Test Bank for Learning and Memory, 4th Edition : Terry

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Chapter 1:
Introduction
Test Bank for Learning and Memory, 4th Edition
: Terry
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ENHANCED
OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS
A. Many facts and principles about learning and memory processes have been
developed since the formal start of psychology in 1879.
B. These facts and principles have been developed at the same time that everyday
individuals have accumulated “common-sense” based notions about the nature of
learning and memory.
C. This book will attempt to merge the “common-sense” notions with the science of
learning and memory. Some examples:
1. Spaced vs. Massed practice
2. Forgetting and Hypermnesia
3. Feedback and Performance
4. Do subliminal learning tapes actually work?
II. THE ORIGINS OF THE STUDY OF LEARNING
A. The philosophical movements of Empiricism and Rationalism in the 1600s-1700s,
and the start of Evolutionary theory in the 1800s fostered a scientific interest in
learning.
B. The field of Epistemology, in general, studies how knowledge is acquired.

1. Is learning due to nature (biological forces) or nurture (experienced-based
elements)?
2. Descartes argued that some sources of knowledge can be innate, put into
us by God.
3. John Locke and the Empiricists argued that all knowledge is derived from
experience.

a. Empiricism was based on the premise that different laws of
Association were responsible for how knowledge was acquired.
b. The law of Contiguity suggests that events occurring together in
time are associated.
c. The law of Frequency argued that events that are repeatedly
contiguous are associated.
d. The law of Similarity suggests that ideas that resemble one another
come to be associated.
e. The law of Contrast argues that ideas that are dissimilar become
associated together.
f. All of these laws function by way of “mental chemistry,” which
involves reflecting on existing ideas to produce a novel thought.
C. Darwin’s “The Origin of Species,” published in 1859, described how organisms
evolved over the course of generations.
1. A critical notion in Darwin’s work was how the process of adaptation
allowed a species to evolve.
2. The connection of evolution to learning is that the capacity to learn
evolved as an adaptive specialization.
a. Psychologists interpreted Darwin’s work in the context of allowing
an individual to learn, and adapt, during the course of one’s
lifetime.
D. Contemporary influences arising from early philosophical and biological ideas
include biological preparedness for learning, which has been illustrated in the
contexts of language acquisition and other specialized learning systems (such as
phobia learning).
III. THE DEFINITION OF LEARNING
A. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavioral
repertoire, that occurs as a result of experience.
1. The changes in behavior may or may not be observable.
2. The types of behaviors that may be taken as evidence of learning include
overt behavior of organisms, physiological responses, and verbal reports.

3. The changes in behavior may also not be readily noticed, as an experience
may simply result in the potential for behavioral change, contingent upon
proper environmental conditions.
B. Some behaviors that may seem as if they are due to learning are typically
excluded from the formal definition of learning.
1. Care must be taken when behavioral changes are attributed to either
biology or the environment; these factors tend to interact, making strict
divisions between them difficult to see.
2. Such exclusions include changes in behavior due to physical, neural, and
cognitive maturation.
3. Other exclusions refer to temporary fluctuations in behavior, including
changes in arousal, fatigue, or motivation.
IV. THE LEARNING / PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION
A. Behavioral measures are sometimes inaccurate because the fail to show the
difference between what subjects know and what they do: this is the Learning /
Performance distinction.
B. The classic example of the Learning / Performance distinction is Tolman and
Honzick’s (1930) latent learning experiment.
1. In their experiment, Tolman and Honzick studied maze running ability in
rats who were either a) never reinforced for running through a maze, b)
always reinforced for running through a maze, or c) reinforced for maze
running after going through a period where they were not reinforced.
2. Results revealed that learning ability was slow/nonexistent for rats who
were not receiving any reinforcement, but once reinforcement was
provided, rats who were previously not reinforced ran through the maze at
a rate that was equal to, or faster than, those animals who always received
reinforcement.
3. This “hidden” learning ability, revealed only when necessary, is what
latent learning is.
C. Stereotype threat also illustrates how performance does not always correlate with
underlying knowledge.
1. Presenting individuals with a certain negative stereotype may induce that
individual to give in to the implied suggestion (e.g., informing an elderly

