![More on Thompson v. HUD
In January 2005, US District Court Judge Garbis found HUD liable
for violating the federal Fair Housing Act, for not providing fair
housing opportunities to Baltimore’s African American public
housing residents
"Baltimore City should not be viewed ... as a container for all of the poor of a
contiguous region“
HUD failed to affirmatively promote fair housing by failing to consider a
regional approach to desegregating public housing
“[T]he failure adequately to take a regional approach to the desegregation of public
housing in the region that included Baltimore City violated the Fair Housing Act and
q pp p y
requires consideration of appropriate remedial action by the Court.”
[Hon. Marvin J. Garbis, Memorandum of Decision. Carmen Thompson et. al. vs. US
Department of Housing and Urban Development et. al. January 6, 2005: 104]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20100113dupontfoundationpresentation-110924115815-phpapp01/85/Mapping-for-Change-Seizing-Opportunity-and-Confronting-Challenges-Using-Maps-and-GIS-17-320.jpg)
Mapping for Change: Seizing Opportunity and Confronting Challenges Using Maps and GIS
- 1. MAPPING FOR CHANGE: SEIZING OPPORTUNITY & CONFRONTING CHALLENGES USING MAPS & GIS Presentation to: Jessie Ball duPont Foundation January 13th 2010 Presented by: Jason R J Reece, S i R Senior Researcher (R h (Reece.35@osu.edu) 35@ d ) Samir Gambhir, Senior Research Associate (Gambhir.2@osu.edu) The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity The Ohio State University
- 2. Today’s Presentation y Background Kirwan Our Work – Opportunity Mapping Using Opportunity Mapping – Two Examples Using Opportunity Mapping – Two Examples Baltimore Massachusetts Local example – exploring mapping applications Exploring opportunities/challenges in Duval County Concluding Thoughts Moving forward
- 3. Background B k d The Kirwan I i Th Ki Institute & Our W k O Work
- 4. About Kirwan 4 Multidisciplinary applied research Multidisciplinary applied research institute Our mission is to expand opportunity for all, especially for our most f ll i ll f t marginalized communities Founded in 2003 by john powell Opportunity Communities Program (1/3 of staff) Opening pathways to opportunity for p gp y pp y marginalized communities through investments in people, places and supporting linkages Opportunity mapping i i
- 5. Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life Outcomes “Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel. Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success: High quality education High‐quality education Healthy and safe environment Stable housing Sustainable employment Political empowerment Outlets for wealth‐building g Positive social networks
- 6. Opportunity Matters: Neighborhoods & Access to Opportunity Five decades of research indicate that your environment has a profound impact on your access to opportunity and likelihood of success likelihood of success High poverty areas with poor employment, underperforming schools, distressed housing and schools distressed housing and public health/safety risks depress life outcomes A system of disadvantage Many manifestations Many manifestations Urban, rural, suburban People of color are far more likely to live in opportunity likely to live in opportunity deprived neighborhoods and communities 6
- 7. About Our Work Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift certain populations or communities? What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve outcomes for marginalized communities f i li d ii Extensive use of mapping in our work Inequity has a geographic footprint I it h hi f t i t Leverage points sometimes geographic in scope Maps powerful for tools for Research h Designing policy/programming Communicating research/issues to the public and other stakeholders
- 8. 8 Typical map used for T i l df applied policy research Foreclosures in Columbus, OH Helps target areas for investment or policy intervention
- 9. Mapping Opportunity: Why and How The Kirwan Institute has conducted “opportunity mapping” for states and opportunity mapping for states and metropolitan regions across the US Projects in at least a dozen states What is an opportunity map? Comprehensive map, showing various neighborhood indicators Opportunity indicators pp y Why identify the “State of Opportunity” How are low‐income groups situated in the State? How are racial and ethnic groups situated? H i l d h i i d? What can be done to improve the opportunity landscape? Investments Policy Reforms Targeting Services
