Summarizing short stories (without spoiling the fun)

SummarizingShortStoriesMichael GenkinSCAL2011@HUJIWithout Spoiling the Fun

Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)2“Once upon a time, in a faraway land…Probably includes some epic adventure, a brave princess, a prince in distress, a rescue mission, and an evil nemesis…and they lived happily ever after.”

If you do not know Bogle's Chop House and Family Restaurant it is your loss. For if you are one of the fortunate ones who dine expensively you should be interested to know how the other half consumes provisions. And if you belong to the half to whom waiters' checks are things of moment, you should know Bogle's, for there you get your money's worth--in quantity, at least.Bogle's is situated in that highway of bourgeoisie, that boulevard of Brown-Jones-and-Robinson, Eighth Avenue. There are two rows of tables in the room, six in each row. On each table is a caster- stand, containing cruets of condiments and seasons. From the pepper cruet you may shake a cloud of something tasteless and melancholy, like volcanic dust. From the salt cruet you may expect nothing. Though a man should extract a sanguinary stream from the pallid turnip, yet wili his prowess be balked when he comes to wrest salt from Bogle's cruets. Also upon each table stands the counterfeit of that benign sauce made "from the recipe of a nobleman in India."At the cashier's desk sits Bogle, cold, sordid, slow, smouldering, and takes your money. Behind a mountain of toothpicks he makes your change, files your check, and ejects at you, like a toad, a word about the weather. Beyond a corroboration of his meteorological statement you would better not venture. You are not Bogle's friend; you are a fed, transient customer, and you and he may not meet again until the blowing of Gabriel's dinner horn. So take your change and go--to the devil if you like. There you have Bogle's sentiments.The needs of Bogle's customers were supplied by two waitresses and a Voice. One of the waitresses was named Aileen. She was tall, beautiful, lively, gracious and learned in persiflage. Her other name? There was no more necessity for another name at Bogle's than there was for finger-bowls.The name of the other waitress was Tildy. Why do you suggest Matilda? Please listen this time--Tildy--Tildy. Tildy was dumpy, plain-faced, and too anxious to please to please. Repeat the last clause to yourself once or twice, and make the acquaintance of the duplicate infinite.The Voice at Bogle's was invisible. It came from the kitchen, and did not shine in the way of originality. It was a heathen Voice, and contented itself with vain repetitions of exclamations emitted by the waitresses concerning food.Will it tire you to be told again that Aileen was beautiful? Had she donned a few hundred dollars' worth of clothes and joined the Easter parade, and had you seen her, you would have hastened to say so yourself.The customers at Bogle's were her slaves. Six tables full she could wait upon at once. They who were in a hurry restrained their impatience for the joy of merely gazing upon her swiftly moving, graceful figure. They who had finished eating ate more that they might continue in the light of her smiles. Every man there--and they were mostly men--tried to make his impression upon her.Aileen could successfully exchange repartee against a dozen at once. And every smile that she sent forth lodged, like pellets from a scatter-gun, in as many hearts. And all this while she would be performing astounding feats with orders of pork and beans, pot roasts, ham-and, sausage-and-the-wheats, and any quantity of things on the iron and in the pan and straight up and on the side. With all this feasting and flirting and merry exchange of wit Bogle's came mighty near being a salon, with Aileen for its Madame Recamier.If the transients were entranced by the fascinating Aileen, the regulars were her adorers. There was much rivalry among many of the steady customers. Aileen could have had an engagement every evening. At least twice a week some one took her to a theatre or to a dance. One stout gentleman whom she and Tildy had privately christened "The Hog" presented her with a turquoise ring. Another one known as "Fresby," who rode on the Traction Company's repair wagon, was going to give her a poodle as soon as his brother got the hauling contract in the Ninth. And the man who always ate spareribs and spinach and said he was a stock broker asked her to go to "Parsifal" with him."I don't know where this place is," said Aileen while talking it over with Tildy, "but the wedding-ring's got to be on before I put a stitch into a travelling dress--ain't that right? Well, I guess!"But, Tildy!In steaming, chattering, cabbage-scented Bogle's there was almost a heart tragedy. Tildy with the blunt nose, the hay-coloured hair, the freckled skin, the bag-o'-meal figure, had never had an admirer. Not a man followed her with his eyes when she went to and fro in the restaurant save now and then when they glared with the beast-hunger for food. None of them bantered her gaily to coquettish interchanges of wit. None of them loudly "jollied" her of mornings as they did Aileen, accusing her, when the eggs were slow in coming, of late hours in the company of envied swains. No one had ever given her a turquoise ring or invited her upon a voyage to mysterious, distant "Parsifal."Tildy was a good waitress, and the men tolerated her. They who sat at her tables spoke to her briefly. with quotations from the bill of fare; and then raised their voices in honeyed and otherwise-flavoured accents, eloquently addressed to the fair Aileen. They writhed in their chairs to gaze around and over the impending form of Tildy, that Aileen's pulchritude might season and make ambrosia of their bacon and eggs.And Tildy was content to be the unwooed drudge if Aileen could receive the flattery and the homage. The blunt nose was loyal to the short Grecian. She was Aileen's friend; and she was glad to see her rule hearts and wean the attention of men from smoking pot-pie and lemon meringue. But deep below our freckles and hay-coloured hair the unhandsomest of us dream of a prince or a princess, not vicarious, but coming to us alone.There was a morning when Aileen tripped in to work with a