person that older people tend to be forgetful may result in that person
being more forgetful than normal).
V. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TERMS “LEARNING” AND “MEMORY”
A. The terms “learning” and “memory” have , over the years, referred to different
processes.
B. The term “Learning” has be used in reference to:
1. Conditioning and reinforcement tasks
2. Non-human animal subjects
3. Skills requiring repeated trials for acquisition
4. The unconscious conditioning of specific behaviors
C. The term “Memory” has been used in reference to:
1. Verbal recall tasks
2. Studies of human subjects
3. Material presented for study just once
4. The conscious recollection of previous experiences
D. A more specific approach to learning and memory would be to say that
“Learning” refers to the acquisition of knowledge, whereas “Memory” deals with
retaining and recalling the acquired knowledge.
1. Learning tends to be illustrated by learning curves.
a. Negatively accelerated curves show high amount of learning
during the early portion of a training period, followed by relatively
little improvement in later training episodes.
b. “S” shaped curves show little learning at first, followed by the
standard negative acceleration curve.
c. Power curves illustrate learning as occurring in a constant manner
across trials, with straight lines, not curves, representing the
progress of a learning period.
2. Memory tends to be illustrated by forgetting curves.

a. These patterns tend to parallel learning curves, in the sense that
when forgetting does occur, it happens to a greater extent at the
start of a retention period, with the rate of memory loss slowing
thereafter.
E. Since learning and memory seem to be dependent on one another, some have
suggested that the effectiveness of learning is revealed by the level of retention
that one exhibits.
VI. BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
A. Basic Research seeks to understand the fundamental processes of learning and
memory, and involves questions that are not always directly applicable outside of
the laboratory.
B. Applied Research is relevant to answering specific, practical, problems.
C. Basic and applied research are not totally independent of one another, however, as
they tend to feed off of one another to answer questions about behavior.
D. Research in the fields of learning and memory also tries to distinguish between
common sense and common knowledge.
1. Although people have some accurate understandings of how learning and
memory operate, many myths still exist.
2. Some of these myths concern the nature of amnesia, eidetic imagery,
memory under hypnosis, and the role of forgetting.
3. Many people also believe that one’s general memory ability can be
improved via practice, but this is not supported by research.
a. People can improve specific memory skills (e.g., memory for
names or address, random number sequences, etc.), but having a
strong memory for a specific domain does not always transfer
across other memory areas.
E. Another major area that is discussed in the context of basic and applied research is
the use of animals in research.
1. Animals can be beneficial in the research process for several reasons:
a. The experiences of animal subjects before, during, and after an
experiment can be more tightly controlled that those of human
subjects.

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138
They were all on their mettle, and besides, had the
reputation of being clever scouts, well versed in most of
the secrets of woodcraft. Consequently the maneuver
was carried out without a single hitch. Before many
minutes passed Hugh, having arrived on the spot, found
his chums crouching there close by the Chief.
In low whispers the head of the Oakvale police force
now explained their plan of campaign. It was not known
whether any hostile eye kept watch over the threatened
store or not, but they must always believe that such
might be the case, and act accordingly.
That principle was also in line with a scout’s education,
and pleased the boys exceedingly. They had been
taught never to underestimate an enemy, and that it
were far better to waste time in taking precautions than
have over-confidence ruin the best-laid plan.
One of the police and three of the scouts were to
remain outside the building, and their part in the
enterprise was easily guessed. If the thieves were like
most of their class they would very likely leave one of
their number without to keep watch and give a signal
should any sudden peril loom up. It was to secure that
sentry that the force detailed to stay in the open had
been marked off.
Hugh with the rest and the Chief meant to enter the
store. He had visited it often and ought to be well
acquainted with its every detail. Even at that Hugh
never left a thing to chance when he could help it. That
very afternoon, after he had left Ralph and the others,
the boy had made some sort of excuse to drop in at
Ainslee’s establishment. With his scout ability he had
been able to make a mental map, and had noted every

