![REFERENCES
Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from
http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques
Preciado, P. D., & Silva, M. (2007). English Translation Techniques [Ebook].
Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from
https://books.google.com.co/books?id=5MG8xLyZOYkC&lpg=PP1&dq=petra%20tran
s
lations%20techniques&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=petra%20translations%20techniques&
=false Umbral Digital](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/task3collaborativework-181017025313/85/Task-3-collaborative-work-14-320.jpg)
Task 3 collaborative work
- 1. UNIT 1: TASK 3 - COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY 1 SANDRA KATHERINE CASTRO JULIAN YECID GARCÍA ROZO 1121847004 CRISTHIAN EVERLY TORO 1121893467 CRISTHIAN GUILLERMO URUEÑA 11121871520 JENIFER PAOLA VALENCIA 1121875221 TUTOR KELLY MARITZA FAJARDO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y ADISTANCIA UNAD BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 551037_23 ACACÍAS META 2018
- 2. UNIT 1: TASK 3 - COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY 1 Task 1. Translation Written by Cristhian Urueña The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles. Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources. To meet these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient power network. En las siguientes décadas se apreciarán cambios significativos en la forma en la que se suministra y consume la energía. En la mayor parte de las naciones productoras de petróleo, las que están en la “cúspide petrolera” ya han sido alcanzadas y hay temor frente al calentamiento global. Por consiguiente, muchos países están concentrados en cambiar por la baja industria del carbón. Esta transición conducirá mayores cambios en el suministro y consumo de electricidad. En primer lugar, habrá un incremento en la demanda global debido a que los consumidores cambiarán de petróleo y gas a electricidad para proveer de energía sus hogares y vehículos. En segundo lugar, habrá un incremento en la generación de electricidad no sólo en términos de cuánto cuesta ser generada sino en cómo se genera, aunque exista un crecimiento eléctrico de la generación de los recursos renovables. Para encontrar estos cambios, los países están invirtiendo en la red tecnológica inteligente. Este sistema pretende proveer de electricidad industrial con una mejor comprensión de la generación de energía y demanda y el uso de la información para crear una fuente de energía más eficiente.
- 3. Written by Cristhian Toro Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs. La tecnología de “Smart Grid” (Red Inteligente) básicamente implica la aplicación de un sistema de computadora a la red de electricidad. El sistema de computadora puede ser utilizado para recoger información acerca de la oferta y la demanda, y mejorar las habilidades de los ingenieros para administrar el sistema. Con una mejor información sobre de la demanda de electricidad, la red podrá aumentar la cantidad de electricidad entregada por unidad generada, conllevando a una reducción potencial en las necesidades de combustible y emisiones de carbono. Además el sistema de computadora ayudará en la reducción de los costos de operación y mantenimiento. Written by Sandra Castro Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real- time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any excess can be La tecnología Smart Grid ofrece también beneficios al consumidor. Ellos pueden recolectar información en tiempo real sobre el consumo de su energía para el uso de cada aparato. Las tarifas varían todos los días y dan a los consumidores el incentivo para usar aparatos a tiempo cuando la oferta excede en gran medida a la demanda, reduciendo la factura. Por ejemplo, ellos podrían usar sus lavadoras en la noche. Los contadores inteligentes pueden también ser conectados a la internet o sistema telefónico, permitiendo a los
- 4. sold to the grid. consumidores cambiar los accesorios de encendido o apagado remoto. Además si las casas están equipadas con aparatos que generan su propia energía, los accesorios pueden ser conectados directamente desde una fuente de poder, y cualquier exceso puede ser vendido en la red. Written by Julian Garcia With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times. A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs. Con estos cambios viene una serie de retos. El primero implica manejar la oferta y la demanda. Fuentes de energía renovable tales como el viento, las olas y la energía solar, son notoriamente impredecibles, y la energía nuclear, la cual también está destinada a aumentar en la medida en que las naciones cambian a fuentes de energía alternativas, es ciertamente incontrolable. Con el petróleo y el gas, es relativamente simple aumentar el suministro de energía para satisfacer la demanda creciente durante las horas pico del día o del año, mientras que, con las fuentes alternativas, esto es mucho más difícil, y podría conllevar a apagones o colapsos en el suministro de energía. Soluciones potenciales incluyen investigar formas de almacenar energía nuevas y más eficientes, además de alentar a los usuarios a usar electricidad en las horas menos congestionadas. Un segundo problema, es el hecho de que muchas fuentes de generación de energía renovable están ubicadas en áreas remotas, como lo son las zonas altas con fuertes vientos y regiones costeras, donde actualmente falta la infraestructura eléctrica y por lo tanto se hace necesario construir una nueva. Afortunadamente, con la mejora en la tecnología inteligente, esto se puede hacer
- 5. de manera más eficiente, reduciendo los costos de mejoras o construcción. Written by Jennifer Paola Valencia Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour. Aunque la tecnología inteligente todavía está en su infancia, los planes piloto para promover y probarlo ya están en marcha. los consumidores están probando actualmente los nuevos medidores inteligentes que pueden ser usados en sus hogares para manejar el uso de electricidad. También hay una serie de demostraciones que se están planeando para mostrar como la tecnología inteligente podría funcionar prácticamente, y se han puesto en marcha pruebas para probar la nueva infraestructura eléctrica. Es probable que la tecnología se añada en “capas”. Comenzando con métodos de “ganancia rápida “que proporcionaran ahorros iniciales de carbono, para ser seguido por sistemas más avanzados en una fecha posterior. Las ciudades son candidatos principales para la inversión en energía inteligente, debido la elevada densidad de población y el consumo de energía. Es aquí donde es probable que la tecnología inteligente sea promovida primero. Utilizando una gama de fuentes de fuentes de energía sostenibles, soluciones de transporte y una infraestructura para carga de vehículos eléctricos. La infraestructura ya está cambiando rápidamente. Para el año 2050, los cambio en el suministro de energía habrán transformado nuestros hogares, nuestras carreteras y nuestro comportamiento.