slightly bruised eye; and Tildy's solicitude was almost enough to heal any optic."Fresh guy," explained Aileen, "last night as I was going home at Twenty-third and Sixth. Sashayed up, so he did, and made a break. I turned him down, cold, and he made a sneak; but followed me down to Eighteenth, and tried his hot air again. Gee! but I slapped him a good one, side of the face. Then he give me that eye. Does it look real awful, Til? I should hate that Mr. Nicholson should see it when he comes in for his tea and toast at ten."Tildy listened to the adventure with breathless admiration. No man had ever tried to follow her. She was safe abroad at any hour of the twenty-four. What bliss it must have been to have had a man follow one and black one's eye for love!Among the customers at Bogle's was a young man named Seeders, who worked in a laundry office. Mr. Seeders was thin and had light hair, and appeared to have been recently rough-dried and starched. He was too diffident to aspire to Aileen's notice; so he usually sat at one of Tildy's tables, where he devoted himself to silence and boiled weakfish.One day when Mr. Seeders came in to dinner he had been drinking beer. There were only two or three customers in the restaurant. When Mr. Seeders had finished his weakfish he got up, put his arm around Tildy's waist, kissed her loudly and impudently, walked out upon the street, snapped his fingers in the direction of the laundry, and hied himself to play pennies in the slot machines at the Amusement Arcade.For a few moments Tildy stood petrified. Then she was aware of Aileen shaking at her an arch forefinger, and saying:"Why, Til, you naughty girl! Ain't you getting to be awful, Miss Slyboots! First thing I know you'll be stealing some of my fellows. I must keep an eye on you, my lady."Another thing dawned upon Tildy's recovering wits. In a moment she had advanced from a hopeless, lowly admirer to be an Eve-sister of the potent Aileen. She herself was now a man-charmer, a mark for Cupid, a Sabine who must be coy when the Romans were at their banquet boards. Man had found her waist achievable and her lips desirable. The sudden and amatory Seeders had, as it were, performed for her a miraculous piece of one-day laundry work. He had taken the sackcloth of her uncomeliness, had washed, dried, starched and ironed it, and returned it to her sheer embroidered lawn--the robe of Venus herself.The freckles on Tildy's cheeks merged into a rosy flush. Now both Circe and Psyche peeped from her brightened eyes. Not even Aileen herself had been publicly embraced and kissed in the restaurant.Tildy could not keep the delightful secret. When trade was slack she went and stood at Bogle's desk. Her eyes were shining; she tried not to let her words sound proud and boastful."A gentleman insulted me to-day," she said. "He hugged me around the waist and kissed me.""That so?" said Bogle, cracking open his business armour. "After this week you get a dollar a week more."At the next regular meal when Tildy set food before customers with whom she had acquaintance she said to each of them modestly, as one whose merit needed no bolstering:"A gentleman insulted me to-day in the restaurant. He put his arm around my waist and kissed me."The diners accepted the revelation in various ways--some incredulously, some with congratulations; others turned upon her the stream of badinage that had hitherto been directed at Aileen alone. And Tildy's heart swelled in her bosom, for she saw at last the towers of Romance rise above the horizon of the grey plain in which she had for so long travelled.For two days Mr. Seeders came not again. During that time Tildy established herself firmly as a woman to be wooed. She bought ribbons, and arranged her hair like Aileen's, and tightened her waist two inches. She had a thrilling but delightful fear that Mr. Seeders would rush in suddenly and shoot her with a pistol. He must have loved her desperately; and impulsive lovers are always blindly jealous.Even Aileen had not been shot at with a pistol. And then Tildy rather hoped that he would not shoot at her, for she was always loyal to Aileen; and she did not want to overshadow her friend.At 4 o'clock on the afternoon of the third day Mr. Seeders came in. There were no customers at the tables. At the back end of the restaurant Tildy was refilling the mustard pots and Aileen was quartering pies. Mr. Seeders walked back to where they stood.Tildy looked up and saw him, gasped, and pressed the mustard spoon against her heart. A red hair-bow was in her hair; she wore Venus's Eighth Avenue badge, the blue bead necklace with the swinging silver symbolic heart.Mr. Seeders was flushed and embarrassed. He plunged one hand into his hip pocket and the other into a fresh pumpkin pie."Miss Tildy," said he, "I want to apologise for what I done the other evenin'. Tell you the truth, I was pretty well tanked up or I wouldn't of done it. I wouldn't do no lady that a-way when I was sober. So I hope, Miss Tildy, you'll accept my 'pology, and believe that I wouldn't of done it if I'd known what I was doin' and hadn't of been drunk."With this handsome plea Mr. Seeders backed away, and departed, feeling that reparation had been made.But behind the convenient screen Tildy had thrown herself flat upon a table among the butter chips and the coffee cups, and was sobbing her heart out--out and back again to the grey plain wherein travel they with blunt noses and hay-coloured hair. From her knot she had torn the red hair-bow and cast it upon the floor. Seeders she despised utterly; she had but taken his kiss as that of a pioneer and prophetic prince who might have set the clocks going and the pages to running in fairyland. But the kiss had been maudlin and unmeant; the court had not stirred at the false alarm; she must forevermore remain the Sleeping Beauty.Yet not all was lost. Aileen's arm was around her; and Tildy's red hand groped among the butter chips till it found the warm clasp of her friend's."Don't you fret, Til," said Aileen, who did not understand entirely. "That turnip-faced little clothespin of a Seeders ain't worth it. He ain't anything of a gentleman or he wouldn't ever of apologised."Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)3Should I read it?The Brief Debut of Tildy by O. Henry

