Style and ornamentation in Architecture
- 4. WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION? In architecture, Ornamentation is used to make part of the building or object more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone, wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as applied ornament. Ornamentation often seen around the openings like around the doorway, around the window, at pediments or near the eave of roof. Ornament may be flat (simply on the surface), incised (cut below the surface), or in relief (raised above the surface ). The vast range of motifs used in ornament draw from geometrical shapes and patterns, plants, and human and animal figures. most ornament does not include human figures, and if present they are small compared to the overall scale. Architectural historian Sir John Summerson called Ornamentation as "surface modulation "
- 5. • Styles of ornamentation can be studied in reference to the specific culture which developed unique forms of decoration, or modified ornament from other cultures. • The Ancient Egyptian culture is arguably the first civilization to add pure decoration to their buildings.Their ornament takes the forms of the natural world in that climate, decorating the capitals of columns and walls with images of papyrus and palm trees. • Assyrian culture produced ornament which shows influence from Egyptian sources and a number of original themes, including figures of plants and animals of the region HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION?
- 6. • Three basic and fairly distinct categories of Ornamentation may be recognized: • Depending on the placement of the ornamentation it is characterised as • Surface ornaments- carving and painting on the walls • Edge Ornaments- example Antefix • Junction Ornaments- example- Cornice and Frieze • Depending on Type of expression Ornaments characterised as: • Mimetic or imitative ornament • Applied ornament • Structural Ornamentation. TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION?
- 7. • Mimetic, or imitative ornament- the forms of which have certain definite meanings or symbolic significance; here reproduce shapes and qualities familiar from past usage in new material by using new technology. • Applied ornament- intended to add beauty to a structure but extrinsic to it;. Meant for aesthetic purpose only. • ornament in the 19th century exemplified the common tendency for mimetic ornament, in all times and places, to turn into mere applied decoration, lacking either symbolic meaning or reference to the structure on which it is placed. • Example -By the 5th century BCE in Greece, the details of the orders had largely lost whatever conscious symbolic or structural significance they may have had; they became simply decorative elements extrinsic to the structure • Structural ornament-inherent in the building’s function or materials. • by the mid-20th century a concept of architectural ornament had been formulated that has been called structural ornaments essential principle is that ornament in architecture should derive directly from a function of the nature of the building and the materials used. TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION?
- 8. Imitative ornament- Ornamentation on pediment depicts war. Imitation of nature and foliage. Imitative ornament Corinthian Capital has two rows of Acanthus ornament
- 11. Architectural ornament- something added to a building to improve its appearance. Some examples of ornamentation: Antefix - carved ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the joints between tiles. Crocket- an architectural ornament of curved foliage used at the edge of a spire or gable. Dogtooth- a carved pyramidal ornament; used in 13th century England. Foliage, foliation - leaf-like architectural ornament. Greek fret, Greek key, key pattern, fret - an ornamental pattern consisting of repeated vertical and horizontal lines (often in relief); "there was a simple fret at the top of the walls". Frieze - an architectural ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured band between the architrave and the cornice. Guilloche- an architectural decoration formed by two intersecting wavy bands. Trefoil - an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle. Antefix Trefoil
- 13. CHARACTER /STYLE
- 15. CHARACTER The character of a building depends upon its capacity to express a particular function and status.All aesthetic components, such as unity, composition, contrast and scale together make up the character of a building to evoke a certain visual and psychological response in the user. • Character also brings out the utility and purpose of a building. It gives an identity to the building • Whether it is a bank or a church or a library, it should possess an appropriate character. For instance, the structure of the Bank should be such that it should look massive and represent the country’s financial stability. • Character of a building denotes all those qualities which differentiate it from other buildings. It is the notable feature of a building and describes the purpose of its existence. • In design, character is obtained not only from the natural or man – made elements but also from aspects like function, materials and technology of construction. • The character of the building is reflected in terms of treatment of openings, scale of elements, proportion of the smaller to the larger units etc. • Materials based on their intrinsic character or nature is to be used accordingly. Ex:When stone is used it signifies strength as also long lasting nature. Similarly use of glass denoted fragile character and one of delicate nature than strength. Materials like wood, steel or brick when used with their natural finishes can give and enhance the beauty of the structure.
- 16. • “Every building should have a character – as stated by Le Corbusier” has been universally accepted. • Architectural character can be divided in to 3 categories: • Functional Character • Associated Character • Personal Character or Individual character
- 17. • Every building has specific functions and is made for specific broad purpose.The internal planning is in co- ordination with the exterior facade that tells us the purpose of the building. • The external appearance plays an important role in determining the purpose and the function of the structure. • For example: • Design of factory building, industrial workshops, the layout of which are dictated purely by a functional aspect. • Designing a long wall having numerous windows in a particular order can also indicate a museum. • Designing tall and wide windows suggest a library. • Designing a symmetrical entrance to a central block having a wide entrance to express balance and rhythm indicates public buildings FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF A BUILDING
- 18. ASSOCIATED CHARACTER: • Associated Character:This character develops from the influence of ideas or impression related to or growing out of past experience. It is used to recognize a building which has been associated with particular style. • Cultural aspects play an important role in determining the Associated Character of a particular structure…. • We recognize a building by its features, which we associate with a particular structural style.A spire on a tower by the side of a spacious building indicates a church.A gopuram depicts a HinduTemple whereas a crescent and a white dome is the symbol of a mosque.
- 19. PERSONAL CHARACTER OR INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER: • Characters in architecture is comparable with the attributes of an individual. If a building is designed in the proper spirit, personal characteristics such as grace, dignity and vitality can be expressed as an integral part of the structure • Each architect would express certain character which makes hi/ her own style. Ex: Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Charles Correa. Character in architecture is comparable with the attributes of an individual.
- 20. STYLE
- 21. • Egyptian Style • Greek Style Roman Style
- 22. STYLE • In architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. • A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. • Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.
- 23. STYLE • Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject of architectural history.At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist.A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. • After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different. • Vernacular architecture works slightly differently and is listed separately. It is the native method of construction used by local people, usually using labour-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within a country, and takes little account of national styles or technology.As western society has developed, vernacular styles have mostly become outmoded by new technology and national building standards
- 24. TYPES OF STYLE Influences on Style are: • Geography • Climate • Materials available • Religion and tradition • ConstructionTechniques • Function Usually repetition of features like columns, courtyards, ornaments openings etc. is seen. Roof treatments, façade treatments all are repeated in a similar fashion in a particular area and time. Types of Style: • Based on place – Egyptian, Roman, Greek etc. • Based on religion - Dravidian style, Orissan Style,Vijayanagar Style • Based on Structural techniques - Egyptian and Greek:Trabeated system Roman:Arquated system Gothic: Flying buttress Early Christian: Pendentives
- 25. • Egyptian Style • Greek Style Roman Style Based on place Dravidian styleVijayanagar style Based on religion: Based on structural techniques: Flying buttress