- 6. Task 2. Reflections Written by Jennifer Valencia The problems that I confronted with regard to the words or expressions were the following: I Had words, that if I tried to translate one by one. they did not have a consistent translation and that had nothing to do with the context of the topic. Also had words that had never used and I was then made it difficult to adapt synonyms of these words to its proper translation within the text. Written by Sandra Castro Since my English level is not that high, I had to use a translator to understand parts of the text that, even though I was searching word for word, I did not know what meaning they had. This text for me was complex because it has words and expressions that I did not know and I did not know how to translate or what they meant, there are up to three words that only with its meaning can not give a meaning to the sentence it is necessary to find a way to know that They want to tell the reader. As it is a text of technology is not so easy to understand, you must have a language level quite high in my concept to be able to translate it. I am honest and with only the dictionary I was not able to translate and understand so I had to resort to an internet translator and write complete sentences that by themselves can not find meaning. Written by Cristhian Urueña First of all, I can only say that to get a good translation I took into account 2 techniques trying to get the best results in this paragraph Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47). And in some parts of the texts I used Literal Translation “A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure” this paragraph had some sentences that can be translated literally. So ,after making a complete reading of the PARAGRAPH 1 and in order to obtain a general idea of the work, I may advise don’t trust the dictionary alone! One of the elementary errors we make is choosing the wrong translation from a dictionary entry. This typically happens when the translator doesn’t know the meaning of one of the words they are working with. To remedy this, you may want to check a monolingual dictionary as they usually offer more complete definitions. Also, try looking up the likely translation to make
- 7. sure that it “translates back” to the source language correctly. If we are still unsure, ask the organization or a native speaker. For what we learned from this exercise is a literal word for word rendering of the text is not really a translation. We should always strive not only to convey meaning as precisely as possible, but also tone, and to make sure the translation reads well We must rearrange or rebuild sentences – well-expressed ideas are far more important than consistent grammar. This is an art form, there is always room for improvement (and debate!). Written by Julian Garcia I think this exercise was really appropriate for this activity because it was a simple text but also has certain challenges, I say it was simple because I could do the majority of the translation through literal translation and transposition but in lines such as “Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy” it was kind of tricky to use transposition because there was more than one adjective and the subject was composed by more than one word which made it kind of hard to translate. Also I think is needed to add even some more words to the current translation in Spanish because as far as I concern (and risking not to be objective) I feel the original text is written in a way that uses so many periods so it looks like a lot of small ideas stuck together by punctuation; but in Spanish it’s more common to use more conjunctions to make the text more fluid when reading, due to that, I decided to add some words into my translation exercise because I thought it was necessary to reach a more natural translation, but still, I think they were not enough; as I mentioned previously, I might not be objective but also I wonder if that was compensation what I used, because I had to find a way to express ideas in the TL by translating words and expressions from the SL that do not mean the same in the TL. When translating the words inflexible, match, peak times, system collapse, off peak, windy uplands, I had to use modulation and equivalence because, although there is an accurate translation for those words, it was necessary to find a better option that helped me to keep the same meaning on the text without changing the main idea of it. Written by Cristhian Toro During the translation, I had some difficulties at moment to translate some unknown words (synonyms), for example the words: leading and moreover. The first I tried to related with liderar and I translated it according to the development of the text. The other word it was a bit complicated because I did not remember its meaning and I had to search in a dictionary but I saw that moreover is a synonymous of also (además, por otro lado) and I continued with the translation. I used the borrowing method when I wrote “Smart Grid” because I have taken this word as a product name, for example an app, some program or a government strategy. Sometimes I used the calque method, for example: per unit generated (por unidad generada). The transposition method was used when I needed to translate carbon emissions to Spanish
- 8. language: emisiones de carbono. And the literal transcription method was the most used during all the translation. I need to review technicality words and synonyms to can deep and internalize better a document. Task 3. Charts Made by Julian Garcia COMPARISON CHART Method Strategy Technique Definiti on (google) a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one. a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim. a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure. Definiti on (Cambri dge dictiona ry) a particular way of doing something a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry, or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations a way of doing an activity that needs skill Definiti on in educatio n The term teaching method refers to the general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instruction. Your choice of teaching method depends on what fits you — your educational philosophy, classroom Teaching strategies refer to the structure, system, methods, techniques, procedures and processes that a teacher uses during instruction. These are strategies the teacher employs to assist student learning. Learning activities refer to the teacher guided instructional tasks or assignments for students. (https://www.nwmissouri.edu/ed ucation/peu/pdf/studentteach/mo pta/Task3Definition.pdf) Not found
