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Title: Sketches of Indian Character
Author: James Napier Bailey
Release date: November 27, 2018 [eBook #58363]
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF
INDIAN CHARACTER ***](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-27-320.jpg)
![with the roar of the Western rifle. His hunting grounds have become
the prey of the pale faces; the big knife has prevailed over the
tomahawk; and the grave of a freeman already yawns to receive the
savage of the wilds.
When Las Casas appeared before the Emperor Charles V. to
dispute with Quevedo, Bishop of Darien, on the capacity of the
South American Indians for social improvement, “he rejected,” says
Robertson, “with indignation, the idea that any race of men was
born for servitude; and contended that the faculties of the
Americans were not despicable but unimproved; that they were
capable of receiving instruction in the principles of religion, as well
as of acquiring the industry and arts which would qualify them for
the various offices of social life; and that the mildness and timidity of
their nature rendered them so docile and submissive that they might
be led and formed with a gentle hand.” On the contrary, the Bishop
of Darien contended “that they were a race of men marked out by
the inferiority of their talents for servitude; and whom it would be
impossible to instruct or improve, unless they were kept under the
continual inspection of a master.”[1] To the disgrace of the Spanish
name, the sentiments of Quevedo obtained more general credence
than the truths uttered by the impassioned, and eloquent Las Casas.
The Indians were still kept in a state of servitude, by the discoverers
and tyrants of the West; and under pretext of reclaiming them from
idolatry, and instructing them in the principles of the Christian faith
they were obliged to endure the most galling servitude, and
compelled to perform a variety of unwholesome labours which soon
terminated their existence, and left scarcely a remnant of their
devoted race to tell the story of their oppression and their sufferings!
Such has ever been the policy of those who, spurred on by an
exorbitant and all grasping selfishness, desire to tyrannize over their
fellow beings, and trample on their rights, their liberties and their
lives. Nor is this policy wanting on the part of those who either are,
or desire to be, the oppressors of the North American Indians. The
whites have, with few exceptions, denounced the savages of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-31-320.jpg)
![perseverance proves, that the opposite qualities are not essential to
his nature; and seemingly warrants the conclusion that the indolence
and want of energy which mark his character, are the results of that
peculiar system of training to which he has been subjected.
Of the persevering speed of the Americans many instances are on
record. Adair mentions a Chikkasah warrior who ran through woods
and over mountains, three hundred computed miles in a day and a
half and two nights. “I have known the Indians,” he observes in
another place, “to go a thousand miles for the purpose of revenge,
in pathless woods, over hills and mountains, through huge cane
swamps, exposed to the extremities of heat and cold, the
vicissitudes of seasons, to hunger and thirst. Such is their over-
boiling revengeful temper, that they utterly contemn all these things
as imaginary trifles, if they are so happy as to get the scalp of the
murderer or enemy to satisfy the craving ghosts of their deceased
relations.” Robertson, in the notes to his History of America, states
that “M. Godin le Jeune, who resided fifteen years among the
Indians of Puru and Quito, and twenty years in the French Colony of
Cayenne, in which there is a constant intercourse with the Galibis,
and other tribes on the Orinoco, observes, that the vigour of
constitution among the Americans is exactly in proportion to their
habits of labour. The Indians, in warm climates, such as those on the
coasts of the South Sea, on the river of Amazons, and the river
Orinoco, are not to be compared for strength with those in cold
countries; and yet, says he, boats daily set out from Para, a
Portugese settlement on the river of Amazons, to ascend that river
against the rapidity of the stream; and with the same crew they
proceed to San Pablo, which is eight hundred leagues distant. No
crew of white people or even of negroes, would be found equal to a
task of such persevering fatigue as the Portugese have experienced;
and yet the Indians, being accustomed to this labour from their
infancy, perform it.”[2]
These facts prove, that whatever may be the accidental indolence
of the Indian tribes, they do not labour under any physical defect](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-34-320.jpg)
![beard nor hair on any part of their person except the head. But the
Indians who inhabit the torrid zone and South America, have
generally a small beard which becomes longer by shaving; and
among the Patagonians there are many who have beards. A late
traveller (Temple) asserts that the Chiriguano Indians of the province
of Tarija are beardless, without stating any opinion as to this being
natural or the effect of plucking out the hair. Almost all the Indians
near Mexico, and some on the North West coast, wear moustachios.
An inference has been drawn that the Indians have a larger quantity
of beard in proportion to their distance from the equator. The
deficiency of beard does not exclusively belong to the Americans,
nor is it by any means a certain sign of degeneracy; for some
beardless races, such as the negroes of Congo, are very robust and
of colossal size.”[3]
Another description of Indian character we borrow from Adair’s
“History of the Aborigines of North America.” We quote it with great
pleasure, as fully bearing out our own argument with respect to the
physical capacity of the North American Indians, and as being the
testimony of a man who resided long among them.
“As the American Indians,” he observes, “are of a reddish or
copper colour, so, in general, they are strong, well proportioned in
body and limbs, surprisingly active and nimble, and hardy in their
own way of living.
“They are ingenious, witty, cunning and deceitful; very faithful
indeed to their own tribes, but privately dishonourable and
mischievous to the Europeans and Christians. Their being honest
and harmless to each other, may be through fear of resentment and
reprisal, which is unavoidable in case of any injury. They are very
close and retentive of their secrets; never forget injuries; and are
revengeful of blood to a degree of distraction. They are timorous
and consequently cautious; very jealous of encroachments from their
Christian neighbours; and likewise content with freedom in every
turn of fortune. They are possessed of a strong comprehensive
judgement, can form surprisingly crafty schemes, and conduct them](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-38-320.jpg)
![which is pompously carried on, but which is in fact a slow consuming
system of extinction, will avert the retributive justice which God will
assuredly render. The poor Indians confess that for their crimes they
are now placed by the Great Spirit under the feet of the white men,
and in the midst of their sufferings, they pathetically warn their cruel
oppressors that the time may come when the Lord will have pity on
them, and in turn punish the Europeans. Truly the ways of the
Almighty are wonderful! The apparent prosperity of the wicked are
among the most unaccountable features of the will of our creator,
and would be utterly without a solution had we not the Bible to
guide us into a right understanding of his designs. However the
Deist may scoff, or the philosopher doubt, yet therein we see that,
though the wrath of God may be long delayed, the punishment of
iniquity will assuredly come to pass. The reaction of crime and
punishment is to be seen in the history of all nations. Let the
European oppressors of the Indian savage, as he is called, look to it
in time; and while the diffusion of the true principles of Christianity
throughout the British Empire, is followed by clemency and mercy to
the African, it is to be hoped the same benevolent spirit will extend
itself to the noble-minded Aborigines of North America; and that
instead of supplying arms, ammunition, blankets and rum, we may
lead them to the arts and blessings of peace, and to the
improvement of their admirable native talent.”[4]
Mr. Buchanan displays in this passage more of the piety of the
saint, than of the wisdom of the philosopher. In our opinion, the
Lord has but little to do with the oppression and gradual extirpation
of the Indian tribes. These are the natural results of that peculiar
system of policy pursued by the white people towards the Aborigines
of America. As the tide of white population rolls on and extends itself
inwards, the native tribes must disappear before it by retiring into
the inaccessible forests and waste territories of the transatlantic
world. Nor can they hope to successfully assert their rights until they
become more highly civilized and more skillfully warlike than their
oppressors. Then indeed, the Lord, aided by the puissant arms of
thousands of Indian warriors, might inflict that retributive justice on](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-44-320.jpg)
![the most exact and accomplished usance of things. They (the
Indians) are savages at the same rate that we say fruits are wild
which nature produces of herself and by her own ordinary progress;
whereas, in truth, we ought rather to call those wild whose natures
we have changed by our artifice and diverted from the common
order.… These nations, then, seem to me to be so far barbarous, as
having received but very little form and fashion from art and human
invention, and consequently not much remote from their original
simplicity. The laws of nature, however, govern them still, not, as
yet, much vitiated with any mixture of ours; but in such purity that I
am sometimes troubled we were no sooner acquainted with these
people, and that they were not discovered in those better times,
when there were men much more able to judge of them than we
are. I am sorry that Lycurgus and Plato had no knowledge of them;
for to my apprehension, what we now see in those natives, does not
only surpass all the images with which the poets have adorned the
golden age, and all their inventions in feigning a happy estate of
man; but moreover the fancy and even the wish of philosophy itself.
