Collaborative Activity_Translation techniques_Group 12

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
Task 3- Collaborative activity
STUDENTS
JULIETA PABON ROSERO
CRISTIAN JAVIER REALPE
INGRID DANIELA TOSSE
MARCELA DEL SOCORRO CHALACAN
LILIANA CAROLINA PUENGUENAN
TUTOR
ANGIE LORENA SALGADO
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONALABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
OCTOBER, 2018

TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH
1. The next few decades will see great changes in the way
energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing
nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are
increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many
countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy.
This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and
use of electricity. Firstly, there will be an increase in overall
demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to
power their homes and vehicles. Secondly, there will be an
increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much
is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing
electricity generation from renewable sources. To meet these
challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology.
This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a
better understanding of power generation and demand, and to
use this information to create a more efficient power network.
TRANSLATION
Las próximas décadas percibirán grandes cambios en la forma en la
cual la energía es suministrada y usada. En algunas importantes
naciones productoras de petróleo, “el punto máximo del petróleo “ya
ha sido logrado, y hay preocupaciones en aumento acerca del
calentamiento global. Como consecuencia, muchos países se están
enfocando en el cambio hacia una economía baja en carbono. Esta
transición conducirá a mayores cambios en el suministro y uso de la
electricidad. En primer lugar, habrá un incremento en la demanda
global, en la medida en que los consumidores cambiaran el petróleo y
el gas por la electricidad para alimentar a sus casas y vehículos. En
segundo lugar, habrá un incremento en la producción de energía, no
solo en términos de cuanta es producida, sino también de como es
producida, ya que hay un continuo crecimiento en la producción de
energía a partir de fuentes renovables. Para enfrentar estos desafíos,
los países están invirtiendo en tecnología de redes eléctricas
inteligentes. Este sistema tiene el propósito de proveer a la industria
de la electricidad con una mejor comprensión acerca de la generación
y demanda de energía, y de usar esta información para crear una más
eficiente red de energía.
SMART ENERGY READING
By: Evelin Julieta Pabon

TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH
2. Smart Grid technology basically involves the
application of a computer system to the electricity
network. The computer system can be used to
collect information about supply and demand and
improve engineer's ability to manage the
system. With better information about electricity
demand, the network will be able to increase the
amount of electricity delivered per unit generated,
leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and
carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer
system will assist in reducing operational and
maintenance costs.
TRANSLATION
La tecnología Smart Grid básicamente implica la
aplicación de un sistema informático a la red eléctrica.
El sistema informático se puede utilizar para recopilar
información sobre la oferta y la demanda y mejorar la
capacidad del ingeniero para administrar el sistema con
una mejor información sobre la demanda de electricidad
la red podrá aumentar la cantidad de electricidad
entregada por unidad generada lo que dará lugar a
posibles reducciones en las necesidades de combustible
y las emisiones de carbono. Además el sistema
informático ayudará a reducir los costos operativos y de
mantenimiento.
By: Cristian Javier Realpe

TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH
3. Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the
consumer too. They will be able to collect real-time
information on their energy use for each
appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will
give customers the incentive to use appliances at
times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading
to great reductions in bills. For example, they may
use their washing machines at night. Smart meters
can also be connected to the internet or telephone
system, allowing customers to switch appliances on
or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted
with the apparatus to generate their own power,
appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site
power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
TRANSLATION
Tecnología de Red inteligente tambien ofrece beneficios
para el cliente. Pueden recopilar informacion en tiempo
real sobre su uso de energía para cada electrodoméstico.
Variando las tarifas durante el dia darán a los
consumidores el incentivo para usar electrodomésticos en
momentos en que la oferta excede en gran medida la
demanda, generando grandes reducciones en las facturas.
Por ejemplo, pueden usar sus lavadoras por la noche. Los
medidores inteligentes tambien se pueden conectar a
internet o al sistema telefónico, lo que permite a los
clientes encender o apagar los electrodomésticos de forma
remota. Además, si las casas estan equipadas con el
aparato para generar su propia energía, los
electrodomésticos se pueden configurar para que se
ejecuten directamente desde la fuente de energía en el
sitio, y cualquier exceso se puede vender a la red.
By: Ingrid Daniela Tosse

TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH
4. With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first
involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of
renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are
notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also
set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources,
is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to
increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand
during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources,
this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system
collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and
efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to
use electricity at off-peak times. A second problem is the fact
that many renewable power generation sources are located in
remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions,
where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure.
New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with
improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently
by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.
TRANSLATION
Con estos cambios llegan a rango de retos. El primero implica
arreglárselas para el abastecimiento y demanda. Fuentes de energía
renovable, como la eólica, hídrica y solar son notoriamente
impredecibles y la energía nuclear, la cual está también proyectada
para aumentar como naciones cambia a las fuentes de energía
renovables, es inflexible. Con Petróleo y gas, esto es relativamente
simple para aumentar el suministro de energía para afrontar los
períodos de creciente demanda en el día o el año. Con fuentes
alternativas, esto es más difícil y podría ocasionar apagones o
colapsos en el sistema. Una solución potencial incluye nuevas
investigaciones y eficientes formas para almacenar energía y alentar
a los consumidores a usar la electricidad en horas pico. El segundo
problema es que muchas fuentes de energía renovable están
localizadas en áreas remotas, como tierras altas ventosas, y regiones
costeras donde actualmente hay ausencia de infraestructura eléctrica.
Sin embargo, las nuevas infraestructuras deben ser construidas.
Agradecidamente con tecnología inteligente, mejorada, esto puede
ser más eficiente para reducir el reforzamiento y los costos de la
construcción.
By: Marcela del Socorro Chalacan

TASK 1: TRANSLATION
PARAGRAPH
5. Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to
promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently
testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to
manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations
being planned to show how the smart technology could practically
work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It
is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick
win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be
followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime
candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high
population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart
Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of
sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure
for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is
already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy
supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our
behaviour.
TRANSLATION
Aunque la tecnología inteligente aún está en su infancia, los planes piloto para
promoverla y probarla ya están en marcha. Los consumidores actualmente están
probando los nuevos medidores inteligentes que se pueden usar en sus hogares
para administrar el uso de la electricidad. También se está planificando una serie
de demostraciones para mostrar cómo la tecnología inteligente podría funcionar
prácticamente, y se están realizando pruebas para probar la nueva
infraestructura eléctrica. Es probable que la tecnología se agregue en "capas",
comenzando con los métodos de "ganancia rápida" que proporcionarán ahorros
iniciales de carbono, que serán seguidos por sistemas más avanzados en una
fecha posterior. Las ciudades son los principales candidatos para la inversión en
energía inteligente, debido a la alta densidad de población y al alto uso de
energía. Es aquí donde es probable que primero se promocione la tecnología
inteligente, utilizando una gama de fuentes de energía sostenibles, Soluciones
de transporte y una infraestructura para la carga de vehículos eléctricos. La
infraestructura ya está cambiando rápidamente. Para el año 2050, los cambios
en el suministro de energía habrán transformado nuestros hogares, nuestras
carreteras y nuestro comportamiento.
By: Liliana Carolina Puenguenan

TASK 2: REFLECTION
The paragraph which I selected is an introductory part of the giving reading, in order to start with the translation, first of all I read it five times for trying
to have a general idea and focus on the unknowledge words. Once I started with the translation, the problem number one which I faced was on the first
sentence because I wasn´t sure about how to lead the words few and see in the context because a literal translation didn’t sound good, so that I used a
modulation technique to focus a better meaning for these words in the way they make sense with the whole sentence, because I consider that to the
moment of developing a translation is really important to focus on the meaning according to the context and not just in the words.
One expression that I found difficult to translate was 'peak oil', because on a literal or calque manner taking each one of the words, it means “petroleo
pico”, and that is not a correct interpretation so that I decided that the best technique to be used was equivalence to try to give to this expression a
coherence sense according to the general topic.
I had some doubts on the 5 and 6 lines, on this part “there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to
power their homes and vehicles”, where finally I chose the compensation and transposition techniques, making sense with the first part of the sentence
on a clear and understandable complement.
Finally, I struggled a bit with this part Smart Grid technology because I didn’t know the meaning of the word grid and when I looked for it, it was
necessary for me to check various meanings and then used the modulation technique to focus this word with the sense of the other two and the whole
phrase.
In general, I think that in order to make a translation is important to identify which are the possible techniques that can be used with the aim of making
sense to each sentence and attach the words or expression according to the context, topic and on a coherence way. The literal translation doesn’t work
well for all the parts and in this measure, we need to redirect the words or phrases, to get a coherent and effective translation.

