabilization program and the Federal response to the housing crisis (May 2010) Build A Fair Florida
- 37. A study of the opportunity status of key regions in Florida ◦ Miami ◦ Tampa ◦ Orlando ◦ Jacksonville Preparatory analysis for ARRA resource allocation research and advocacy efforts ◦ What places and have the greatest need for investment? ◦ What people and have the greatest need for investment? ◦ What elements of success need the most investment? Education, Housing, Transportation, Employment, Phase 2 Report etc.? Opportunity Mapping
- 38. Education ◦ Math & Reading Scores ◦ Graduation Rates ◦ Student Poverty ◦ Teacher Qualifications ◦ Educational Attainment Economics & Mobility ◦ Jobs & Job Change ◦ % on Public Assistance ◦ Unemployment Rates ◦ Mean Commute Time ◦ Business Vacancy Rates Housing & Neighborhoods ◦ Home Ownership Rates ◦ Residential Vacancy Rates ◦ Median Home Values ◦ Poverty Rates ◦ Proximity to Hazardous Sites Mapping Opportunity
- 39. Economics & Mobility Education Housing & Neighborhoods Comprehensive Layers of Opportunity
- 40. Visualizing the Opportunity Model
- 41. Miami Jacksonville Opportunity & Subsidized Housing
- 42. Jacksonville Orlando Opportunity & Foreclosure
- 43. Tampa-St. Petersburg Opportunity & Race Orlando
- 44. Low Opportunity and Race Race and Low Opportunity
- 45. Percentage of Subprime Loans per Opportunity Area by Region Housing and Low Opportunity
- 46. Assuring a Fair and Equitable Recovery ◦ Data Collection, Tracking, and Transparency ◦ Targeted, Equitable Reinvestment for Hard-Hit Communities ◦ Assuring Jobs Reach Those in Greatest Need Creating Pathways to Opportunity ◦ Community of Opportunity Model: Opening the “Levers” of Opportunity ◦ People, Places, and Linkages Equitable and Sustainable Fiscal and Economic Policy ◦ Reforming the State Tax Structure ◦ High Road Economic Development: Not a continuation of policies that encourage unsustainable growth and low-wage job creation Phase 2 Conclusions
- 47. Measuring the Employment Impact of ARRA ◦ Who has been most impacted by rising unemployment? ◦ Is ARRA creating jobs in hard-hit communities? ◦ What industries or programs are experiencing success? Is ARRA Contract Procurement Equitable? ◦ Are minority-owned firms receiving Federal and State contracts? ◦ Are procurement goals being met? Phase 3 Report ARRA Jobs & Contracting
- 48. Change in Florida Unemployment Rate by Race Race and Unemployment
- 49. Florida 2009 Employment by Month Marginal Overall Impact Saved Over 20,000 Education Jobs Transportation Projects Maintain Employment Status Quo Potential Weatherization Job Growth Jobless Recovery?