So native and so pure a simplicity, as we, by experience, see to be in
them, could never enter into the imagination of the ancient
philosophers, nor could they ever believe that human society could
have been maintained with so little artifice. Should I tell Plato that it
is a nation wherein there is no manner of traffic, no knowledge of
letters, no science of numbers, no name of magistrate nor political
superiority, no use of service, no riches or poverty, no contracts, no
successions, no dividends, no proprieties, no employments but those
of leisure, no respect of kindred but of common, no clothing, no
agriculture, no metal, no use of corn or wine, and where so much as
the very words which signify lying, treachery, dissimulation, avarice,
destruction, and pardon were never heard of,—how much would he
find his imaginary Republic short of this perfection.”[5]
This description is too highly coloured, and is in many respects
incorrect. The savages of America are not in such a blissful state as
Montaigne would leave the reader to infer; neither can it be said
with truth that they are free from deceit, treachery, and avarice. It is](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-46-320.jpg)
![true they exhibit many noble traits of character which might be
copied with profit by their more civilized brethren; but these traits
are generally associated with the vices peculiar to the savage state.
In conducting our researches respecting them, therefore, we should
carefully ascertain what amount of credibility is due to the
statements of those writers who affirm their condition to be almost
paradisiacal. Extremes ought to be avoided in most cases, especially
with regard to the American Indians. Some authors have
represented them as the vilest of men; cruel, blood-thirsty, and
rapacious, and incapable of being civilized; while others have
depicted them as a noble, high-minded, virtuous race, with scarcely
a single vice in their character, or evil in their physical condition. If
we adopt the mean of these extremes, we shall not be far from the
truth.
Before we close this section of our treatise, a few remarks upon
the oratory of the Indians may not be deemed inappropriate or
unimportant. Even the thunders of Demosthenes, and the eloquent
harangues of the sweet-lipped and silver-tongued Cicero did not
produce more wonderful effects on Athenian or Roman audiences,
than are occasionally produced by the bold and pathetic discourses
of an American warrior on the minds of his hearers. Governor De
Witt Clinton, in his discourse to the New York Society, speaking of
the Iroquois, or Five Nations, informs us that “their exterior
relations, general interests, and national affairs were conducted and
superintended by a great council, assembled annually in Onondaga,
the central canton, composed of the chiefs of each Republic; and
eighty Sachems were frequently convened at this national assembly.
It took cognizance of the great questions of war and peace; of the
affairs of the tributary nations, and of their negociations with the
French and English colonies. All their proceedings were conducted
with great deliberation, and were distinguished for order, decorum,
and solemnity. In eloquence, in dignity, and in all the characteristics
of a profound policy, they surpassed an assembly of feudal barons,
and were perhaps not far inferior to the great Amphyctionic Council
of Greece.”[6] In another place he speaks of the sublime display of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-47-320.jpg)
![intellectual power in the address of Garangula, an Onondaga chief,
to M. Delabarre, a French general, who in 1683, marched with an
army against the Iroquois. This rhetorical talent, however, is
declared by the same authority to be peculiar to the Five Nations.
“The most remarkable difference,” he states, “existed between the
confederates and the other Indian nations, with respect to
eloquence. You may search in vain in the records and writings of the
past, or in events of the present times, for a single model of
eloquence among the Algonkins, the Abenaquis, the Delawares, the
Shawanese, or any other nation of Indians except the Iroquois.”[7]
On the other hand, the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder, who has spent the
greater portion of a long life among the Lenni Lenapé, or Delawares,
has affirmed, in his historical account of the Indian nations, (of
which the Lenni Lenapé and the Iroquois form the two great
divisions), that the Delawares are also conspicuous for oratorical
ability. He quotes a speech of Captain Pipe, a chief of that nation,
and has made use of the following words, in commenting on it.
“Here we see boldness, frankness, dignity, and humanity happily
blended together, and most eloquently displayed. I am much
mistaken if the component parts of this discourse are not put
together much according to the rules of oratory which are taught in
the schools, and which were certainly unknown to this savage. The
peroration is short, but truly pathetic, and I would say, sublime; and
then the admirable way in which it is prepared! I wish I could convey
to the reader’s mind only a small part of the impression which this
speech made on me and on all present when it was delivered.”[8]
The assertion of Governor Clinton, seems to have resulted from his
knowing more of the Five Nations than of any other tribe of Indians.
The Shawanese no less than the Delawares, are among the list of
exceptions; and yet, we find, in the book published by Mr. Hunter, a
most splendid example of eloquence in a speech of Te-cum-seh, a
Shawanee warrior.[9] The effect it had upon his hearers, one of
whom was Mr. Hunter himself, was electrical; and we will quote his
account of it, in order to show that the high opinion of Indian
oratory is not derived from any one authority which might be](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-48-320.jpg)
![exaggerated, or through the medium of professed translators, who
might be disposed to manufacture these harangues, after a given
model, into the European tongues; but that it operates upon all
alike, and shines with the same character through every variety and
accident of interpretation. The Indian orations have been rendered
by illiterate persons sent among them to conciliate their favour; by
prisoners male and female, who learnt the language during their
captivity; by learned missionaries; by traders, who will not perhaps
be suspected of romantic enthusiasm; by Dutchmen, Frenchmen,
Englishmen, and Americans; and the result, in all cases, has been
very similar. The doubts, therefore, which have been, and still
continue to be, entertained as to Indian eloquence, are, to say the
least of them, inconsiderate. The probability is, that they are injured
rather than improved, by transmission into European languages. “I
wish it was in my power,” says Mr. Hunter, speaking of Te-cum-seh,
“to do justice to the eloquence of this distinguished man; but it is
utterly impossible. The richest colours, shaded with a master’s
pencil, would fall infinitely short of the glowing finish of the original.
The occasion and subject were peculiarly adapted to call into action
all the powers of genuine patriotism; and such language, such
gestures, such feelings, and fulness of soul contending for utterance,
were exhibited by this untutored, native of the forest in the central
wilds of America, as no audience, I am persuaded, either in ancient
or modern times, ever before witnessed. His discourse made an
impression on my mind, which I think, will last as long as I live.”[10]
The occasion on which this oration was delivered, was as follows;
it appears from Mr. Hunter’s account, that “some of the white people
among the Osages were traders, and others were reputed to be
runners from their great Father beyond the waters, to invite the
Indians to take up the tomahawk against the settlers. They made
many long talks, and distributed many valuable presents; but
without being able to shake the resolution which the Osages had
formed, to preserve peace with their Great Father, the president.