- 10. Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators How do you map opportunity? Data representing community conditions was gathered for neighborhood (census tracts) across the state or region Data for all indicators of community conditions was aggregated to the Census Tract level and analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity Census Tract level and analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity index for the census tracts (neighborhoods) throughout the state or region The opportunity index is then mapped and census tracts are broken into Th i i d i h d d b k i quintiles based on their opportunity score Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High
- 11. Creating the Composite Opportunity Map: Example From a Recent CN Project 11 Education Economic Housing & Final Opportunity Opportunity Neighborhood Opportunity Score Score Score Score (Map)
- 12. Example of an Opportunity Map: Detroit MI (Dark Areas = Most Opportunity Rich Communities) (Light Areas = Most Opportunity Deprived Areas) 12
- 13. Using Opportunity Mapping Ui O t it M i Two C T Case Studies: S di Baltimore, MD & Massachusetts
- 14. Application and Impact pp p In the past five years our opportunity In the past five years our opportunity mapping has been utilized in communities across the nation to promote social justice Expanding opportunity for marginalized Expanding opportunity for marginalized groups – informing policy & action Recent examples: Public housing residents and fair housing in Baltimore, Public housing residents and fair housing in Baltimore, MD Legal service populations & neighborhoods of opportunity MA
- 15. Opportunity Mapping & Fair Housing: Thompson v. HUD in Baltimore Mapping initiative originated during pp g g g Director powell’s involvement in both the liability and remedy phases of litigation, on behalf of NAACP Legal Defense Fund and the Maryland ACLU Initial partners Maryland ACLU NAACP Legal Defense Fund Expanded beyond litigation Regional fair housing coalition R i lf i h i li i Framework for program evaluation & identifying housing opportunities or challenges in the region Used the opportunity community model to identify solutions for fair housing litigation in the Baltimore region (remedial proposal pending) Potential impact on 7,000 public housing families Potential impact on 7 000 public housing families in the Baltimore region
- 16. What is Thompson v. HUD? p Litigation brought on behalf of class of 14,000 African‐American residents f 14 000 Af i A i id t of public housing in response to history of racial segregation of public housing and concentration in poor, g p , distressed neighborhoods in Baltimore Represented by Maryland ACLU and NAACP Legal Defense Fund NAACP Legal Defense Fund US District Court of Maryland, Judge Marvin Garbis Began in 1995…judge issued liability Began in 1995 judge issued liability ruling in 2005 Remedial trial held in 2006 Still waiting for final remedial decision 16
- 17. More on Thompson v. HUD In January 2005, US District Court Judge Garbis found HUD liable for violating the federal Fair Housing Act, for not providing fair housing opportunities to Baltimore’s African American public housing residents "Baltimore City should not be viewed ... as a container for all of the poor of a contiguous region“ HUD failed to affirmatively promote fair housing by failing to consider a regional approach to desegregating public housing “[T]he failure adequately to take a regional approach to the desegregation of public housing in the region that included Baltimore City violated the Fair Housing Act and q pp p y requires consideration of appropriate remedial action by the Court.” [Hon. Marvin J. Garbis, Memorandum of Decision. Carmen Thompson et. al. vs. US Department of Housing and Urban Development et. al. January 6, 2005: 104]
- 18. Fair Housing & Subsidized Housing in the Baltimore Region g g Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s predominately African American f neighborhoods Also high poverty neighborhoods 18
- 19. 19
- 20. Photos Near Public Housing Sites in Baltimore 20
- 21. Opportunity Mapping in Baltimore Use of 14 indicators of neighborhood opportunity to designate high and low opportunity to designate high and low opportunity neighborhoods in the Baltimore region Indicators of Opportunity (General) pp y Neighborhood Quality/Health Poverty, Crime, Vacancy, Property Values, Population Trends Economic Opportunity Economic Opportunity Proximity to Jobs and Job Changes, Public Transit Educational Opportunity School Poverty, School Test Scores, School Poverty School Test Scores Teacher Qualifications 21
- 22. Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods 22
- 23. Final Plaintiff’s Proposed Remedy Plaintiffs propose providing desegregative housing opportunities Plaintiffs propose providing desegregative housing opportunities in the region’s high opportunity neighborhoods to remedy HUD’s fair housing violations With the goal of providing nearly 7,000 affordable housing opportunities in high opportunity communities to public housing residents who volunteer to relocate in ten years Flexibility in implementation (new construction and vouchers) Aligned with proposals to provide support services for residents who volunteer for the program who volunteer for the program 23
