System planning

Flow of presentation
Introduction
Nature of planning
Process of planning
Types of planning
Roles and responsibilities
Advantages and disadvantages

introduction
Planning is deciding in advance what is to
be done, when where, how and by whom it
is to be done.
Planning bridges the gap from where we are
to where we want to go.
Choosing the future course of action.

Nature of planning
It is goal oriented.
It is a primary function.
It is a continuous process.
It is forward looking.
It involves choice.
It is directed towards efficiency.
It should help in economy.

Identify goals Identify resources Formulate strategies
Evaluation of
alternatives
Select course of actionImplement the plan
Controlling &
evaluation
Process of planning

There are seven essential steps in operating planning
process.
Steps in operating planning process:
Step 1: Setting goals
 Establish the targets for the short and long range
future.
Step 2: Identify resources
 Analyze the present position and resources
available to achieve objectives.

Step 3: Consider alternative
Construct a list of possible course of action that
lead to achieve the goal.
 Step 4:Evaluating the alternatives
Listing the various advantages and disadvantages of
each possible course of action.
Step 5: Selecting the best solution
Selecting the course of action that has the most
advantages and fewest disadvantages.

Step 6: Implementing the plan
Determine, who will be involved, what
resources will be assigned, how the plan will be
evaluated.
Step 7: Controlling and evaluating the results
Making certain that the plans is going
according to expectations and making necessary
adjustments.

Types of planning
Strategic plans
Tactical plans
Operational plans
On the basis of time:
Long term plans
Short term plans

Strategic plans:
It sets future directions of the organization in which it
wants to proceed in future.
It involves a time horizon of more than one year and
for most of the organization it ranges between 3 and 5
years.
It is used to set the objectives and the results expected.

Tactical plans:
This plans translate the strategic plans into
specific goals for specific parts of the
organizations.
Tactical plans are concerned with implementation
of strategic plans by coordinating the work of
different departments in the organization.
They are for shorter time frame and usually
focused for 1-2 years.

Operational plans:
 Operational plans are developed to determine the steps
necessary for achieving tactical goals.
 They are used as a guide for day to day operation by
department managers.
 These plans may cover a time frame of few months,
weeks or even a few days.

Long term plans:
Strategic in nature.
Involves generally more than 5 years
Short termplans:
It typically covers time frames of less than 2 years
These plans directly affect functional
groups(production, marketing, finance)

Roles and responsibilities
Project plan should define the responsibility of project sponsor,
manager and team members.
 Communication: Techniques to enhance the project
efficiency. Standard report forms, define requirement,
document, meeting schedules.
 Control requirements: Planning process involves designing
and security features for application.
 Risk managements: Manager should monitor, and manage
the internal and external risks in project lifecycle.

 Change management:
Modification of functional requirements during the
software development life cycle.
 Standards: Project plan should reference the
applicable standard.
 Documentation: Should identify the type and level
of documentation.
 Scheduling: Identify and schedule major project
phases and the task completed within each phase.

 Budget: Manager should estimates the overall cost of the
project. Manager should monitor the budget throughout the
project completion.
 Testing: Management should develop the testing plan that
identify testing requirement and schedule the testing procedure
throughout the initial phase of the project.
 Staff development: Should develop the training plans that
identify the training requirement and schedule the training
procedure to ensure employees are able to use and maintain the
application after implementation.

Advantages of planning
Planning facilitates management by
objectives.
It minimizes uncertainties.
It facilitate co-ordination.
It improves employee’s moral.
It helps in achieving economies.
It encourages innovations.

disadvantages of planning
Costly process: planning includes collecting
information, data and evaluation of alternatives. It
requires salary and allowances to experts in the
process of providing services.
Time consuming: planning delays the business activity
to come in action.
False sense of security: planning encourage false
sense of security against future risk and uncertainty.

Planning is no use at all, unless it degenerates into
work.
-Peter Drucker

System planning

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Editor's Notes