139
140
particular of the store, so that he believed he could, if
necessary, get around in the dark without colliding with
showcases or pillars or counters.
Chief Wallis must have found a way to communicate
with the proprietor of the store, for he certainly had a
key that opened the side door, through which numerous
shadowy figures now silently slipped.
Here again Hugh proved of considerable value, for it
was he who really directed the others where to hide so
that they might divide their force. The Chief had a
pocket electric light along with him, but he hesitated to
make use of it, lest some one passing and repassing the
front of the store, and looking in, take notice of the
strange glow, and communicate the alarm to his fellows.
Talking was absolutely forbidden among the scouts.
They could only indicate the tremendous interest they
were taking in the proceedings by numerous sly digs in
the ribs, after the manner of lively boys unduly
repressed. None of these were given with such vigor as
to elicit a gasp or groan.
How still it seemed after they had been posted in their
hiding places. Some of the scouts must have thought
they could actually hear the beating of their own hearts,
such was the stress under which they labored.
Luckily Hugh had used discretion when making his
selections. He had not chosen them merely for brawn
alone, but for an ability to keep a good grip on their
spirits, and bravely face exciting conditions that might
well try the nerves of experienced officers.
An hour passed. It did not slip by, as most of the
waiting scouts would have readily agreed. In fact, that

141
was one of the longest hours they ever knew, and as
ten boomed from the church clock, they could hardly
believe their ears, for surely, they figured, it must be
that a longer time had elapsed.
Hugh allowed them a chance to change their positions
when cramped, but insisted that it be done with due
regard to caution. They could not tell when suspicious
ears would be listening for any sound to indicate
trouble. When the thieves did come they would do so—
silently, and without any trumpet to announce their
mission.
The second hour was worse by far than the first. How
their lower limbs did seem to want to “go to sleep,” as
the boys termed it when circulation of blood ceased,
and a species of numbness resulted. Various were the
remedies resorted to in order to overcome this
unpleasant feeling. When eleven struck some of the
crouching figures moved uneasily and came as near
groaning as they dared.
Still, it could not be long now before something was
likely to happen, Hugh whispered to Tom, with orders to
pass it along the line, and then become mute again.
Hugh himself was wondering whether or not all these
preparations were doomed to disappointment. What if
the grand scheme had fallen through, or the intended
robbery been postponed because of good and sufficient
reasons? He felt that he would be grievously
disappointed, for somehow he had come to set much
store on being able to strike this telling blow against the
worst of the offenders of decency in Oakvale.

142
He had an impression that this would mark the final
effort to break down the new order of things; that if the
robbery of the jewelry establishment, and the
subsequent placing of the crime at the door of certain
innocent parties, could be balked in its perpetration, the
last barrier would have yielded, and after that the
reform people would have a clean order of things.
It must have been pretty near the midnight hour when
a door was heard to close. That little piece of
carelessness on the part of the thieves was likely to cost
them dear in the end, since it gave ample warning of
their coming.
One soft hiss from Hugh and every scout flattened
himself as low as he could, so that discovery might not
follow in case those who had entered the store
produced any sort of light.
They were not experts in this profession, Hugh guessed,
for they took certain chances of being discovered while
at work. Nevertheless, they depended on the vigilance
of their outpost stationed on the street, as well as the
reputation acquired by the town night officers for
shirking their work when on beat.
When it was seen that the two men had actually
commenced operations on the big safe, as though
meaning to break into it, and have “the game as well as
the name” now that they had gone to all this trouble,
the concealed boys could hardly keep from leaping up
and throwing themselves upon the robbers. Only the
mastery which Hugh possessed over them prevented
such a break; for it had become second nature now with
them to wait for orders before making a move.

