Testing of transformers and reactors.ppt

TESTING OF
TRANSFORMERS
 Tests on Bushing CTs
 IR , Continuity and polarity, Ratio and Magnetization test
 IR measurements
 Ratio test
 Vector group test
 Floating Neutral point measurement
 Magnetization current test
 Magnetic balance test ( for 3 phase unit )
 C & Tan delta measurement of bushings and windings

TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
contd…
 Winding resistance measurement
 Tests on OLTC and Cooler controls
 Alarm and trip tests
 Core Isolation test
 Testing of oil for DGA & other parameters
 Oil filling , oil circulation and air venting

TESTS ON BUSHING CTs
 Purpose
 These tests are carried out to ascertain the healthiness of bushing
current transformer at the time of erection and in service.
 Insulation resistance measurement
 Insulation-resistance tests is performed between CT windings and
to ground using a Megger. Test voltage will be 500 V. the neutral
ground must be removed and CT isolated from its burden. Accepted
min. IR value is 1 M-Ohm
 Polarity Test
 DC Kick/Flick Test: This is the tried and true method for testing CT
polarity. For this test, a dc battery pack ( 6-10 V), a dc voltmeter or
ammeter (preferably analog), and test leads are required. This
method is a quick and easy test for polarity The steps of the dc
kick/flick test are as follows:
 Connect the battery pack to the primary of bushing CT and
momentary deflection of pointer of voltmeter ( centre Zero )
connected to secondary is noted.

Tests on Bushing CTs contd…
 Closely watch the needle or analog scale of the voltmeter. It
should jump in the positive direction. This happens in a
fraction of a second, so the meter must be monitored very
closely. If the voltmeter kicks in the positive direction, the
polarity marks are correct. If it kicks in the negative direction,
the polarity marks are incorrect.
Primary and secondary leads are said to have same polarity
when at a given instant the current enters the primary lead in
question and leaves the secondary lead in question in the
same direction as though two leads formed a continuous
circuit.

 Ratio test
 The CT ratio test determines the CT accuracy, and the
results should be compared to the accuracy class.The
steps for a ratio-verification test are as follows:
 A suitable voltage, below saturation is applied to the
secondary ( full winding ) and the primary voltage is read
with a high impedance low range voltmeter.
 Connect a voltage source (variable transformer) and
voltmeter across the CT secondary.
 Connect a voltmeter across the CT primary.

 Apply voltage to the CT secondary and
measure the secondary (VM1) and primary
voltages (VM2) simultaneously. Calculate
the ratio between the two voltages (VM1 /
VM2).
 This voltage should match the CT ratio
(primary / secondary). You can repeat the
procedure above for each tap of a multitap
CT, but I prefer to treat the CT taps as I
would an autotransformer. I apply a voltage
across the maximum ratio tap and measure
all remaining taps to a common point.

 Magnetization test
 Some of the following conditions can cause CT
saturation:
 CT secondary burden greater than rated.
 Extremely high current flowing through the
CT (fault current).
 Current flowing through CT primaries with
open-circuit secondaries.
 DC current flowing through either winding.

 The excitation test is used to prove that the CT is not
saturated and will operate within specifications at the
rated burden. It is important to remember when
comparing test results to the burden rating that the
burden rating is a minimum value. The CT could
actually have a higher rating. This happens often in
transformer bushing applications.
 A saturation test is performed by applying ac voltage
to the CT secondary and increasing the voltage in
steps until the CT is in saturation. The test voltage is
slowly decreased to zero to demagnetize the CT.
The test results are plotted on a logarithmic graph
and evaluated based on the transition period
between normal operation and saturation. This
transition is called the knee of the curve and is
directly related to the voltage burden rating of the
CT.

IR MEASUREMENTS
Purpose
 This is the simplest and most widely used test to
check the soundness of transformer insulation.
 This test reveals the condition of insulation i.e
degree of dryness of paper insulation, presence of
any foreign contaminants in oil and also any gross
defect inside the transformer.
 The instrument used is Megohm Meter popularly
known as Megger. IR value measurements of EHV
transformers to be done with 5 KV Megger.

IR MEASUREMENTS contd….
 Safety instructions
The test specimen is discharged by short
circuiting for a period at least four times as
long as the test voltage was applied. Before
bare hand contact , the absence of voltage
shall be confirmed by measurement.
 Precautions
Clean the bushing porcelains by wiping with a
piece of dry cloth.

