Stu R C8e Ch13 12

L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. What Is Change? Define organizational change. Explain how managers are affected by change. Forces for Change Discuss the external and internal forces for change. Contrast internal and external change agents. Two Views of the Change Process Contrast the calm waters and white-water rapids metaphors of change. Explain Lewin’s three-step model of the change process. Discuss the environment that managers face today.

L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Managing Change Explain how managers might change structure, technology, and people. Describe why people resist change and how resistance might be managed. Contemporary Issues in Managing Change Explain why changing organizational culture is so difficult and how managers can do it. Describe employee stress and how managers can help employees deal with stress. Discuss what it takes to make change happen successfully.

L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Stimulating Innovation Tell why innovate isn’t just creativity. Explain the systems view of innovation. Describe the structural, cultural, and human resource variables that are necessary for innovation. Explain what idea champions are and why they’re important to innovation.

What Is Change? Organizational Change Any alterations in the people, structure, or technology of an organization Characteristics of Change Is constant yet varies in degree and direction Produces uncertainty yet is not completely unpredictable Creates both threats and opportunities Managing change is an integral part of every manager’s job.

Forces for Change External forces Marketplace Governmental laws and regulations Technology Labor market Economic changes Internal Forces Changes in organizational strategy Workforce changes New equipment Employee attitudes

The Manager as Change Agent Change Agents People who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for changing process are called change agents. Types of Change Agents Managers: internal entrepreneurs Nonmanagers: change specialists Outside consultants: change implementation experts

Change Process Viewpoints The Calm Waters Metaphor Lewin’s description of the change process as a break in the organization’s equilibrium state Unfreezing the status quo Changing to a new state Refreezing to make the change permanent White-Water Rapids Metaphor The lack of environmental stability and predictability requires that managers and organizations continually adapt (manage change actively) to survive.

Types of Change Structural Changing the organization’s structure or its structural components Technological Adopting new equipment or operating methods that displace old skills and require new ones Automation Replacing certain tasks done by people with machines Workforce Changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behaviors of the workforce

Managing Resistance to Change Why People Resist Change? The ambiguity and uncertainty that change introduces The comfort of old habits A concern over personal loss of status, money, authority, friendships, and personal convenience The perception that change is incompatible with the goals and interest of the organization

Issues in Managing Change (cont’d) Changing Organizational Cultures Cultures are naturally resistant to change Conditions that facilitate cultural change: The occurrence of a dramatic crisis Leadership changing hands A young, flexible, and small organization A weak organizational culture

Issues in Managing Change Handling Employee Stress due to Change Stress The physical and psychological tension an individual feels when confronted with extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and their associated importance and uncertainties. Functional Stress Stress that has a positive effect on performance. How Potential Stress Becomes Actual Stress There is uncertainty over the outcome When the outcome is important

Issues in Managing Change Reducing Stress Engage in proper employee selection Match employees’ KSA’s to jobs’ TDR’s Use realistic job interviews for reduce ambiguity Improve organizational communications Develop a performance planning program Use job redesign Provide a counseling program Offer time planning management assistance Sponsor wellness programs

Issues in Managing Change Making Change Happen Successfully Embrace change —become a change-capable organization. Create a simple, compelling message explaining why change is necessary. Communicate constantly and honestly. Foster as much employee participation as possible—get all employees committed Encourage employees to be flexible Remove those who resist and cannot be changed.

Stimulating Innovation Creativity The ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make an unusual association. Innovation Turning the outcomes of the creative process into useful products, services, or work methods

Creating the “Right” Environment for Innovation Structural Variables Adopt an organic structure Make available plentiful resources Engage in frequent interunit communication Minimize extreme time pressures on creative activities Provide explicit support for creativity

Creating the “Right” Environment for Innovation (cont’d) Cultural Variables Accept ambiguity Tolerate the impractical Have low external controls Tolerate risk taking Tolerate conflict Focus on ends rather than means Develop an open-system focus Provide positive feedback

Creating the “Right” Environment for Innovation (cont’d) Human Resource Variables Actively promote training and development to keep employees’ skills current Offer high job security to encourage risk taking Encourage individual to be “champions” of change

Stu R C8e Ch13 12

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Stu R C8e Ch13 12