143
144
Apparently, there was no need of waiting further before
showing their hand. Those outside could take warning
when they heard a sudden sound of confusion within,
and pounce upon the “outlook.”
The Chief had reserved to himself the giving of the
signal, and every one, man and boy alike, knew what
his particular part in the surprise attack was to be. If
everything went right it would be like the mechanical
action of clockwork machinery. Hugh hoped no cog in
the wheel would miss connections, because that might
interfere with the ultimate success of the whole scheme.
The two men were bending low when there came a
sharp exclamation. They would have started up like a
flash, but even then their action was just a trifle too
late, for something heavy dropped upon them, and
flattened both out upon the floor.
It was really the body of the Chief that had
accomplished this coup. Before either one of the
astonished rascals could squirm out from under his
ponderous form the scouts became as busy as beavers.
Hugh flashed the little light handed over to him by the
Chief, and kept it playing full upon the focussing point
where all their interest was centred. Consequently Tom,
Sam and the rest of the fellows had no trouble in
distributing themselves along the length of the
recumbent figures of the disturbed thieves.
Hugh felt sure that, as Billy Worth would have said, it
“was all over but the shouting,” when he saw how well
pinned down the desperate rascals found themselves.
He advanced closer so as to be in a position to carry out
any wishes of the astute police head, such as slipping
the waiting handcuffs over the wrists of the prisoners,

145
146
and rendering them harmless, so that they might be
stood up and looked over.
Several loud outcries from beyond the door announced
that those who had been given the task of trapping the
third member of the audacious set had taken a hint just
as soon as they heard the first sound within the store.
They soon came into the building pushing a man before
them, who was lined up with the other pair.
Three more disgusted-looking fellows had likely never
before been paraded in front of the scouts. Just as
Hugh and Ralph had suspected, they turned out to be
Gaffney, the former owner of the poolroom and
gymnasium that had been abolished by orders of
council; Slimmons, once the athletic trainer in the public
schools before he took so heavily to drink that he had to
be let go; and that third man, a stranger whom Hugh
believed must be secretly interested in seeing Oakvale’s
reform movement slump, perhaps because he had some
connection with the interests of those who had been
defying the law.
Caught in the act, it was likely to go hard with the
three. Gaffney did tell his mates not to open their
mouths, but to leave it to him to get them clear. Hugh
believed they were leaning on a broken reed if they
entertained any hope that political influence was going
to keep the outraged law from taking its course. That
day had gone for Oakvale, and the degrading elements
which such men as Gaffney represented, would have to
emigrate to other quarters if they hoped to be able to
continue to ply their evil vocations.
The trio of prisoners were marched through the now
deserted streets to the lockup, where Chief Wallis would

147
see to it that there was no chance for a getaway. The
seven scouts, who accompanied Hugh and the little
group of officers surrounding the prisoners, would never
be able to forget the exciting experiences of that night.
It would have to go down upon the annals of scout
achievements, and serve to add one more glorious
event to the string of exploits carried to a successful
conclusion by the boys of the Oakvale Troop.
Before Hugh dismissed his followers he took occasion to
thank them warmly for having acquitted themselves so
splendidly. Tom Sherwood, in particular, squeezed his
hand with peculiar emphasis at parting, as he said in a
happy tone:
“This has been a white letter night for me, Hugh, and
one I’ll never, never forget. You know why, Hugh, and
the first thing to-morrow morning I’m going to buy
those Belgian hares back if they are still in the market.
So good night, and thank you a thousand times, Hugh.
It’s bound to be a happy birthday for me, I tell you.”

148
CHAPTER XIV.
FOR HOME PROTECTION.
On the following morning, when the news was
circulated through Oakvale that some of the disorderly
elements had attempted to make a raid on the Ainslee
jewelry establishment, great was the consternation of
the good people of the town. Then when it was added
that the supposed robbery was only a part of a
miserable scheme to try and bring the organization of
Boy Scouts into disrepute, the indignation of the citizens
knew no bounds.
“It is the culminating stroke of wickedness,” Mrs. Marsh
declared as she spoke at a hurriedly arranged meeting
of the best ladies in the town, “and proves that we did
not commence this uplift movement a day too soon!
Heaven only knows what might not have happened if
not for those dear boys making up their minds that
conditions had to change in Oakvale. I am free to
confess that all our efforts to arouse the citizens had
been marked by little success until Hugh and his
comrades took it upon themselves to start the ball
rolling.”
“Well,” said Mr. Dobbs, the minister, who chanced to be
present so as to congratulate the Ladies’ League on the