IR MEASUREMENTS contd…
 Lead wires from the bushing line lead and tank earth
to megger shall be as short as possible without joints
and shall not touch tank or each other.
 Testing procedure
 IR measurements shall be taken between the
windings collectively i.e with all the windings being
connected together and the earthed tank and
between each winding and the tank, the rest of the
windings being earthed. Following measurements are
relevant for auto-transformers and Reactors

 For Auto transformer For Reactor
 HV+IV / E HV / E
 LV / E
 HV+IV / LV
 HV- High Voltage, IV- Intermediate Voltage, LV – Low
Voltage, E- Earth
 Record date and time of measurement sl.no & make of
megger, oil temperature and IR values at intervals of 15
seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes

 Evaluation of test results
 In air, IR values will be nearly 15-20 times more than
in transformer oil at the same temperature.
 With every 10°C drop in temperature, IR values
increases by approximately 1.5 times i.e. an IR value
of 200 M-ohms at an oil temp. of 40°C is equivalent to
300 M-ohms at 30°C.
 Following IR values as a thumbrule may be
considered as the minimum satisfactory values at
30°C ( one minute measurements ) at the time of
commissioning

 Rated Voltage class Minumum desired
 of Winding IR value at 1 min.
 11 KV 300 M-ohms
 33 KV 400 M-ohms
 66 KV & above 500 M-ohms

 Polarisation Index
 It is the ratio of the 10 min to 1 min readings.
 Polarisation Index Insulation condition
 Less than 1 Dangerous
 1.0 – 1.1 Poor
 1.1 – 1.25 Questionable
 1.25 – 2.0 Fair
 Above 2.0 Good

RATIO TEST
 Purpose
 To determine the turns ratio of transformers.
 Turns ratio is the ratio of the number of turns in a
higher winding to that in a lower winding.
 PRECAUTIONS
 The voltage should be applied only in the High
voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage.

Ratio test contd…
 Testing procedures
 Keep the tap position in the lowest position and IV and LV
terminals open.
 Apply 3 phase 415 V supply on HV terminals
 Measure voltages applied on each phase ( Phase-Phase) on HV
and IV terminals simultaneously
 Repeat above steps for each of the tap position separately
 Repeat above steps after interchanging the voltmeters of HV and
IV windings and then average the readings for final calculation of
ratio.
 The above test can also be performed by Transformer turns
ration meter(TTR)
 Two windings on one phase of a transformer are connected to
the instrument and in the internal bridge elements are varied to
produce a null indication on the detector

Ratio test contd…
 Evaluation of results
 The turns ratio tolerance should be within 0.5%
 Out of tolerance ratio may be symptomatic of shorted
turns especially if there is an associated high
excitation current.
 Ratio measurements must be made on all taps to
confirm the proper alignment and operation of the tap
changers.
 Open turns in the excited winding will be indicated
with very low exciting current and no output voltage

VECTOR GROUP TEST
 Purpose
 To determine the phase relationship and polarity of transformers.
 Testing procedures
 Connect Neutral point and LV phase with earth.
 Join 1R1 of HV and 3R1 of tertiary.
 Apply 415 V 3 phase supply to HV terminals
 Measure voltage across the following terminals
 1R1 – 1Y1 3Y1 – 1B1 3Y1 - N 2Y1 - N
 1Y1 - 1 B1 3Y1 – 1Y1 1R1 – N 2B1 - N
 1B1 – 1 R1 3R1 – N 2R1 - N

Vector group test contd…
Ensure 2R1 – N = 2Y1 – N = 2B1 – N
Ensure 3R1 – N > 3Y1 – N > 3B1 – N
 3Y1 – 1B1 >3Y1 – 1Y1
The above confirms vector group Y naod 11

FLOATING NEUTRAL POINT
MEASUREMENT
 Purpose
 This test is conducted to ascertain possibility of short circuit in a
winding.
 Precaution
 No winding terminal should be grounded.
 Keep the tap in normal position
 Disconnect the transformer neutral from ground.
 Apply 3 phase 415 V in the HV winding and measure voltage
across each of the IV winding and neutral, then neutral and
ground.
 Apply 3 phase 415 V to IV winding and measure voltage across
each of the tertiary winding terminal and neutral, then neutral
and ground.
 For a healthy transformer the voltage between neutral and
ground should be zero or negligible.