Their determinations were, however, to undergo a more severe trial:
Te-cum-seh now made his appearance among them.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20507-250423222808-31e7e12b/85/Test-Bank-for-Systems-Analysis-and-Design-7th-Edition-Alan-Dennis-49-320.jpg)
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- 5. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 2 4. Another outcome of the planning phase is the: a) Feasibility analysis document b) Project plan c) System specification document d) System proposal document e) Business process document Ans: b Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 5. Which is NOT true for systems analysts? a) They create value for an organization b) They enable the organization to perform work better c) They do things and challenge the current way that an organization works d) They play a key role in information systems development projects e) They are the project sponsors for system proposals Ans: e Response: See Introduction Difficulty: medium 6. Which is NOT an attribute of a systems analyst? a) Understanding what to change b) Knowing how to change it c) Convincing others of the need to change d) Serving as a change agent e) Selecting which projects to approve Ans: e Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 7. Which of the following project roles would identify how technology can improve business processes? a) Systems analyst b) Business analyst c) Infrastructure analyst d) Change management analyst e) Requirements analyst
- 6. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 3 Ans: a Response: See The System Analyst Difficulty: easy 8. Which of the following project roles would insure that the system conforms to information systems standards? a) Systems analyst b) Business analyst c) Infrastructure analyst d) Change management analyst e) Project manager Ans: a Response: See The System Analyst Difficulty: easy 9. Which of the following project roles would focus on stakeholder requirements? a) Systems analyst b) Business analyst c) Infrastructure analyst d) Change management analyst e) Requirements analyst Ans: e Response: See The System Analyst Difficulty: easy 10. Which of the following project roles would serve as a primary point of contact for a project? a) Systems analyst b) Business analyst c) Infrastructure analyst d) Change management analyst e) Project sponsor Ans: e Response: See Project Identification and Initiation Difficulty: easy 11. Which of the following project roles would analyze the key business aspects of the system? a) Systems analyst b) Business analyst c) Infrastructure analyst
- 7. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 4 d) Change management analyst e) Project manager Ans: b Response: See The System Analyst Difficulty: easy 12. Michaela is a systems analyst who is determining business requirements. What would most likely be the SDLC phase for her? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Design d) Implementation e) Business requirements are not developed by systems analysts, but by business analysts Ans: b Response: See Figure 1-3: The Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 13. Chang is working on “How will this system work.” What SDLC phase is he in? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Design d) Implementation e) Transition Ans: c Response: See Figure 1-3: The Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: medium 14. Joan’s project is to take a fairly straight-forward manual process and make it an electronic process. This will make the processing more efficient. Which of the following requirements analysis strategies is she using? a) Business process automation b) Business process improvement c) Business process internalization d) Business process reengineering e) Business process renovation Ans: a Response: See Business Process Automation
- 8. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 5 Difficulty: easy 15. Wayne is a senior director of finance. His company only recently came under Sarbanes- Oxley regulations and is the project sponsor to become compliant. He realizes that examining the as-is system may not be much help as the regulations are so radical that a major analysis and design project must be completed to make the company compliant. He is leaning towards: ______________ a) Business process automation b) Business process improvement c) Business process internalization d) Business process reengineering e) Business process renovation Ans: d Response: See Business Process Reengineering Difficulty: medium 16. Moderate changes to existing processes falls under the _________ analysis. a) Business process automation (BPA) b) Business process improvement (BPI) c) Business process reengineering (BPR) d) Business process blue-skying (BPB) e) Business process efficiency (BPE) Ans: b Response: See Business Process Improvement Difficulty: easy 17. Alice is calculating whether a system will lower costs or increase revenues. What SDLC phase is she in? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Design d) Implementation e) Evaluation Ans: a Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: medium 18. Which was NOT given as a method for determining business requirements? a) Benchmarking b) Interviewing c) Observation
- 9. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 6 d) Document analysis e) Questionnaires and surveys Ans: a Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: medium 19. Which would normally NOT be a reason for a project? a) When a business need has been identified b) A consultant has suggested a new customer relationship management system c) An open source platform has just come on the market d) An existing system just isn’t working properly and the workaround is tedious e) To support a new business initiative Ans: c Response: See Project Identification and Initiation Difficulty: medium 20. Which phase is generally the longest and most expensive part of the development process? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Design d) Implementation e) Feasibility Ans: d Response: See Implementation Difficulty: easy 21. Because the cost can be immense, _________ is one of the most critical steps in implementation. a) Documentation b) Coding c) Testing d) Developing a conversion strategy e) Training Ans: c Response: See Implementation Difficulty: medium 22. PCM Incorporated will need to purchase new servers for a system. This would be a:
- 10. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 7 a) Development cost b) Operating cost c) Ongoing cost d) Intangible cost e) Intangible benefit Ans: a Response: See Feasibility Analysis Difficulty: easy 23. Linda is a clerk in the accounting department. She was interviewed by David and is excited about the proposed system that will utilize electronic funds transfer. This would be an example of ______. a) Tangible benefit b) Cash flow c) Break-even analysis d) Intangible benefit e) Return on investment Ans: d Response: See Feasibility Analysis Difficulty: medium 24. Ramya is preparing an economic feasibility study. She has a calculation where she takes total benefits minus total costs and divides that answer by the total costs. She is calculating: a) Cash flow b) Return on investment c) Break-even point d) Net present value e) Internal rate of return Ans: b Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: medium 25. Ramona is preparing an economic feasibility study. She is calculating the payback period. She is calculating: a) Cash flow b) Return on investment c) Break-even point d) Net present value e) Internal rate of return Ans: c
- 11. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 8 Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: medium 26. Robert is doing an economic analysis using today’s dollar values. He is doing: a) Cash flow analysis b) Return on investment analysis c) Break-even point analysis d) Net present value analysis e) Internal rate of return analysis Ans: d Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: medium 27. TJ has prepared a spreadsheet where the total benefits are $182,000; the total cumulative costs are $120,000. The ROI would be: a) $62,000 b) About 34% c) About 51.7% d) About 65.3% e) Less than 20% Ans: c Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: hard 28. Which of the following project roles would probably make a presentation about the objectives of a proposed project and its benefits to executives who will benefit directly from the project? a) Requirements analyst b) Systems analyst c) Project manager d) Champion e) Chief Information Officer (CIO) Ans: d Response: See Organizational Feasibility Difficulty: medium 29. Which is an activity the users probably will NOT do on a project? a) Make decisions that influence the project
- 12. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 9 b) Budget funds for the project c) Perform hands-on activities for the project d) Be assigned specific tasks to perform (with clear deadlines) e) Have some official roles on the project team Ans: b Response: See Organizational Feasibility Difficulty: hard 30. The type of skill that is common to systems analysts to deal fairly and honestly with other project team members is: a) Technical b) Business c) Analytical d) Interpersonal e) Ethical Ans: e Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 31. The type of skill that is common to systems analysts to understand how IT can be applied to business situations and to ensure that the IT delivers real business value is: a) Technical b) Business c) Analytical d) Interpersonal e) Ethical Ans: b Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 32. Rocky is dealing one-on-one with users and business managers (including some that have little experience with technology). He is demonstrating what system analyst skill? a) Technical b) Business c) Analytical d) Interpersonal e) Ethical Ans: d Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy
- 13. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 10 33. Becky is a systems analyst for Laswell Consulting. She is attending a three-day intensive workshop on developing applications in php. What systems analyst skill is she working on? a) Technical b) Business c) Analytical d) Interpersonal e) Ethical Ans: a Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 34. Jack is going over financial numbers for a proposed project. Which of the following system analyst skills is he exhibiting currently? a) Technical b) Business c) Analytical d) Interpersonal e) Management Ans: c Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 35. Amy is planning on talking with a clerk and a manager in the accounts payable area, a manager in the procurement department, and two vendors. She is probably doing: a) Observation b) Interviews c) JAD d) Documentation analysis e) Organizational Feasibility Ans: b Response: See Analysis Difficulty: easy 36. Kallie is creating use cases, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams. In what phase of the SDLC would she do this? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Design d) Construction e) Implementation
- 14. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 11 Ans: c Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: medium Chapter 1 Questions – True / False 37. The primary goal of a system is to create value for the organization. Ans: True Response: See Introduction Difficulty: easy 38. Systems analysis and design projects are highly effective, with less than 3% of all projects cancelled or abandoned. Ans: False Response: See Introduction Difficulty: easy 39. Systems that are cancelled or abandoned are frequently due to a lack of clarity about how the system should support an organization’s goals and improve processes.. Ans: True Response: See Introduction Difficulty: easy 40. The key person in the SDLC is the systems analyst who analyzed the business situation, identifies opportunities for improvements and design an information system to implement the improvements. Ans: True Response: See Introduction Difficulty: easy
- 15. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 12 41. Systems analysts are generally experts in business, finance, and application development. Ans: False Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: medium 42. When compared to a business analyst, the systems analyst will identify how the system will provide business value. Ans: False Response: See Project Identification and Initiation Difficulty: medium 43. The business analyst role focuses on the business issues surrounding the system. Ans: False Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 44. When compared to a systems analyst, the business analyst will probably have more responsibility for determining business value. Ans: True Response: See Project Identification and Initiation Difficulty: easy 45. Because of the need to be focused on providing information about the business value of a system, a systems analyst will probably have much training or experience in programming or application development. Ans: False Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy 46. The requirements analyst role includes complete and accurate determination of what the system requirements consist of for all stakeholders. Ans: True Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: easy
- 16. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 13 47. The SDLC generally can be broken into four phases: planning, analysis, design and implementation. Ans: True Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: easy 48. In SDLC, analysis is generally divided into three steps: understanding the as-is system; developing a cost-benefit analysis; and understanding the technical feasibility. Ans: False Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: easy 49. Anne has asked users and managers to identify problems with the as-is system and to describe how to solve them in the to-be system. She is probably in the analysis phase of SDLC. Ans. True Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: easy 50. Determining business requirements is generally done in the planning phase of the SDLC. Ans: False Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy Difficulty: easy 51. The primary output of the planning phase is the system request. Ans: True Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 52. The primary output of the analysis phase is the system proposal.