149
150
splendid success that was meeting their efforts, “it has
often seemed to me that when Providence wants to
overwhelm bad men in the toils, first of all their
common sense is taken away so that they commit
foolish acts that bring about their own downfall. By
great good luck we have managed to turn the tables on
these schemers, and they are hoist by their own
petard.”
“And after what has happened,” added Mrs. Beverly
earnestly, “there should not be a single dissenting
citizen who cares a shred about his or her reputation.
Bold, indeed, must the man or woman be who would
dare side with such desperate rascals as Gaffney and
Slimmons. The town is well rid of an encumbrance, and
let us all be thankful in our hearts on this wonderful day
that the sun can look down on our beautiful little city
and not shine on a single evil spot. Our boys and girls
can go to and fro from this time on without that
constant anxiety mothers have been feeling. I wish to
state that much of this sense of security, I believe, we
owe to the sterling efforts of Hugh Hardin and his
sturdy comrades of Oakvale Troop. I love every one of
them, and shall never be weary of sounding their
praises, for they are boys of whom any town might well
be proud.”
It is human nature to want to be on the winning side.
Hugh believed there would be comparatively little
trouble ahead for himself and comrades. The rapidity
with which the men who had been taken to the lockup
were brought to trial and punished for their misdeeds
was going to deter others from attempting opposition.
In the midst of all this excitement, together with so
much cause for congratulation, Hugh did not forget Tom

151
Sherwood, and what had happened to brighten his life.
The next time he met Tom he found his face radiant
with the joy of living. Any one could see without being
much of a reader of human nature that Tom was
thoroughly happy. Many were the conjectures that his
friends gave as to the reason for the boy’s sudden
return to his old self. Tom kept his own counsel, and
only told those who persisted in asking questions that a
little trouble he had had on his mind had come out all
right.
Hugh would keep the secret, of that Tom felt assured,
and no one need ever know what terrible fears he had
been entertaining on account of Benjy.
“Hugh,” he went on to say, as he clapped his hand on
the shoulder of the scout master, with a movement that
stood for deep affection, “it’s all come out right, and I’m
the happiest fellow in Oakvale, let me tell you. Benjy
and I understand each other now, and I’ll see to it that
after this never a cloud is going to come between us.
Hugh, he’s going to drop over tonight to see you.”
“I hope he doesn’t know that I felt worried about him
the same way you did, Tom?” remarked Hugh.
“Oh! I was too ashamed of my fears to ever tell him
about that,” replied the other, quickly. “Benjy has been
explaining to me what a fight he had with himself
before he could break off connections with that crowd. I
think a dream he had one night had a heap to do with
his making a decision. He wouldn’t explain just what it
was, only shuddered as he spoke of it. You can govern
yourself as you think best, Hugh, when you’re talking
with him.”

152
“He’ll never learn a single thing from me about your
worrying, Tom. Although you haven’t said so, I imagine
he’s coming to make some inquiries about joining the
scouts?”
“Yes, that’s what he’s got in mind now, Hugh. He’s
found himself interested in a lot of things we’ve been
doing the last year or so. Somehow, they seem to look
different from what they used to. Benjy has waked up,
you see, and once a fellow gets to feel an interest in
scout doings he’s bound to go on wanting to know
more. When the fever begins to burn in his veins he
never finds any rest until he throws his lot in with the
wearers of the khaki, and starts to learn things for
himself.”
“Tell him I expect to be home to-night after supper,”
said the scout master, “and will be glad to have him
drop over. We need a few more good fellows to fill out
the vacancies in several of the patrols. Lieutenant
Denmead, you understand, may be home the end of
this week, and assume his old position of head of the
troop.”
“He’ll be surprised to learn what’s been going on here
during his absence, believe me,” observed Tom,
grinning.
“Oh! I keep in touch with him, and I’ve written an
inkling of what we’ve been doing,” Hugh admitted. “All
the same he’ll be pleased to find Oakvale so changed.
The ladies say it must never go back again to where it
was before. We scouts are of the same mind. Homes
are going to be protected against those whose evil
influence is all for pulling them down. That’s going to be
the slogan of the scouts from now on. Tom, every new

