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- 1. 1 ASSIGNMENT ON: MEANING, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Submitted To, Mary Jain Mam Assistant Professor Emmanuel College Of B.Ed Training, Vazhichal Submitted by, Vaishna.R.V 1.B.ED Geography Emmanuel College of B.ED Training, Vazhichal
- 2. 2 MEANING, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION According to the British Journal of Educational Technology published by the National centre for Educational Technology, “Educational technology basically means all the intellectual and operational efforts made during recent years to regroup, arrange and systematize the application of scientific methods to the organization of new sets of equipment and material so as to optimize learning process”. Educational technology’s definition has evolved over the years as a variation of ways of dealing with learning processes, a conceptual framework, theory and practice, and the latest study and ethical practices of dealing with technological processes and resources. This is the era of technology where we are utilizing scientific techniques for solving problems and improving the life. However for acquiring education also we are implementing technology to make teaching learning easier, simple, and comprehensive. This technology is known as Educational Technology which is saving time and energy and assisting learner progressively. As it is the first unit of course we are making this chapter comprehensive to make you understand the meaning, scope m, significance and components of educational technology. Educational technology is a wide field. Therefore, one can find many definitions, some of which are conflicting. Educational technology can be considered either as a design science or as a collection of different research interests addressing fundamental issues of learning, teaching and social organization. Official Definitions .The Association for Educational Communications and Technology, the professional society for ET, defines it as: Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. As a field, educational technology
- 3. 3 emphasizes communication skills and approaches to teaching and learning through the judicious use and integration of diverse media. Scholars in the field examine the uses of innovative media and technologies for education, examining all aspects from direct student learning to management and impacts on institutions. As in all forms of applied technology, the field studies how theoretical knowledge and scientific principles can be applied to problems that arise in a social context. Practitioners in educational technology seek new and effective ways of organizing the teaching and learning process through the best possible application of technological developments. These activities rely upon a body of knowledge for successful and ethical implementation, rather than routine tasks or isolated technical skills.
- 4. 4 DEFINITIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY • According to G.O.M. Leith, Educational Technology is the application of scientific knowledge and learning and the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and training. • According to NCET (National Council Of Educational Technology), Educational Technology is the application, development, evaluation of system, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning. • According to J.Bloomer, Education technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning for practical learning situation. • According to Robert A. Cox, Educational Technology is the application of scientific process to man’s learning conditions. • According to John P. Dececco Educational Technology is the form of detailed application of psychology of learning to practical teaching problems.
- 5. 5 MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Educational technology is the use of both physical hardware, software, and educational theoretic to facilitate learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources An educational technologist is someone who is trained in the field of educational technology. It encompasses several domains including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and where mobile technologies are used, m-learning. Accordingly, there are several discrete aspects to describing the intellectual and technical development of educational technology: • Educational technology as the theory and practice of educational approaches to learning. • Educational technology as technological tools and media, for instance massive online courses, that assists in the communication of knowledge, and its development and exchange. This is usually what people are referring to when they use the term "Educational Technology". • Educational technology for learning management systems (LMS), such as tools for student and curriculum management, and education management information systems (EMIS). • Educational technology as back-office management, such as training management systems for logistics and budget management, and Learning Record Store (LRS) for learning data storage and analysis. • Educational technology itself as an educational subject; such courses may be called "Computer Studies" or "Information and communications technology (ICT)". There are three views regarding the meaning of educational technology. The first view which may call educational technology 1(ET1) refers to the application of physical science and engineering technology to provide mechanical
- 6. 6 or electromechanically tools, instrumentation or ‘hardware’ which can be used for instructional purposes. This is the view of James O Fin and others (1960) for the ‘audiovisual education’ movement and by the electronic communication industry. in this sense, the reference is generally to the use of equipment for presenting instructional material such as still and motion picture projectors( silent and sound ),tape recorders(including language laboratory), television, teaching machines and computer based teaching. The second view which may call educational technology 2 (ET2) refers to the application of scientific principles to instruction. This is the view of Skinner, Gagne and others .Here psychological principles of learning are stressed. The third and the modern view of educational technology 3 (ET3) as described by Davis and Hartley (1972), incorporates both ET1 and ET2 through application of a “system approach” to education and training. According to this view, education should be considered a system in which machines, materials, media, men and methods are interrelated parts and are organized in such a way as they work together for the fulfillment of specific educational objectives. Educational technology, according to this view, implies planning, implementing and evaluating a system in education according to scientific principles so as to best achieve the educational objectives.