- 17. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 14 Ans: True Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 53. The normal sequence of SDLC phase outputs (from beginning to end) would be: system request; system proposal; system specifications; and installed system. Ans: True Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 54. The question ‘Can we build it’ is asked in the design phase. Ans: False Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: easy 55. Interviewing is generally done in the analysis phase of the SDLC. Ans: True Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 56. Juan is creating use cases. He is working in the design phase of the SDLC. Ans: False Response: See Figure 1-3: Systems Development Life Cycle Phases Difficulty: easy 57. The planning phase of the SDLC will have two steps: project initiation and requirements determination. Ans: False Response: See Planning Difficulty: easy 58. The three feasibility analyses in the text were: organizational feasibility, technical feasibility, and economic feasibility. Ans: True Response: See Planning Difficulty: easy
- 18. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 15 59. Developing navigation methods, database, and file specifications and what architecture to use would occur in the design phase of the SDLC. Ans: True Response: See Design Difficulty: easy 60. A support plan for the system is established in the implementation phase of the SDLC. Ans: True Response: See Implementation Difficulty: easy 61. The project sponsor should have an idea of the business value to be gained from the system. Ans: True Response: See Project Identification and Initiation Difficulty: easy 62. The document that describes the business reasons for building a system and the value that the system is expected to provide is called the “System Proposal.” Ans: False Response: See System Request Difficulty: easy 63. A system request will generally have these items: project sponsor; business need; business requirements; business value; special issues or constraints. Ans: True Response: See System Request Difficulty: medium 64. The three factors in the text for a feasibility analysis are: technical feasibility; organizational feasibility and economic feasibility. Ans: True Response: See Feasibility Analysis Difficulty: easy
- 19. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 16 65. If the development team of an organization is not familiar with the technologies that may be used, the project should be cancelled. Ans: False Response: See Technical Feasibility Difficulty: medium 66. User training with a proposed system would fall under intangible costs. Ans: True Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: medium 67. Using ‘net present value’ in calculating economic feasibility will allow for variations in the time value of money. Ans: True Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: easy 68. To be compatible, all costs and benefits should use the current value of money since variations over time will (a) not affect the return on investment and (b) it is difficult (or impossible) to estimate future value of money. Ans: False Response: See Economic Feasibility Difficulty: medium 69. Numerous studies report that projects involving information technology experience failure rates from 30% - 70%. Ans: True Response: See Introduction Difficulty: medium 70. The champion supports the project with resources and political support. Ans: True Response: See Organizational Feasibility Difficulty: medium Essays:
- 20. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 17 71. Can the project sponsor and the project champion be the same person? Explain. Ans: Yes. On smaller projects they might be, on larger projects you might have more than one sponsor or more than one champion; or they might just be different people. Response: See Organizational Feasibility Difficulty: medium 72. What calculations are used in economic feasibility? Ans: Return on investment; NPV – net present value of money; break-even analysis; cost/benefit analysis Response: See Feasibility Analysis Difficulty: medium 73. What is the difference between a systems analyst and a business analyst? Ans: A systems analyst interfaces between the business side and the development/technical site; while a business analyst focuses on the business side of a project. Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: medium 74. One of the skills needed for a systems analyst is to be ethical. Why do you think that is important? Ans: Analysts must deal fairly, honestly, and ethically with other project team members, managers, and systems users. Analysts frequently have confidential information and must not share that information with others. Response: See The Systems Analyst Difficulty: medium 75. What are the four phases of the SDLC and what is the major deliverable from each of the phases? Ans: Planning – deliverable is the system request (also feasibility study and project plan) Analysis – deliverable is the system proposal Design – deliverable is the system specification (also alternative matrix) Implementation – deliverable is the installed system (including documentation, migration plan, and support plan) Response: See The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: medium
- 21. Chapter 1 – Systems Analysis and Design – Dennis / Wixom / Roth – page 18 76. What things might happen in the requirements gathering step in the analysis phase of the SDLC? Ans: Interviews; questionnaires; group workshops; observation; JAD sessions, document analysis; more Response: See Figure 1-3: The Systems Development Life Cycle Difficulty: medium 77. Which types of people (or specific people) are important in “organizational feasibility” and why? Ans: Champion (or project sponsor) – initiates the project / promotes it / allocates time to the project; provides resources Organizational Management – knows about the project / budgets funds; encourages users Systems Users – make decision about the project / does hands on work for the project (testing, giving input through interviews, JAD sessions, etc.) /ultimately determine if the project is successful by using it!!! Response: See Organizational Feasibility Difficulty: hard
- 22. Other documents randomly have different content
- 26. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sketches of Indian Character
- 27. This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Sketches of Indian Character Author: James Napier Bailey Release date: November 27, 2018 [eBook #58363] Language: English Credits: Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF INDIAN CHARACTER ***
- 28. SKETCHES OF INDIAN CHARACTER: BEING A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF CHARACTER EXHIBITED BY THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS; ILLUSTRATING THE APHORISM OF THE SOCIALISTS, THAT “MAN IS THE CREATURE OF CIRCUMSTANCES.” COMPILED BY JAMES NAPIER BAILEY. “In order to complete the history of the human mind, and attain to a perfect knowledge of its nature and operations, we must contemplate man in all those various situations in which he has been placed. We must follow him in his progress through the different stages of society, as he gradually advances from the infant state of civil life towards its maturity and decline. We must observe at each period, how the faculties of his understanding unfold; we must attend to the efforts of his active powers, watch the various movements of desire and affection as they rise in his breast, and mark whither they tend, and with what ardour they are exerted.” Robertson.