- 9. demographic, subject area(s) and school mission statement. (https://teach.com/w hat/teachers- know/teaching- methods/) Exampl es Personalized learning. Project based learning. Place based education. Formative assessment. Maker education. Natural approach. http://www.gettings mart.com/2017/10/5- new-teaching- methods-improving- education/ Vocabulary building. Peer response and editing. Cooperative learning. https://education.cu- portland.edu/blog/classroom- resources/teaching-strategies- for-english-teachers/ Flipped classroom. Case method. Self-learning. Gamification. https://www.goconqr .com/en/examtime/bl og/teaching- techniques/ Analysis At the beginning of this part of the activity I thought these three concepts had a hierarchical order from method on the top and technique at the bottom, but once I found the definitions, I realize that strategy is the concept that contains the other ones because it involves a set or methods and techniques to achieve goals efficiently; regarding to method, it refers to a procedure supported by a theory that includes techniques to achieve a goal (or goals) stablished by the needs of a specific context, organized consequently by the strategy itself. On the other hand, one interesting thing I found is that, regardless the definitions (in general and in education) the examples do not follow the same logic, because the methodologies found as examples in this topic correspond to elaborated strategies that include specific techniques as we can see in the project based learning which is shown as a method but it has got characteristics of a strategy because it tends to achieve long-term or overall aims which in turn corresponds to the definition of strategy. Thus, I can highlight the fact that
- 10. something as the project based learning might include vocabulary building, and this one, as a result, might include gamification; which at the end would give us the order: method – strategy – technique, which is opposite to the ideas we can infer from the definitions. Made by Jennifer Valencia Method Strategy Technique It Is a process regulated on the basis of and is more global and runs the whole text. When refers to guidelines, orientations, guides of research. Rigid and independent of the objective Unlike the method the strategy is flexible and can take shape based on the goals to where you want to get. It is an action guide that gives meaning and coordination to everything that is done to reach the goal. The strategy must be based on a method, being the strategy a planning system applied to some actions that allow you to achieve an objective The strategy can use of a number of techniques to achieve the goal. The technique determines in an orderly way to carry out a process, to achieve the proposed objectives. The technique is the particular resource that a person is worth to achieve the goal under what has been planned from the strategy. The technique is limited to the orientation of learning in delimited areas of the outcome of the translation. examples deductive method (inferior something observed from a general law of the general to the specific) examples collaborative learning individual learning examples reading, underlining, discussion, round table, forums,
- 11. Made by Cristhian Urueña DIFFERENCE S ON TRANSLATIO N TECHNIQUES TRANSLATIO N STRATEGIE TRANSLATION METHOD TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Strategy is a set of skills, a set of steps or processes that favor acquisition, storage and use of information according to the process and product of translation are: Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of the translator’s objective, a global opinion that affects the whole text. The direct translation techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language, this include The strategies relate to what happens with the text, strategies relate to what happens in the process. The methods proposed are: Borrowing Calque Literal translation According Hervey and Higgins (1986) there are some strategies for translating proper names: Exoticism, where the name can be taken over unchanged from the original text to the target text. Transcript, where the name can be adopted Word for a word translation. Literal translation. Faithful translation. Semantic translation. Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation Oblique translation technique are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language can’t be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language, this include: Transposition Modulation Reformulation or equivalence
- 12. Made by Cristhian Toro STRATEGY TECHNIQUE METHOD The strategy is the plan to do something. It is the step- by-step for the develop of anything. The technique is the way how you are doing something or how you are developing specific activities to reach an objective. In all cases the technique is the procedure to solve some situation in the act. (immediatly). The method is the way that we have done something. The procedures’ compilation that allow us obtaining an objective. Examples When you go to translate you need review the paper to translate and you need stablish what is the best way to do it, how you going to translate, what kind of After you define your step- by-step, you select the best strategy to translate and you can use one strategy or various strategies according with the specific situation The procedures used to be able the translation. The specific route used to achieve a good translation. to suit the phonetic conventions, graphics target language. The cultural transplant, where the names are replaced by SL TL names. Adaptation and compensation.
- 13. tools you can use to achieve a good translation. (plan, resources, objectives to reach) during the translation. (techniques to use during the translation: calque, literal translation, borrowing, transposition, etc) It can be used in future situations. (The organization of the information and the establishment of the sources or resources to be possible the translation and the reach of the objectives)
- 14. REFERENCES Bosco, G. (n.d.). Translation Techniques. Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from http://www.interproinc.com/es/blog/translation-techniques Preciado, P. D., & Silva, M. (2007). English Translation Techniques [Ebook]. Retrieved Oct 05, 2017, from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=5MG8xLyZOYkC&lpg=PP1&dq=petra%20tran s lations%20techniques&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=petra%20translations%20techniques& =false Umbral Digital