Summarizing Short StoriesAnna Kazantseva, Stan Szpakowicz

RoadmapMotivationConcise definition of the problemState of the unionA method to summarize short storiesImportant entities, Aspects, FeaturesExperimentationThe settingResults evaluationConclusionsMichael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)5

Defining the problemMichael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)6

Summarizing Short Stories – A DefinitionSummarizing short storiesClassical examples of short social fiction; fairy tales.Indicative summariesHelp the reader to form adequate expectations about the storyHelp to decide whether she would be interested in reading itShould include important elements of the story settingPlaces, main characters.Retelling the plot is not a goal, to the contraryPractical – to keep the complexity low.Ideological – do not ruin the story for the reader.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)7

Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)8That is a story of the goings-on at a proletariat restaurant in New York City. The restaurant itself is fairly simple, two rows of six tables. Dust-like-material-filled pepper shakers and empty salt shaker decorate the tables. The owner, Bogle, sits at the cash register and makes no-nonsense change and conversation with those who eat there. Two waitresses serve the customers. Aileen, the taller, prettier, and more charming of the two is one of the reasons so many men frequent the restaurant. She flirts and attracts many regulars, who compete for her attention. Tilda, not only her co-worker, but also good friend admires Aileen’s beauty and interactions. However, while she is not jealous of Aileen’s interactions with men, she does hope for someone to be infatuated with her someday.One day, this very event takes place. Tilda receives not only a hug, but also a kiss, in public, while working! This changes her entire perception of herself, and things become even more complicated when she finds what sparked this outburst of affectionThe Brief Debut of Tildy by O. Henry

State of the UnionText summarization – a popular research topicHeadline generation, Summarization of books, Personalized summarization, Generation of tables-of-contentsMost research revolves around texts characterized by rigid structure.News articles, Medical documents, Legal documents, CS papersExcludes an ever growing number of informal documentse.g. novels, blogsThis work attempts to make a step in the unexplored genre of summarizing literary short stories.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)9