- 7. 7 WIDER MEANING OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY The National Council Of Educational Technology Report-U.K (1969)gives the wider meaning of educational technology in these words, ”It perhaps needs to be reiterated that the council sees educational technology as having a wider connotation than simply the use of electromechanical and other aids in teaching. it places as much stress on educational ideas as on technological inventions, largely because it accepts the fundamental advances usually come from the interaction of changing concepts (leading to new ways of looking at things) with changing techniques(leading to new ways of doing things)”. CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY •It is based on scientific and technological advancements. •It is more a practical discipline and less a theoretical one. •It is a fast growing modern discipline. •It makes use of the research findings of psychology, sociology, engineering, sciences and social psychology etc., and applies the same to the field of education. • It brings pupils, teachers and technical means together in an effective way. •It is the science of techniques and methods. It locates the problems in the field of education, remedies them and ultimately aims at improving the education system. •It is bound to improve the teacher, the learner and the teaching
- 8. 8 learning process. OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Educational technology, in the capacity of technology of education, provides valuable help in the total teaching-learning process for achieving the best possible results in an economic way through the available human and non-human resources. In this respect, the major objectives of education technology can be summarized as follows: • According to Hillard Jason, Hillard Jason has stated the following major objectives of educational technology keeping the teachers in view. ➢ Transmitting information. ➢ Serving as a role model. ➢ Assisting the practical of developing specific skills. ➢ Contribution to the provision of field back. • According to Mckenzie, Mckenzie and others has stated the following major objectives with students as focal point. ➢ The needs to reach out took maximum number of student. ➢ To reach out them with a improved range learning materials. ➢ To offer greater opportunities for independence study. ➢ To permit a limited students respondance.
- 9. 9 Objectives at macro level: In the view of the broad educational goals, i.e. the macro level, the objectives of educational technology can be listed in the following way: • To identify educational needs and aspirations of the community. • To determine the aims of education, broad strategies and structure of education. • To develop a suitable curriculum with interaction of science, art and human values. • To identify man-material resources and strategies for achieving stipulated aims of education. • To develop certain models leading to improvement of process of teaching and learning. • To develop the appropriate aids and equipments to meet the educational purposes. • To identify major constraints in the environment and the ways and means to tackle those. • To help in extending educational opportunities to the masses especially the neglected section of the community. • To manage the all educational system covering planning implementation and evaluation phases. Objectives at the Micro Level: In the view of the specific classroom teaching, i.e. the micro level, the objectives of educational technology are as follows: • To identify and analyse the characteristics and educational needs of the pupils.
- 10. 10 • To determine the specific classroom objectives and state them in behavioural terms • To analyse the content of the instruction and organise in a proper sequence • To identify the available teaching learning material and resources • To identify the nature of the interaction of the subsystems like students, teachers, teaching learning material, content of instruction and methodologies. • To plan the teaching strategies and utilise the man material resources for achieving specific classroom objectives. • To evaluate the effectiveness of classroom teaching in the terms of the pupils performance or change in behaviour.
- 11. 11 SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Scope of educational technology is as wide as education itself. Its scope ranges from the concrete educational process to the most abstract and subtle once. It includes use of hardware and software and system analysis in various system operations. The possibilities of using educational technology in almost all areas of education has been and being explored. There are three major areas in education in which its copies very wide. These are: • Technology related to general educational administration and management. • Technology related to general educational testing. • Technology related to the instructional process Rawntra has stated the following as the proving of educational technologies • Identify aims and objectives of learning • Planning the learning environment • Exploring and structuring the subject matter • Selecting appropriate teaching strategies and learning media. • Evaluating the effectiveness of learning system • Using the insights gained from evaluation to improve their effectiveness for the future Important areas which should comprises educational technology area as under: • Concept and various facts of educational technology • Teaching learning process • Individualised instructional technology • Programmed learning • Teaching models
- 12. 12 • Learning theories • Multimedia approach to teaching. • Mathematics • Cybernetics • Task analysis • Module • System approach
- 13. 13 CONCLUSION Education as a broad discipline that is responsible for changing behaviour of individual with the help of suitable method, strategies and techniques of teaching and learning. Education is the process of acquiring and imparting cognitive, affective, psychomotor development on the part of the learner with a suitable strategy. Education is a discipline which is both science and art. It is a mixture of science of learning and arty of teaching. Technology refers to the techniques as also the technical contrivances. A systematic way of applying the techniques to achieve an objective is as important as the use of technical equipment for the same. As a matter of fact, techniques are reckoned as the software and the equipment as the hardware of technology. Technology results in new designs and devices as also new ideas and processes. Each new physical device is accompanied by a new set of procedures and techniques. For example, the development of telephone has led to phone books, answering machines, fax, telephone shopping, etc.
- 14. 14 REFERENCE 1. “Essentials of Educational technology” -S.K Mangal,Uma Mangal. 2. “Teaching Learning Process” -Dr. J. S Walia. WEB RESOUCES http://eshore4u.blogspot.com www.preservearticles.com www.Yourarticle.com http:/ /eduask.com WWW.wikipedia.com