- 29. Leeds: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOSHUA HOBSON, MARKET STREET, BRIGGATE; SOLD BY ABEL HEYWOOD, OLDHAM STREET, MANCHESTER; PATON AND LOVE, NELSON STREET, GLASGOW; JOHN CLEAVE, SHOE LANE, FLEET STREET, LONDON; AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1841. SKETCHES OF INDIAN CHARACTER. The history of nations fully establishes the fact, that the character of man results from the operation of circumstances on his organism. This great and important truth is written in such broad and legible characters on the face of human annals, as may easily be distinguished and can scarcely be mistaken. Among rude and savage tribes we discern features of character, which are distinctly referable to the influence of causes peculiar to the savage state; and among the members of civilized communities, we behold the manifestation of virtues, vices, and talents, which are also traceable to the operation of circumstances differing from those which determine the character of barbarous nations. There is a marked dissimilarity between the barbarian of Labrador and the native of London or Paris; yet this difference is more the child of accident than of nature, and would probably disappear in course of time were the parties to be subjected to the influence of similar institutions. Among no people do we find more striking confirmations of the truth of the above doctrine than among the Aborigines of the North American Continent. In the character of that unhappy, but noble, race of men, we find many striking peculiarities which can be ascribed only to the influence of those circumstances in which the
- 30. Indian tribes are placed, and which mark them out as objects of peculiar interest to the philosophic historian. The European is polished, sagacious, and cunning; the Asiatic vainly proud and ostentatiously voluptuous; the African, patient, servile and debased; and the North American Indian, haughty, warlike and independent. Undoubtedly there are causes for all these varied peculiarities of national character, the developement of which, in relation to the Indians of America, shall form the subject of the present treatise. In endeavouring to prove that man is the creature of circumstances by rapidly surveying the condition of the North American Indians, there are two methods which present themselves to our attention. The first and most obvious, consists in selecting the principal features of Indian character, and tracing them to the operation of causes peculiar to the Indian tribes. The second method consists in taking a view of the efforts made by white men for the civilization of the Americans, and the good or ill success which has attended their exertions. In discussing the subject, therefore, we shall adopt both these methods as far as our space and ability will allow. The Indian character may be said to be a compound of the virtues and vices of savage life. Brave, generous, haughty and cruel, the North American savage moves with a firmness of step and a dignity of bearing, which distinguish him as the monarch of the wilderness. The African submits to slavery; the North American Indian prefers banishment, and even death to it. We pity and oppress the former, because his patient endurance of labour renders him of importance, while we endeavour by cruel encroachments to exterminate the latter, because his lands are serviceable, and he scorns to become our servant. Such has ever been the policy of professed Christians, and such the efforts of European civilization with respect to this unhappy race of men. The Red Indian is fast disappearing from his native forests. The Prairie which once echoed with his shrill warwhoop now resounds
- 31. with the roar of the Western rifle. His hunting grounds have become the prey of the pale faces; the big knife has prevailed over the tomahawk; and the grave of a freeman already yawns to receive the savage of the wilds. When Las Casas appeared before the Emperor Charles V. to dispute with Quevedo, Bishop of Darien, on the capacity of the South American Indians for social improvement, “he rejected,” says Robertson, “with indignation, the idea that any race of men was born for servitude; and contended that the faculties of the Americans were not despicable but unimproved; that they were capable of receiving instruction in the principles of religion, as well as of acquiring the industry and arts which would qualify them for the various offices of social life; and that the mildness and timidity of their nature rendered them so docile and submissive that they might be led and formed with a gentle hand.” On the contrary, the Bishop of Darien contended “that they were a race of men marked out by the inferiority of their talents for servitude; and whom it would be impossible to instruct or improve, unless they were kept under the continual inspection of a master.”[1] To the disgrace of the Spanish name, the sentiments of Quevedo obtained more general credence than the truths uttered by the impassioned, and eloquent Las Casas. The Indians were still kept in a state of servitude, by the discoverers and tyrants of the West; and under pretext of reclaiming them from idolatry, and instructing them in the principles of the Christian faith they were obliged to endure the most galling servitude, and compelled to perform a variety of unwholesome labours which soon terminated their existence, and left scarcely a remnant of their devoted race to tell the story of their oppression and their sufferings! Such has ever been the policy of those who, spurred on by an exorbitant and all grasping selfishness, desire to tyrannize over their fellow beings, and trample on their rights, their liberties and their lives. Nor is this policy wanting on the part of those who either are, or desire to be, the oppressors of the North American Indians. The whites have, with few exceptions, denounced the savages of
- 32. America as a cruel, blood-thirsty, and treacherous race of men— incapable of improvement, and therefore unworthy of that attention which has been devoted to the civilization of other barbarians. That this is a mere pretext under colour of which the most horrid crimes might be perpetrated,—an opiate for a guilty and accusing conscience,—must be evident to all who have made the Indian character the subject of their peculiar study. But because Europeans, blessed with all the lights of civilization, and all the influence of a religion purporting to be from heaven, have not only endeavoured, but are continually endeavouring, to encroach on the hunting territories of the Indians, some excuse must of course be invented to palliate their enormities, and screen their conduct from that general reprobation which it deserves. The Aborigines of America are therefore represented as false, cruel and blood-thirsty, as well as incapable of emerging from their present state of ignorance and barbarism. Before the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Bill, the opponents of that measure were accustomed to represent the inhabitants of Ireland, as factious, discontented, and rebellious. Admitting, for the sake of argument, the truth of these allegations, we ask why did the inhabitants of Ireland evince these national characteristics? Simply because they had been galled and oppressed for a long course of time, by the enactments of an illiberal government. And if we admit that the Indians of America are still in a state of barbarism, and that they exhibit most, if not all, the vices incident to the savage state, may we not enquire the reason why they continue in this condition? The answer we think is obvious. The whites have seldom attempted to raise them from their state of original wildness; for almost all the measures they have adopted, in relation to the Indians, have been better adapted to oppress than to reclaim, to destroy than to regenerate. In attempting to lay before the reader a rough delineation of Indian character, it is necessary that we should attend to all the elements which enter into its composition. We shall therefore treat in the first place—
- 33. Of the bodily constitution of the North American Indians, and of the measure of their intellectual faculties. Robertson, in his graphic representations of Indian character, affirms or rather insinuates, that the constitution of the American Indian labours under some physical defect. But that this defect is an accident arising from the influence of peculiar institutions, and the mode of training prevalent among the Indian tribes, is evidenced by the facts which that historian himself relates. The American Indian may be indolent during a season of peace. Extreme lassitude and an apparent want of physical energy may form the more prominent traits in his character. But when war demands his exertions in the field, or when pressed by the necessities of nature to go in quest of food, he displays a courage, an address, and an amount of bodily energy which prove him to be possessed of physical strength equal to that which the natives of more polished and civilized climes exhibit. It is during a season of hunting or of war that the most strenuous exertions of courage, force, and activity are called forth. The savage of America, at such a time, appears to shake off the native indolence of his disposition. He becomes patient, active, courageous and indefatigable. All the powers of his mind and of his body are roused into exertion; and he performs feats of agility and of strength, and exhibits a degree of perseverance, which prove him to be in these respects equal to the natives of Europe. It is true the exhibition of perseverance and strength, on the part of the American savage, is not constant but casual. It is only when fierce passions stimulate him to exertion, that he puts forth all his powers. Nevertheless the casual exhibition of this strength and
- 34. perseverance proves, that the opposite qualities are not essential to his nature; and seemingly warrants the conclusion that the indolence and want of energy which mark his character, are the results of that peculiar system of training to which he has been subjected. Of the persevering speed of the Americans many instances are on record. Adair mentions a Chikkasah warrior who ran through woods and over mountains, three hundred computed miles in a day and a half and two nights. “I have known the Indians,” he observes in another place, “to go a thousand miles for the purpose of revenge, in pathless woods, over hills and mountains, through huge cane swamps, exposed to the extremities of heat and cold, the vicissitudes of seasons, to hunger and thirst. Such is their over- boiling revengeful temper, that they utterly contemn all these things as imaginary trifles, if they are so happy as to get the scalp of the murderer or enemy to satisfy the craving ghosts of their deceased relations.” Robertson, in the notes to his History of America, states that “M. Godin le Jeune, who resided fifteen years among the Indians of Puru and Quito, and twenty years in the French Colony of Cayenne, in which there is a constant intercourse with the Galibis, and other tribes on the Orinoco, observes, that the vigour of constitution among the Americans is exactly in proportion to their habits of labour. The Indians, in warm climates, such as those on the coasts of the South Sea, on the river of Amazons, and the river Orinoco, are not to be compared for strength with those in cold countries; and yet, says he, boats daily set out from Para, a Portugese settlement on the river of Amazons, to ascend that river against the rapidity of the stream; and with the same crew they proceed to San Pablo, which is eight hundred leagues distant. No crew of white people or even of negroes, would be found equal to a task of such persevering fatigue as the Portugese have experienced; and yet the Indians, being accustomed to this labour from their infancy, perform it.”[2] These facts prove, that whatever may be the accidental indolence of the Indian tribes, they do not labour under any physical defect