A solutionMichael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)10

A Solution #1 - Important EntitiesThe first step of summary productionUses ConnexorMachinese Syntax Parser & GATE Gazetteer to tag entities.Characters, locations.Anaphora resolution to maximize amount of information on characters (Using standard methods).Error rate is 15.07% for pronominal anaphora & 36.84% for nominal.Characters central to each story are selected based on normalized frequency count.Taking anaphoric expression into account.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)11

A Solution #2 – AspectThe aspect of a clause suggests the temporal flow of an event or a state and the speaker’s position with respect to it.We rely on the aspect to select thesentences that set the backgroundof a story, such as stative andserial sentences.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)12

A Solution #3Each clause is represented by a vector of features describing it’s characteristics.The representation can be fine-grained or coarse.Criteria for selecting features:A clause should “talk” about important things.A clause should contain background descriptions rather than events.Sentences which satisfy both criteria are good candidates for indicative summaries.Sentences selected by two different proceduresC5.0 decision tree inductionManually created rulesMichael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)13

Summarizing Short Stories – A RecapTo create indicative summaries:Search for sentences that focus on important entitiesUsing a gazetteer, syntax parser, resolving anaphoric expressions, identifying frequently mentioned entities.Search for sentences that relate to the background of the storyBut not to events.The notion of aspect – approximated by machine learning or manually produced rules.Compose an indicative summary from the selected sentences.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)14

The Experimentation SettingA set of 47 short stories (social fiction and fairy tales) – from Project Guttenberg.27 stories for training, 20 for testing.Average length – 3333 tokens, 224 sentences.The test and training sets contained approximately the same number of stories by each author.18415 clauses were manually annotated for summary worthiness.The summaries were produced once by a machine learning algorithm and once by manually generated rule set.The results were judged by 6 judges.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)16

ResultsNo agreed upon metrics for evaluating summaries of short fiction.Three evaluation methods employed:Manually evaluate the summaries for informativeness and usefulness.Measure sentence co-selection between automatic and manually generated summaries.Compare the machine generated and manual summaries using generic evaluation library (ROUGE)Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)17

Informativeness and Usefulness15 unbiased evaluators, asked to rank specific characteristics of summaries twice – before reading the story and after.Each evaluator got an anonymous mix of machine generated and manual summaries.Coarse-grained, rule based summaries very used to reduce the complexity of the task and enable tracing the decisions made by the system.All questions to the evaluators are multiple choice and weighted using statistic tests.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)18

Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)19

Sentence Co-SelectionA long tradition in the text summarization community.Has some well known short comings.Doesn’t explicitly measures the summary quality.But provides an objective, easy to pin down, quality.Also provides a basis for comparison to others.Each story was summarized by 3 different annotator, compressing the story to 6% - this consisted the gold standard for evaluation.Additionally tested against two naïve baseline, and two state of the art systems (GISTexter, CLASSY).The aforementioned systems are optimized to dramatically different task, but no adjustments were made.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)21

Lexical OverlapUsing ROUGEA package for automatically evaluating summaries – given a gold standard. Rewards lexical overlap.Standard evaluation metric for automatic summarizers.Same summaries as in the previous test.Metrics:ROGUE2 – bigram recall between summariesROGUE-SU4 – skip bigram, with maximum distance of 4, recall between summaries.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)24

ConclusionsMichael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)26

ConclusionsSummaries that are limited in scope to helping readers to form adequate expectations about the original story can be generated without deep semantic resources.Machine summaries fine-tuned for short stories are better than state of the art summarizers fine-tuned for working with newswire, but still fall short from human made abstracts.Observations about automatic summarization of short stories:Characters tend to be central element of short fiction.It appears that position in the text is important.It’s a small step on the way to automatic summarizations, much work is still needed.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)27

A Brief SummaryA method to create indicative summaries for short stories.Good results for the limited scope chosen, for objective measures.Many more challenges still remainReadabilityHandling plotetc.No agreed upon method of summary evaluationHard to decide if some results are goodWhat constitutes a good summary?The answer may be outside computational linguistics.Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)28

Questions?Thanks for listening!Michael Genkin (mishagenkin@cs.huji.ac.il)29

Summarizing short stories (without spoiling the fun)

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