- 24. Other Impacts p Outside of the litigation, the opportunity maps have g , pp y p been used in a variety of ways Program evaluation and planning Monitoring partial consent decree program M it i ti l td Identifying Opportunities/Challenges Assessing opportunities/challenges related to the foreclosure crisis Regional housing advocacy Baltimore Regional Housing Coalition g g Research Tracking outcomes for families who move to high opportunity areas (John Hopkins) areas (John Hopkins)
- 25. Initial Moves and Secondary Moves by Thompson Consent Decree Program Participants 25
- 26. 26
- 27. MA Legal Services and Opportunity Communities Background on this project Originated from effort to incorporate mapping analysis into legal services Partners Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, MA Legal Assistance Corp (foundation) and other Legal Services Entities Year long process of meeting with stakeholders to understand mapping needs and issues d di Training with service providers & agencies (using mapping for programming)
- 28. Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and Indicators Three areas of opportunity were analyzed using GIS mapping capability: Education Q lit Ed ti Quality and d Opportunity Economic Health and Transportation T t ti Neighborhood Stability and Health
- 33. Applications and Impact pp p Program design and use within the legal services New programming – proposed “Adopt A Zip Code” program Use in exploring client concerns/challenges Use in litigation (National Consumer Law Center) g ( ) Internal use by funder (MLAC) Direct advocacy State opportunity impact assessment (proposed) State opportunity impact assessment (proposed) Dissemination among state agencies State level program design (public sector) New $5 million state affordable housing program, targeted to $ ll ff d bl h d high opportunity communities (see press release) Implementation still unfolding
- 35. Local Applications L l A li ti Exploring E l i opportunities/challenges through i i / h ll h h mapping in Duval County, FL
- 36. Exploring Duval County p g y Exploring the dimensions of child poverty p g p y Geography of neighborhood/school poverty & student performance Exploring investments Children's services & ARRA Looking at intersections L ki i i Foreclosure patterns and child vulnerability What does a comprehensive opportunity map for What does a comprehensive opportunity map for Jacksonville look like (sample map) Intersection with race, subsidized housing, foreclosure
- 41. Exploring Investments in relation to need – Child Poverty & Children’s Services Investments
- 42. Example: Understanding Investment Patterns An early look at ARRA (stimulus) investments and jobs created. Caution: thi map i only as C ti this is l accurate as the source data (ARRA data problematic)
- 45. Example: Sample Comprehensive Opportunity Map (prepared in 2009 for MWC) Based on neighborhood performance relative to other neighborhoods in state. Indicators: Index based on •Adult educational attainment •School poverty •Teacher qualifications •FCAT scores •Unemployment •Public assistance rates •Jobs and job changes •Commute time •Proximity to Toxic Waste •Home values •Home vacancy/ownership •Crime
- 46. Opportunity Map: In relation to subsidized housing and foreclosure patterns
- 47. Closing Thoughts Cl i Th ht Moving Forward M i F d
- 48. Applications pp What is this information/approach useful for? / pp Diagnostics and targeted investments Identifying areas of opportunity and challenges O Opportunities t iti Opportunities for investment Targeting services better, targeting programs Challenges E.g. foreclosure patterns – interconnections between foreclosure and children in need Looking at broader policy issues and concern Communications – using maps to illustrate areas of concern, areas of opportunity, broader community discussions
- 49. Moving Forward - Strategies g g Spend time identifying areas of concern/need prior to p y g / p mapping Targeted inquiries and analysis (areas of concern, areas of opportunities for progress) opportunities for progress) Diagnostics (programs, investments etc.) Consider mapping to help address broader challenges Planning and strategy, communications, public discourse, advocacy – outreach, stakeholder, informing program design Comprehensive opportunity maps more useful in this role p pp y p Be aware of data challenges Access to data sometimes a limiting factor
- 50. Thank You! For questions, comments or for more information: www.kirwaninstitute.org or e-mail us at Reece.35@osu.edu or Gambhir.2@osu.edu 50