- 35. essential to them as men, and not peculiar to the natives of other climes. The fine gentleman of Europe, who has been nursed in the lap of luxury and refinement, would, if compelled to labour, exhibit as great a want of physical strength as the Indian of America. The difference in this respect between the Aborigines of the Western world, and the inhabitants of more civilized regions, is purely accidental. Reared within the pale of a civilized community, and surrounded with innumerable objects adapted to awaken thought, stimulate curiosity, and call his mental and bodily powers into exertion, the European feels a variety of wants, and is subject to a variety of influences to which the savage is a stranger. Experience gives him foresight and wisdom, and induces him to act with a view to remote advantage, as well as to present gratification. The numerous casualties and reverses of fortune which happen to individuals in civilised society, teach him to be provident for the future. The simple necessities of nature, as well as the more numerous class of wants which follow in the train of civilization, stimulate him to engage in long courses of action by which his mental faculties are enlarged, his bodily strength disciplined, and his power of persevering increased. But with the Indian of America the case is in many respects reversed. His food and drink are in most cases obtained with little trouble, and his natural wants, which are few, are easily satisfied. The flesh of the wild animals he ensnares or kills in the chase, the roots of native plants and vegetables, and a small proportion of maize or Indian corn, along with fruits and other things obtained with as little art, serve him for food; the skins of beasts for clothing; and a week-wam, constructed with a small amount of skill and labour, affords him shelter from the inclemency of the weather. Surrounded with abundance of hunting territory, wherein the (to him) staple commodities of life are plentiful, he is satisfied, and lives in a state of comparative independence. Believing that his own lot is the happiest, and accustomed to roam the forest from his infancy, he feels not the force of those powerful motives which affect the bosoms of other men. The love of gain is in his case modified by the extent of his information respecting it; and as the commodities, which to him are articles of wealth, are easily
- 36. procured, he consequently becomes indolent when surrounded by abundance. We do not attempt to insinuate that the North American Indian is equal to the European in address, wisdom, or even physical ability, at the present time. We only contend that the lack of physical energy, which some authors say the Aborigines of America exhibit, proceeds not from any constitutional defect peculiar to them as a race, but from accidental causes over which they have but little control. Let these causes be removed—let the Indians be subjected to a different mode of treatment—let them be placed under those influences which affect the inhabitants of civilized communities, and we have reason to opine that they would exhibit a character as vigorous as that of Europeans. The following general description of the physiological part of Indian character we quote from a modern writer:—“the natives of this part of the world are in general of a robust frame, and a well proportioned figure. Their complexion is of bronze, or reddish copper hue—rusty coloured, as it were, and not unlike cinnamon. Their hair is black, long, coarse, and shining, but not thickly set on the head. Their beard is thin and grows in tufts. Their forehead is low, and their eyes are lengthened out, with the outer angles turned up towards the temples; the eyebrows high, the cheekbone prominent; the nose a little flattened but well marked; the lips extended, and the teeth closely set and pointed. In their mouth there is an expression of sweetness, which forms a contrast with the harsh character of their countenance. Their head is of a square shape, and their face is broad, without being flat, and tapers towards the chin. Their features viewed in profile, are prominent and deeply sculptured. They have a high chest, massy thighs, and arched legs: their feet are generally large, though some have been noticed to have small feet and hands; and their whole body is squat and thick- set. Though the shape of the forehead and of the vertex frequently depends on artificial means, yet independently of the custom which prevails among them of disfiguring the heads of infants, there is no other people in the world in whom the frontal bone is so much
- 37. flattened above; and generally speaking, the skull is light. Such are said to be the general characteristics of all the natives of America, with the exception, perhaps, of those who occupy the two extremities. The Northern Esquimaux, for instance, are below the middle stature; the Abipones, it is said, and still more the Patagonians, exceed the ordinary height. This muscular constitution, with a tall figure, is in some degree met with among the natives of Chili, as well as the Caribbeans, on the banks of the Caroni, a tributary of the Orinoco, and amongst the Arkansas, who are esteemed the handsomest natives of this continent. “The copper or bronze hue of the skin is, with some slight exceptions, common to all the natives of America, upon which the climate, the situation, or the mode of living appear not to exercise the slightest influence. Some of the tribes in Guiana are described as nearly black, though easily distinguished from the negro. The colour of the natives of Brazil and of California is deep, although the latter inhabit the temperate zone, and the former live near the tropic. The natives of New Spain are darker than the Indians of Quito and New Granada, who inhabit a precisely analogous climate. The nations dispersed to the North of the Rio Gola are darker than those that border on the kingdom of Guatemala. The Indians who, in the torrid zone, inhabit the most elevated table land of the Cordilleras of the Andes, have a complexion as much copper coloured as those who cultivate the Banana under a burning sun in the narrowest and deepest valleys of the equinoctial regions. The Indians who inhabit the mountains are clothed, and were so long before the conquest; while the Aborigines that wander on the plains of South America, are perfectly or nearly naked, and consequently are always exposed to the sun. These facts show that the colour of the American depends very little on the local situation which he actually occupies; and never, in the same individual, are those parts of the body that are constantly covered, of a fairer colour than those in contact with the air; the infants, moreover, are never white when they are born. “It was formerly supposed that the Americans were without beards, and certainly there are many among them who have neither
- 38. beard nor hair on any part of their person except the head. But the Indians who inhabit the torrid zone and South America, have generally a small beard which becomes longer by shaving; and among the Patagonians there are many who have beards. A late traveller (Temple) asserts that the Chiriguano Indians of the province of Tarija are beardless, without stating any opinion as to this being natural or the effect of plucking out the hair. Almost all the Indians near Mexico, and some on the North West coast, wear moustachios. An inference has been drawn that the Indians have a larger quantity of beard in proportion to their distance from the equator. The deficiency of beard does not exclusively belong to the Americans, nor is it by any means a certain sign of degeneracy; for some beardless races, such as the negroes of Congo, are very robust and of colossal size.”[3] Another description of Indian character we borrow from Adair’s “History of the Aborigines of North America.” We quote it with great pleasure, as fully bearing out our own argument with respect to the physical capacity of the North American Indians, and as being the testimony of a man who resided long among them. “As the American Indians,” he observes, “are of a reddish or copper colour, so, in general, they are strong, well proportioned in body and limbs, surprisingly active and nimble, and hardy in their own way of living. “They are ingenious, witty, cunning and deceitful; very faithful indeed to their own tribes, but privately dishonourable and mischievous to the Europeans and Christians. Their being honest and harmless to each other, may be through fear of resentment and reprisal, which is unavoidable in case of any injury. They are very close and retentive of their secrets; never forget injuries; and are revengeful of blood to a degree of distraction. They are timorous and consequently cautious; very jealous of encroachments from their Christian neighbours; and likewise content with freedom in every turn of fortune. They are possessed of a strong comprehensive judgement, can form surprisingly crafty schemes, and conduct them
- 39. with equal caution, silence, and address; they admit none but distinguished warriors and old beloved men, into their councils. They are slow, but very persevering, in their undertakings; commonly temperate in their eating, but excessively immoderate in drinking. They often transform themselves by liquor, into the likeness of mad foaming bears. The women, in general, are of a mild, amiable, and soft disposition; exceedingly modest in their behaviour, and very seldom noisy in the single or married state. “The men are expert in the use of fire arms—in shooting the bow and throwing the feathered dart into the flying enemy. They resemble the lynx with their sharp penetrating black eye, and are exceedingly swift of foot, especially in a long chase. They will stretch away through the rough woods, by the bare track, for two or three hundred miles, in pursuit of a flying enemy, with the continued speed and eagerness of a staunch pack of bloodhounds, till they shed blood. When they have allayed this burning thirst, they return home at their leisure, unless they chance to be pursued, as is sometimes the case; whence the traders say, ‘that an Indian is never in a hurry, but when the Devil is at his heels.’ “It is remarkable that there are no deformed Indians; however, they are generally weaker and smaller bodied, between the tropics, than in higher latitudes; but not in an equal proportion: for though the Chikkasah and Choktah countries have not been long divided from each other, as appears by the similarity of their language, as well as other things; yet the Chikkasah are exceedingly taller and stronger bodied than the latter, though their country is only two degrees farther north. Such a small difference of latitude, in so healthy a region, could not make so wide a difference in the constitution of their bodies. The former are a comely, pleasant looking people; their faces are tolerably round, contrary to the visage of the others, which inclines much to flatness, as is the case with most of the other Indian Americans. The lips of the Indians, in general, are thin.