153
154
member we take in means one more timber in the
structure we’re building on this safe foundation. Work all
you can to spread the gospel of scout activities. There
are dozens of fellows still around town who ought to be
given an opportunity to learn the great benefits that go
with scout membership.”
When Benjy came around that same evening, Hugh was
primed for him. He went about his task with diplomacy,
knowing that some boys can be led but never driven. So
successfully did Hugh accomplish his labors that before
Tom Sherwood’s younger brother left the house he was
fairly wild to have his name brought before the
nominating committee at the very next meeting.
“I feel that I’ve already lost a mighty fine time by my
silly opposition to the scouts,” Benjy frankly admitted. “I
was all wrong, and I guess it was only my natural pig-
headedness that kept me so. But I’ve seen a great light,
Hugh. They say it’s better late than never. I want to
enjoy some of those good times you fellows have.
Besides, I expect I’ve got something to wipe out,
because of late I’ve given my brother Tom more or less
worry.”
When a scout goes about recruiting in the happy way
Hugh did there is hardly a limit to his capacity for
bringing new members into a troop. Those boys of
Oakvale who wore the khaki had been highly favored by
fortune in that opportunities for doing big things had
ever knocked at their door.
Those readers who have had the pleasure of enjoying
many of the previous books in this series will remember
with satisfaction how they followed the fortunes of Hugh
and his chums at the time they set out to improve the

155
sanitary conditions of the community in which they
lived.
Then there was the time of the great flood in a
neighbouring town where several of the boys chanced
to be visiting, during which they proved that they were
made of the right kind of stuff, and won the admiration
of the people of the inundated district.
The temptation is strong to mention several other
instances where scout pluck and endurance won the
day against heavy odds. For example, there was the
time when the lads were camping in the vicinity of a
great plant where a strike broke out, and rioting
resulted. It may be remembered how they took hold
and showed what they knew of “first aid to the injured,”
winning the approbation of the Red Cross doctor and
nurses when later on they came upon the scene.
During the County Fair the scouts also played a part
that made them many new friends, acting as
messengers and guides to the exhibitors and visitors,
and even running a successful field hospital in the fair
grounds.
To continue a little further it may also be remembered
how they were unexpectedly called upon to fight the
forest fires that threatened to ruin many farmers and
others who had their homes within reach of the flames.
Those boys who read that story will not soon forget how
Hugh and his mates acted their part against heavy
odds, and how splendidly they convinced a doubter that
scout activities always made a boy more manly, as well
as rendered him a far better citizen, of which any
community might well be proud.

156
Then there was the time some of the Oakvale boys in
khaki met with a remarkable adventure in connection
with the motion picture players, which has been
narrated at length in a recent volume.
Last, but far from least, while mentioning some of these
interesting and instructive facts, it would hardly be fair
to omit the occasion, not so far in the past, when some
of those same fellows earned the right to have their
names written on the Scouts’ Roll of Honor, as well as
managed to receive the valuable medal which is
presented to those members in good standing who save
human life at the risk of their own. If you have not
already enjoyed reading that story lose no time in
securing it, as you will be well repaid for your time and
money.
But passing over these never-to-be-forgotten
happenings of the past we must once more come back
to Hugh and his chums at the time they labored so
zealously to create a new moral atmosphere in the
home town where they lived, and of which they were
naturally very fond.
As the spring days went on the difficulties that had at
first beset the reform wave in Oakvale gradually died
down, until it seemed as though things were going
along like clockwork. Men, women and children took a
keen interest in helping the matter along. There was a
healthy rivalry between certain cliques of boys with the
idea of winning the highest praise for keeping their
section of the town free from all nuisances, and so long
as this spirit lived, the community was bound to profit.
Once the citizens began to enjoy full freedom from
repulsive and unpleasant customs, they found the