TASK 2: REFLECTION
The paragraph that I selected covers the process of word by word translation because it is important to know what is being read.
Usually the first step I made was to read the whole paragraph number two, then I did the translation word by word, achieving a text
like this:
The / computer system / can / be / used / to collect / information / about / supply / and demand /
El / sistema informático / se / puede / utilizar / para recopilar / información / sobre / la oferta / y la demanda /
Therefore I applied the Literal Translation because it is one of the many types of translations used although that type of translation is
considered one of the least recommended since doing it word by word can lose a lot of meaning but for me it was easier

TASK 2: REFLECTION
In a general way, I initially read the text, where I was doing the translation and also identified unknown words or phrases to do the respective investigation of its
meaning, the translation of the text was word by word and then I gave meaning to the text, where the translation was the most appropriate and coherent.
Within the translation of the text I had problems for the recognition of some words unknown to me, so I had to search it of books such as dictionaries where I
found the meaning of those words and adapt them to the text.
Within the unknown words I found words like:
Grid: Red
Appliance: Electrodoméstico
Fitted: Equipadas
Supply: Oferta
In the case of phrases or idioms I found some strangers for me and I did not understand, since separately they gave a different meaning from the topic of reading,
so I had to use the Internet and search documents and web pages to find the meaning of these idioms and analyze their relationship with reading. For example:
Smart meters: Medidores inteligentes
Set to run: Configurar para ejecutar
On-site power source: Fuente de energía en el sitio

TASK 2: REFLECTION
The main trouble i faced was that i tried to do the translation Word for Word, then some Word dont build a sentence with sense or clear.
I unknown some word then I have to looked for them.
First: I read the text and catch main ideas of text
I found word which I don’t understand their meaning, also the topic of reading was a little new for me.
Transfer some sentences to target language was difficult, because I don’t found the correct sense and I started translate word for word, then I didn`t found the sense.
Example
With these changes comes a range of challenges=Con estos cambios vienen rango de retos.
In Spanish this sense is no clear.
Also I didn`t have enough knowledge about topic , then I Need to know about context of sentences then I had to use a technique of culture bound terms .
Other technique is used was equivalence .Example
(…)such as wind, wave and solar (…) = como eòlica, Hìdrica y solar
I read the text in target language and the translation..

TASK 2: REFLECTION
The problems found in the translation of the paragraph are that there are words that translate have
several meanings, for example: "underway" that translates into Spanish “en marcha” “en progreso”
“en curso”
For what to translate word for word it is difficult to find coherence of the text, in addition there are
words that are composed like "Quick Wins" that in Spanish translates or literally means “victorias
rápidas” o “ganancias tempranas”. What makes translation even more difficult, therefore using
direct translation techniques in this case Literal translation of the text for me represents a major
problem, obviously I think it is useful to translate only words and some sentences depending on the
structure of the sentence but not of a text, so it is considerable to use oblique translation techniques
since these techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language
can not be directly translated without altering the meaning or altering the grammatical and stylistic
elements of the language of destination.

TASK 3: COMPARATIVE CHART
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD, STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE.
METHOD Taking about translation, a method refers to the way a particular
translation process is carried out in terms of the aims as the translation
as the translator, so that the methods change according to the function
of the context and the purpose of the translation; is a global option
which affects to whole texts.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the
exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way
that both content and language are readily acceptable
and comprehensible to the readership
STRATEGY The strategy is a set of steps or mechanisms that the translator used in
order to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation
process with a particular objective in mind and they are part of the
process.
Strategies for comprehension (e.g., distinguish main
and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships,
search for information)
TECHNIQUE It is considered as the functional procedure that is applied on a visible
manner on the result of the translation; it is used for sentences and the
smaller units of language and affect the result.
Borrowing. To take a word or expression straight from
another language. It can be pure (without any change),
e.g., to use the English word lobby in a Spanish text, or
it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the TL),
e.g., gol, fútbol, líder, mitin. Pure borrowing
corresponds to SCFA’s borrowing. Naturalized
borrowing corresponds to Newmark’s naturalization
technique.

METHOD STRATEGY TECHIQUE
The word Method refers to that set of strategies
and tools that are used to reach a precise
objective, the method usually represents an
instrumental means by which the works that are
made daily are made. Any process of life
requires a method to work, the etymology of the
word indicates that it comes from a Greek
grapheme that means Way, so it indicates that it
is a mandatory path to do any act. The use of this
word is almost colloquial, its use in any sentence
indicates that there is a procedure to follow if
you want to reach the end of the operation. If we
walk through the different fields of science, we
find an empirical trajectory of creating methods
to solve problems.
Example: The hypothesis
The strategy refers to the plan devised to direct
an issue and to designate the set of rules that
ensure an optimal decision at all times. In other
words, a strategy is the selected process through
which a certain future state is expected to be
achieved.
example: intelligence, military strategy
The set of procedures and resources that science
uses to achieve its end. However, "The level of
the method or methods has nothing in common
with that of the techniques, understanding the
techniques as rigorous operating procedures,
well defined, transmissible and susceptible to be
applied repeatedly in the same conditions.
Example: Take notes. Content analysis
Compilation and statistical manipulation.