- 40. “Their eyes are small, sharp, and black; and their hair is lank, coarse, and darkish. I never saw any with curled hair, but one, in the Choktah country, where was also another with red hair; probably, they were a mixture of the French and Indians. Both sexes pluck all the hair off their bodies with a kind of tweezers, made formerly of shells, now of middle-sized wire, in the shape of a gunworm; which being twisted round a small stick, and the ends thereof fastened therein, after being properly tempered, keeps its form: holding this Indian razor between their forefinger and thumb, they deplume themselves after the manner of the Jewish novitiate priests and proselytes. “Their chief dress is very simple, like that of the patriarchal age; of choice, many of their old head men wear a long wide frock, made of the skins of wild beasts. They seem quite easy and indifferent in every various scene of life, as if they were utterly divested of passions and of the sense of feeling. Martial virtue and not riches is their invariable standard for preferment; for they neither esteem nor despise any of their people one jot more or less on account of riches or dress. They compare both these to paint on a warrior’s face; because it incites others to a spirit of martial benevolence for their country, and pleases his own fancy, and the eyes of spectators for a little time, but is sweated off, while he is performing his war dances, or is defaced by the change of weather. “They formerly wore shirts made of dressed deer-skins for their summer visiting dress; but their winter hunting clothes were long and shaggy, made of the skins of panthers, bucks, bears, beavers, and otters; the fleshly side outwards, sometimes doubled, and always softened like velvet cloth, though they retained their fur and hair. The needles and thread they used formerly, (and now at times) were fish bones, or the horns and bones of deer, rubbed sharp, and deer’s sinews, and a sort of hemp that grows among them spontaneously, in rich open lands. The women’s dress consists only in a broad softened skin, or several small skins sewed together, which they wrap and tie round their waist, reaching a little below their knees: in cold weather they wrap themselves in the softened
- 41. skins of buffalo calves, with the wintery shagged wool inward, never forgetting to anoint and tie up their hair except in their time of mourning. The men wear for ornament and for the convenience of hunting, thin deer skin boots well smoked, that reach so high up their thighs, as with their jackets to secure them from the brambles and braky thickets. They sew them about five inches from the edges, which are formed into tassels, to which they fasten fawn’s trotters and small pieces of tinkling metal, or wild turkey cock’s spurs. The Braves used to fasten the like to their warpipes, with the addition of a piece of an enemy’s scalp, with a tuft of long hair hanging down from the middle of the stem, each of them painted red: and they still observe that old custom, only they choose bell buttons to give a greater sound. “The young Indian men and women, through a fondness of their ancient dress, wrap a piece of cloth round them, that has a near resemblance to the Roman toga, or prætexta. It is about a fathom square, bordered seven or eight quarters deep, to make a shining cavalier of the Beau Monde, and to keep out both heat and cold. With this frantic apparel the red heroes swaddle themselves, when they are waddling whooping and prancing it away around the reputed holy fire. In a sweating condition they will thus incommode themselves frequently for a whole night, actuated by the same principle of pride which actuates the Spaniard to wear his winter cloak in summer.… “They make their shoes for common use, out of the skins of the bear and elk, well dressed and smoked to prevent hardening; and those for ornament, out of deer-skins, done in the like manner: but they chiefly go bare-footed, and always bare-headed. The men fasten several different sorts off beautiful feathers, frequently in tufts, or the wing of a red bird, or the skin of a small hawk, to a lock of hair on the crown of their heads. And every different nation when at war, trim their hair after a different manner, through contempt of each other; thus they can distinguish an enemy in the woods so far off as they can see him.
- 42. “The Indians flatten their heads in divers forms; but it is chiefly the crown of the head they depress, in order to beautify themselves, as their wild fancy terms it; for they call us long heads by way of contempt. The Choktah Indians flatten their foreheads from the top of the head to the eyebrows with a small bag of sand; which gives them a hideous appearance; as the forehead naturally shoots upwards according as it is flattened: thus the rising of the nose instead of being equidistant from the beginning of the chin to that of the hair, is, by their wild mechanism, placed a great deal nearer to the one and further from the other. The Indian nations round South Carolina, and all the way to New Mexico, to effect this, fix the tender infant on a kind of cradle, where his feet are tilted, above a foot higher than a horizontal position, his head bends back into a hole, made on purpose to receive it; where he bears the chief part of his weight on the crown of the head, upon a small bag of sand without being in the least able to move himself. The skull, resembling a fine cartilaginous substance, in its infant state, is capable of taking any impression. By this pressure, and their thus flattening the crown of the head, they consequently make their heads thick and their faces broad. May we not to this custom and as a necessary effect of this cause attribute their fickle, wild, and cruel tempers? Especially when we connect therewith, both a false education and great exercise to agitate their animal spirits. When the brain, in cooler people, is disturbed, it neither reasons nor determines with proper judgment. The Indians thus look on every thing around them through their own false medium; and vilify our heads because they have given a wrong turn to their own.” The preceding description of Indian character is more deserving of attention on account of its simplicity, correctness, and the information it affords, than on account of the beauty of its style. Adair is indeed a harsh writer; yet he narrates facts and occurrences which fell beneath his own observation; and therefore his testimony is of considerable value. His history of the American Indians, whatever value we may attach to his theory respecting their origin affords many striking confirmations of the position we have
- 43. assumed, namely, that the American Indians are not naturally and essentially inferior in physical capacity to any other race of men. Nor is Adair the only author who either adopts this opinion, or furnishes the facts from which it may be inferred. These facts may be found in the narratives of missionaries, traders, and almost all writers who have visited the Indian tribes. James Buchanan, formerly his Britannic Majesty’s Consul for the State of New York, has some excellent observations on the evidences of general capacity among the Indians, in the first volume of his Sketches of their History and Customs. After describing the hospitable and polite reception which he met with from the children of the celebrated Mohawk Indian Chief, Captain Brandt, he observes: —“My thus becoming acquainted with this young lady and her brother, fully establishes in my mind all I was anxious to prove by the education of a young Indian: and many such instances might be adduced which would evince that wisdom, science, and exaltation of character, are not the exclusive property of any colour, tribe, or nation. The bravery, political sagacity, and knowledge of government, manifested by the negroes who now govern in St. Domingo, (not to mention other well known instances,) are calculated to allay the doubts which used to prevail as to the capacity of the African. But between the Indian of North America, and the African, there is a remarkable difference. The former never can be bowed to become the slave of man, to pay tribute, or to submit, by any hope of reward to live in vassalage. Free, like the son of Ishmael, he will die rather than yield his liberty; and he is, therefore, hunted down by the people who boast of civilisation and christianity, and who, while they value their own freedom, do not hesitate to extend their lands and property by the merciless destruction of the unoffending proprietor. But let not those who still claim the British name, nor the citizens of the United States deceive themselves in the belief that because the poor Indians, whose lands they possess, and whose rivers they navigate, have no powerful voice to blazon their wrongs, and hold them up to the abhorence of mankind, they will always rest unavenged; or that the civilization,
- 44. which is pompously carried on, but which is in fact a slow consuming system of extinction, will avert the retributive justice which God will assuredly render. The poor Indians confess that for their crimes they are now placed by the Great Spirit under the feet of the white men, and in the midst of their sufferings, they pathetically warn their cruel oppressors that the time may come when the Lord will have pity on them, and in turn punish the Europeans. Truly the ways of the Almighty are wonderful! The apparent prosperity of the wicked are among the most unaccountable features of the will of our creator, and would be utterly without a solution had we not the Bible to guide us into a right understanding of his designs. However the Deist may scoff, or the philosopher doubt, yet therein we see that, though the wrath of God may be long delayed, the punishment of iniquity will assuredly come to pass. The reaction of crime and punishment is to be seen in the history of all nations. Let the European oppressors of the Indian savage, as he is called, look to it in time; and while the diffusion of the true principles of Christianity throughout the British Empire, is followed by clemency and mercy to the African, it is to be hoped the same benevolent spirit will extend itself to the noble-minded Aborigines of North America; and that instead of supplying arms, ammunition, blankets and rum, we may lead them to the arts and blessings of peace, and to the improvement of their admirable native talent.”[4] Mr. Buchanan displays in this passage more of the piety of the saint, than of the wisdom of the philosopher. In our opinion, the Lord has but little to do with the oppression and gradual extirpation of the Indian tribes. These are the natural results of that peculiar system of policy pursued by the white people towards the Aborigines of America. As the tide of white population rolls on and extends itself inwards, the native tribes must disappear before it by retiring into the inaccessible forests and waste territories of the transatlantic world. Nor can they hope to successfully assert their rights until they become more highly civilized and more skillfully warlike than their oppressors. Then indeed, the Lord, aided by the puissant arms of thousands of Indian warriors, might inflict that retributive justice on