- 50. Miami Tampa-St. Petersburg ARRA Investment & Jobs
- 51. Share of Federal Contracts by Type of FDOT Projects: DBE Participation by District Firm FDOT ARRA Construction Projects ARRA Contract Procurement
- 52. Opportunity & ARRA Projects
- 53. Improve Tracking of ARRA Spending ◦ Track recipients of jobs created with ARRA funding by demographics and job quality ◦ Require reporting by all sub-contractors down to end-user ◦ Report the percent of state and local transportation contracts that go to Black, Latino, and Women-owned enterprises Increase Small & Minority Business Participation ◦ Unbundle large contracts for small businesses ◦ Set specific DBE participation goals for the construction industry, and actively recruit African American-owned businesses into this sector Ensure That Disadvantaged Communities Get Jobs ◦ Use first source hiring to make sure local communities get jobs ◦ Require recipients of ARRA funding to use apprentices or on-the-job trainees ◦ Utilize bonding to increase employment opportunities for ex- offenders Phase 3 Conclusions
- 54. Are Federal programs helping to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis? How are NSP funds being used to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis? Is NSP helping to stabilize Florida’s rental housing markets? Is NSP helping to create jobs in Florida’s hard- hit communities? Phase 4 Research
- 55. Impact 55
- 56. Opportunity mapping in the Baltimore region was conducted as part of the Thompson v. HUD fair housing litigation ◦ Plaintiffs used opportunity mapping to frame their remedial proposal, in response to a liability ruling that found the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in violation of the Fair Housing Act ◦ The plaintiffs have proposed establishing 7,000 affordable housing units in the region’s high- opportunity communities, available to volunteers who wish to relocate out of the City of Baltimore’s public housing Thompson v. HUD
- 57. Fair housing Litigation in Baltimore ◦ brought on behalf of 14,000 African-American residents of public housing ◦ in response to history of racial segregation of public housing ◦ Represented by Maryland ACLU and NAACP Legal Defense Fund US District Court of Maryland, Judge Marvin Garbis ◦ Began in 1995…judge issued liability ruling in 2005 found HUD liable for violating the federal Fair Housing Act Thompson v. HUD 57
- 58. Use of 14 indicators of neighborhood opportunity to designate high and low opportunity neighborhoods in the Baltimore region Indicators of Opportunity (General) ◦ Neighborhood Quality/Health Poverty, Crime, Vacancy, Property Values, Population Trends ◦ Economic Opportunity Proximity to Jobs and Job Changes, Public Transit ◦ Educational Opportunity School Poverty, School Test Scores, Teacher Qualifications Opportunity Mapping in Baltimore 58
- 59. Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods Subsidized housing as a way of connecting people to opportunity Opportunity and Housing 59
- 60. Outside of the litigation, the opportunity maps have been used in a variety of ways ◦ Program evaluation and planning Monitoring partial consent decree program ◦ Identifying Opportunities/Challenges Assessing opportunities/challenges related to the foreclosure crisis ◦ Regional housing advocacy Baltimore Regional Housing Coalition ◦ Research Tracking outcomes for families who move to high opportunity areas (John Hopkins) Impacts 60
- 61. Background on this project ◦ Originated from effort to incorporate mapping analysis into legal services Partners ◦ Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, MA Legal Assistance Corp (foundation) and other Legal Services Entities ◦ Year long process of meeting with stakeholders to understand mapping needs and issues ◦ Training with service providers & agencies (using mapping for programming) MA Legal Services and Opportunity Communities 61
- 62. Three areas of opportunity were analyzed using GIS mapping capability: ◦ Education Quality and Opportunity ◦ Economic Health and Transportation ◦ Neighborhood Stability and Health Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators 62
- 63. Program design and use within the legal services ◦ New programming – proposed “Adopt A Zip Code” program ◦ Use in exploring client concerns/challenges ◦ Use in litigation (National Consumer Law Center) ◦ Internal use by funder (MLAC) Direct advocacy ◦ State opportunity impact assessment (proposed) ◦ Dissemination among state agencies State level program design (public sector) ◦ New $5 million state affordable housing program, targeted to high opportunity communities ◦ Implementation still unfolding Impact 63
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- 65. National Opportunity Mapping Web-based Opportunity mapping Work in progress
- 66. Orlando: Florida Opportunity Context Orlando: National Opportunity Context Comparison
- 67. Online interactive maps ◦ ArcGIS Server Baltimore Foreclosures (http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/connect/baltimore.html) ◦ Open source Austin Opportunity Mapping (http://www.gis.osu.edu/webgis-projects/opportunity/index.html) Web-based mapping
- 68. What is this information/approach useful for? ◦ Diagnostics and targeted investments ◦ Identifying areas of opportunity and challenges Opportunities ◦ Opportunities for investment Targeting services better, targeting programs Challenges ◦ E.g. Foreclosure patterns ◦ Looking at broader policy issues and concern ◦ Communications – using maps to illustrate areas of concern, areas of opportunity, broader community discussions Concluding Thoughts
- 69. Thank you! For questions, comments or for more information: www.kirwaninstitute.org or e-mail us at reece.35@osu.edu or martin.1227@osu.edu 69