METHOD
The method is the set of strategies, techniques and tools used to
achieve a precise objective, that is, the way or manner of doing
something in a systematic, organized and structured in order to
obtain a goal or result based on an approach.
Example:
 Communicative translation: This method deals with understanding and re-creating the original text, without inflicting any radical changes; usually this applies to simultaneous and
consecutive translation.
 Word-for-word translation: It is characterized by specific reproduction of linguistic elements from the source text; in this method each word or phrase is translated.
 Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
 Free translation: The purpose of free translation is to keep the source language function, even if general meaning suffers from it. Content must remain unchanged.
 Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
 Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
 Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays and poetry.
 Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms.
STRATEGY
The strategy is a plan to guide an issue, this plan is composed of a
series of actions or planned steps which help to make decisions
and achieve the best possible results, the strategy is aimed at
achieving an objective following a pattern of action. To define a
strategy it is important to have a clear objective to plan the steps to
follow or practice based on intelligence.
Example:
 Comprehension strategies: It is in charge of the analysis of the original text
 Transfer strategies: It analyze the differences between the source text and the target one.
 Production strategies: It is the way how the equivalent text in the target language is produced.
TECHNIQUE
Technique comes from a Greek word "techne" which means art or
science, it is the set of procedures and resources that science uses
to achieve an objective. The technique provides the individual
with a sufficient amount of tools to establish clear paths and
complete a task.
Example:
 Borrowing: It is a translation technique that involves using the same word or expression in original text in the target text. This is about reproducing an expression in the original text as
is.
 Calque: A calque or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word.
 Literal translation: This means a word-for-word translation, achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is idiomatic.
 Transposition: Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering the meaning of the text. This translation technique introduces a change in
grammatical structure.This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class.
 Modulation: Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective.
 Equivalence or reformulation: This is a translation technique which uses a completely different expression to transmit the same reality. Through this technique, names of institutions,
interjections, idioms or proverbs can be translated.
 Adaptation: Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the
target language. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text.

STRATEGY METHOD TECHNIQUE
Definition Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as
"translator's potentially conscious plans for solving
concrete translation problems in the framework of a
concrete translation task
The strategy refers to the steps we use to face a
difficult in a specific text.
It is when we apply elements for
translating the global text.
The process which we do translation
into two languages and into the culture.
Examples Moreover, Jaaskelainen (2005:16) divides this into
two type:
Global strategies : refer to general principles and
modes of action
Local strategies: local strategies refer to specific
activities in relation to the translator's problem-
solving and decision-making."
Example:Search information about specific topic
Example:
Word-for-word translation: in which
the SL word order is preserved and the
words translated singly by their most
common meanings, out of context.
Example:
Borrowing:
Take words into other language.
Software.
Hardware.

METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE
Newmark (1988b) writes, "translation methods are related to
complete texts ..." (p.81)
For example:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is
preserved and the words translated singly by their most
common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions
are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical
words are again translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise
contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the
TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation'
only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic
value of the SL text.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact
contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both
content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's
potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation
problems in the framework of a concrete translation task
Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global (those dealing with
whole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments)
strategies and confirms that this distinction results from various
kinds of translation problems.
Jaaskelainen (2005) divides the strategies into two main
categories: some strategies are related to what happens with the
texts, while others are related to what happens in the process.
For example:
Strategies related to the product, as Jaaskelainen (2005: 15)
writes, involve the basic tasks of choosing the SL text and
developing a method to translate it, and the strategies related to
the process are a set of rules or principles that a translator uses to
achieve the objectives determined by the translation situation.
Newmark (1988b) writes "translation procedures are used
for sentences and smaller units of language" (p.81).
For example:
Direct Translation Techniques: are used when structural and
conceptual elements of the source language can be
transposed into the target language, include:
Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Oblique Translation Techniques: are used when the
structural or conceptual elements of the source language
cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or
upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the
target language, include:
Transposition
Modulation
Reformulation or Equivalence
Adaptation
Compensation

TASK 4: FEEDBACK

Collaborative Activity_Translation techniques_Group 12

Collaborative Activity_Translation techniques_Group 12

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