157
158
change so agreeable that no one had the temerity to
sigh for the old régime; at least, if he did, he wisely
kept his longings to himself.
Even the railroad company, that had up to that time
absolutely refused to do anything that would necessitate
the expenditure of money, seemed to have been
shamed by the action of the scouts in looking after
those dangerous spots, where the lives of the smaller
school children were placed in danger.
First, a gate guarded by a flagman was placed at the
point of most danger. That was an entering wedge, and
as the citizens sent in a letter of thanks for the favor the
railroad people awoke to the fact that the Oakvale
station was a pretty dingy-looking affair after all. To the
surprise and delight of the population word was
received that it had been unanimously decided at the
last meeting of the Directors to build the finest station
on the whole line, of course outside the big cities, at
Oakvale.
One portion of that communication made some fellows
in Oakvale feel pretty well satisfied, for it was hung up
where every one could read it who wished. This ran
after the following fashion, and few there were in
Oakvale who did not know the wording by heart, most
of them were so proud of the distinction:
“We desire to state for the benefit of those who may
have doubted the substantial benefit of a certain
movement that has been sweeping over the land, that
one of the chief reasons why Oakvale is selected for the
honor of this new and beautiful station is the fact that
her citizens have in their midst an organization that has
done wonders in improving the living conditions in their

159
town. We refer to the local scout troop; and wish to say
that having after a full investigation learned how loyally
these boys have striven to do their duty, and served as
best they knew how to uplift the community in which
they lived, it is our earnest hope that other towns and
villages along our line may take pattern of these boys of
Oakvale, and hasten to emulate their splendid example.”
That letter was deemed so precious a recommendation
that Hugh afterwards obtained the right to have it
suitably framed. And to this day it hangs in the meeting-
room of the Oakvale Scouts, where any member of the
troop will esteem it a privilege to show it to you if you
take the trouble to drop around.
Every time Hugh saw Tom on the tennis court swinging
that splendid new racquet, he told himself how unsafe it
was for any one to judge wholly from appearances, and
that he must consider the delightful outcome of that
little affair as a never-to-be-forgotten lesson.
Circumstantial evidence has hung many a man who was
afterward found to be innocent. Hugh shivered to
remember how Tom, yes, and he himself, had been
condemning Benjy as they might a criminal when, in
reality, the other was only working out a noble scheme
to surprise his brother.
One thing must not be forgotten. Hugh—believing that
Tom, in his spirit of brotherly love, might hasten to buy
back those Belgian hares for Benjy, and thus in a
measure weaken the spirit of sacrifice, that had made
the other sell his pets—went around to the bird store
early on the next morning, and purchased the pair of
long-eared animals. He planned to keep them for a
while, and then let Tom have them to give to Benjy on

160
his next birthday, for by that time the other would have
obtained all the good possible from his impulsive action.
Hugh would have liked very well to have told the story
for the sake of the great good it might do several other
fellows whom he knew. This was not to be considered
for a minute, he had too great a consideration for Tom
and his brother to think of causing them
embarrassment, as most likely they must have
experienced had their story become common property.
Hugh had already begun to figure on the summer
campaign, knowing that the boys would naturally expect
to busy themselves with something useful as well as
entertaining. In the end he was able to lay out a plan
that he believed would meet with unanimous approval.
Since it is about time for me to end this story, there is
no need of going into particulars. When the time comes
to again write of the Oakvale Scouts’ activities we shall
expect to enter at length into the new schemes that
would naturally enlist their attention. At such date we
hope to again meet Hugh and his gallant chums of the
Wolf, Otter, Hawk, Fox and Owl Patrols. Until then let it
be adieu, but not farewell.
THE END.

Footnotes
[1]
See “The Boy Scouts in the Great Flood.”

Transcriber’s Notes
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Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard
spellings and dialect unchanged.
In the text versions, delimited italics text in
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form of the printed book.)

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