- 45. Europeans, which Mr. Buchanan speaks of. The ample possession of the munitions of war, the diffusion of intelligence, and the union of all the Indian tribes, would more effectually curb the rapacity of white Christians than all the aid which the Lord affords. Nor is it to be expected, that religion, as it is found in the Old and New Testaments, will effect the melioration of their condition. The chosen people of the Lord made slaves of some of the nations they conquered; and those they did not enslave they destroyed with a cruelty as relentless as it was atrocious. What more natural than for those who believe in the same God and draw their religion from the same source, to act in the same manner? The examples of murder, pillage, bloodshed, profligacy, and abominations of all kinds to be found in the Old Testament, would rather tend to deteriorate the character of the Indians than improve it, were the contents of that book made known to them. Bad as the Indians are, they have some nobility of mind among them. They do not betray the person with whom they have smoked the calumet, or pipe of peace, or the man to whom they have plighted their friendship. But in the Old Testament we find this done, as in the case of Jael and Sisera, and the action attributed to divine prompting. What good end can be answered by teaching the North American Indians a religion which has ever been followed by destruction, pillage, rapacity and bloodshed, persecution for opinion, and a long catalogue of evils? and which, however good it may be in some of its precepts, is nevertheless utterly unable to restrain the avarice and cruelty of its followers. The celebrated French Essayist, Montaigne, between two or three hundred years ago, wrote as follows:— “I find that there is nothing barbarous and savage in this nation, by anything I can gather, excepting that every one gives the title of barbarity to every thing that is not in use in his own country: as indeed we have no other level of truth and reason than the example and idea of the opinions and customs of the place wherein we live. There is always the true religion; there the perfect government, and
- 46. the most exact and accomplished usance of things. They (the Indians) are savages at the same rate that we say fruits are wild which nature produces of herself and by her own ordinary progress; whereas, in truth, we ought rather to call those wild whose natures we have changed by our artifice and diverted from the common order.… These nations, then, seem to me to be so far barbarous, as having received but very little form and fashion from art and human invention, and consequently not much remote from their original simplicity. The laws of nature, however, govern them still, not, as yet, much vitiated with any mixture of ours; but in such purity that I am sometimes troubled we were no sooner acquainted with these people, and that they were not discovered in those better times, when there were men much more able to judge of them than we are. I am sorry that Lycurgus and Plato had no knowledge of them; for to my apprehension, what we now see in those natives, does not only surpass all the images with which the poets have adorned the golden age, and all their inventions in feigning a happy estate of man; but moreover the fancy and even the wish of philosophy itself. So native and so pure a simplicity, as we, by experience, see to be in them, could never enter into the imagination of the ancient philosophers, nor could they ever believe that human society could have been maintained with so little artifice. Should I tell Plato that it is a nation wherein there is no manner of traffic, no knowledge of letters, no science of numbers, no name of magistrate nor political superiority, no use of service, no riches or poverty, no contracts, no successions, no dividends, no proprieties, no employments but those of leisure, no respect of kindred but of common, no clothing, no agriculture, no metal, no use of corn or wine, and where so much as the very words which signify lying, treachery, dissimulation, avarice, destruction, and pardon were never heard of,—how much would he find his imaginary Republic short of this perfection.”[5] This description is too highly coloured, and is in many respects incorrect. The savages of America are not in such a blissful state as Montaigne would leave the reader to infer; neither can it be said with truth that they are free from deceit, treachery, and avarice. It is
- 47. true they exhibit many noble traits of character which might be copied with profit by their more civilized brethren; but these traits are generally associated with the vices peculiar to the savage state. In conducting our researches respecting them, therefore, we should carefully ascertain what amount of credibility is due to the statements of those writers who affirm their condition to be almost paradisiacal. Extremes ought to be avoided in most cases, especially with regard to the American Indians. Some authors have represented them as the vilest of men; cruel, blood-thirsty, and rapacious, and incapable of being civilized; while others have depicted them as a noble, high-minded, virtuous race, with scarcely a single vice in their character, or evil in their physical condition. If we adopt the mean of these extremes, we shall not be far from the truth. Before we close this section of our treatise, a few remarks upon the oratory of the Indians may not be deemed inappropriate or unimportant. Even the thunders of Demosthenes, and the eloquent harangues of the sweet-lipped and silver-tongued Cicero did not produce more wonderful effects on Athenian or Roman audiences, than are occasionally produced by the bold and pathetic discourses of an American warrior on the minds of his hearers. Governor De Witt Clinton, in his discourse to the New York Society, speaking of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, informs us that “their exterior relations, general interests, and national affairs were conducted and superintended by a great council, assembled annually in Onondaga, the central canton, composed of the chiefs of each Republic; and eighty Sachems were frequently convened at this national assembly. It took cognizance of the great questions of war and peace; of the affairs of the tributary nations, and of their negociations with the French and English colonies. All their proceedings were conducted with great deliberation, and were distinguished for order, decorum, and solemnity. In eloquence, in dignity, and in all the characteristics of a profound policy, they surpassed an assembly of feudal barons, and were perhaps not far inferior to the great Amphyctionic Council of Greece.”[6] In another place he speaks of the sublime display of
- 48. intellectual power in the address of Garangula, an Onondaga chief, to M. Delabarre, a French general, who in 1683, marched with an army against the Iroquois. This rhetorical talent, however, is declared by the same authority to be peculiar to the Five Nations. “The most remarkable difference,” he states, “existed between the confederates and the other Indian nations, with respect to eloquence. You may search in vain in the records and writings of the past, or in events of the present times, for a single model of eloquence among the Algonkins, the Abenaquis, the Delawares, the Shawanese, or any other nation of Indians except the Iroquois.”[7] On the other hand, the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder, who has spent the greater portion of a long life among the Lenni Lenapé, or Delawares, has affirmed, in his historical account of the Indian nations, (of which the Lenni Lenapé and the Iroquois form the two great divisions), that the Delawares are also conspicuous for oratorical ability. He quotes a speech of Captain Pipe, a chief of that nation, and has made use of the following words, in commenting on it. “Here we see boldness, frankness, dignity, and humanity happily blended together, and most eloquently displayed. I am much mistaken if the component parts of this discourse are not put together much according to the rules of oratory which are taught in the schools, and which were certainly unknown to this savage. The peroration is short, but truly pathetic, and I would say, sublime; and then the admirable way in which it is prepared! I wish I could convey to the reader’s mind only a small part of the impression which this speech made on me and on all present when it was delivered.”[8] The assertion of Governor Clinton, seems to have resulted from his knowing more of the Five Nations than of any other tribe of Indians. The Shawanese no less than the Delawares, are among the list of exceptions; and yet, we find, in the book published by Mr. Hunter, a most splendid example of eloquence in a speech of Te-cum-seh, a Shawanee warrior.[9] The effect it had upon his hearers, one of whom was Mr. Hunter himself, was electrical; and we will quote his account of it, in order to show that the high opinion of Indian oratory is not derived from any one authority which might be
- 49. exaggerated, or through the medium of professed translators, who might be disposed to manufacture these harangues, after a given model, into the European tongues; but that it operates upon all alike, and shines with the same character through every variety and accident of interpretation. The Indian orations have been rendered by illiterate persons sent among them to conciliate their favour; by prisoners male and female, who learnt the language during their captivity; by learned missionaries; by traders, who will not perhaps be suspected of romantic enthusiasm; by Dutchmen, Frenchmen, Englishmen, and Americans; and the result, in all cases, has been very similar. The doubts, therefore, which have been, and still continue to be, entertained as to Indian eloquence, are, to say the least of them, inconsiderate. The probability is, that they are injured rather than improved, by transmission into European languages. “I wish it was in my power,” says Mr. Hunter, speaking of Te-cum-seh, “to do justice to the eloquence of this distinguished man; but it is utterly impossible. The richest colours, shaded with a master’s pencil, would fall infinitely short of the glowing finish of the original. The occasion and subject were peculiarly adapted to call into action all the powers of genuine patriotism; and such language, such gestures, such feelings, and fulness of soul contending for utterance, were exhibited by this untutored, native of the forest in the central wilds of America, as no audience, I am persuaded, either in ancient or modern times, ever before witnessed. His discourse made an impression on my mind, which I think, will last as long as I live.”[10] The occasion on which this oration was delivered, was as follows; it appears from Mr. Hunter’s account, that “some of the white people among the Osages were traders, and others were reputed to be runners from their great Father beyond the waters, to invite the Indians to take up the tomahawk against the settlers. They made many long talks, and distributed many valuable presents; but without being able to shake the resolution which the Osages had formed, to preserve peace with their Great Father, the president. Their determinations were, however, to undergo a more severe trial: Te-cum-seh now made his appearance among them.