MAGNETISING CURRENT
TEST
 Purpose
 This test is performed to locate defect in magnetic
core structure, shifting of windings, failures in turn to
turn insulation or problems in tap changers.
 Precautions
 This test should be done before DC measurements of
winding resistance to reduce the effect of residual
magnetism. The transformer may be demagnetised
before commencement of magnetising current test.

MAGNETISING CURRENT TEST
contd
 Testing Procedure
 Keep the tap position in the lowest position and IV and LV
terminals open.
 Apply 3 phase 415 V supply on HV terminals.
 Measure the voltages applied on each phase ( phase – phase )
on HV terminals and current in each phase of HV terminal.
 After completion of the above steps , repeat the measurements
in tap position Normal as well as in Highest position.
 Keep the tap position in normal and keep HV and LV terminals
open.
 Apply 3 phase 415 V supply on IV terminals
 Measure phase to phase voltage between the IV terminals and
current on each of the IV terminals.

MAGNETISING CURRENT TEST
contd…
 The set of readings for current measurements in each
of the tap position should be equal. Un equal currents
shall indicate possible short circuits in winding.
 Results between similar single-phase units should not
vary more than 10%. The test values on the outside
legs should be within 15% of each other and values
for the centre leg should not be more than either
outside for a 3 phase transformer.
 If an out of tolerance reading is experienced while
turns ratio, winding resistance and impedance tests
are normal , residual magnetism should be
suspected.

MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST
 Purpose
This test is conducted to check the imbalance
in the magnetic circuit only in 3 phase X’mers.
 Precautions
No winding terminal should be grounded ,
otherwise results would be erratic and
confusing.

contd…
 Testing Procedures
Keep the tap in normal tap position
Disconnect the X’mer neutral from ground
Apply single phase 230 V across one phase
of IV winding terminal and neutral ( say V1)
then measure voltage in other two IV
terminals across neutral ( say V2 & V3 ).
Repeat the test for each of the three phases.
Repeat the above test for HV winding also.

contd…
Ensure that V1 = V2 + V3
Zero voltage or very negligile voltage induced
in other two windings should be investigated.

C AND TAN DELTA
MEASUREMENT( BUSHING)
 Purpose
 Insulation power factor or dissipation factor ( Tan
delta ) and capacitance measurement of bushing
provide an indication of the quality and soundness of
the insulation in the bushing.
 Precautions
 Measurement may be made at low voltages usually
below 10 KV.
 Connection to over head bus at the bushing need to
be removed only if the bus affect the readings
appreciably.
 Porcelain of the bushings shall be clean and dry.

C AND TAN DELTA MEASUREMENT(
BUSHING) contd…
 Tests shall not be carried out when there is condensation on the
porcelain and when the RH is in excess of 80 %.
 Terminals of the bushings of each winding shall be shorted together
using bare braided copper jumper. These jumper shall not be allowed to
sag. Transformer windings not tested shall be grounded.
 Measure and record ambient temperature and relative humidity for
reference.
 Ensure that the test specimen is isolated from other equipments.
 Connect the ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth
ground ( to earth mat of the sub-station )

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
Tan Delta & Capacitor Measurement

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
Tan Delta & Capacitor Measurement
Mains & Commutating Mode

Routine Tests
Special Tests
Tan Delta Testing
For Null Condition
N1 I1 = N2 I2
For Capacitive Current
N1 ICs = N2 ICx
N1  VCs = N2  VCx
Cx = (N1/N2)/Cs

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
Tan Delta Measurement of Bushings

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
Tan Delta Measurement of Bushings
For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode.
For C2: Apply 500 kV between Test tap and Ground with
HV Guarded on GSTg mode

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
UST Mode
Earth will be connected to N Point
Hence only CHL will be measured

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
GST Mode
Here measurement is made for the
Parallel combination of CH and CHL

Type Tests
Routine Tests
Special Tests
GSTg mode
Here measurement is done for CH
as L is guarded

C & Tan  measurement contd…
 Windings
 For ICTs (2 Winding Transformers), following combination shall
be taken:
 HV+IV& LV in UST mode, both Mains and reverse and average
to be taken to nullify external interference
 HV+IV & Tank (LV to Gnd to Guard ) in GSTg mode
 LV & Tank (LV to Gnd and HV to Guard) in GSTg mode
- For Reactors, the measurement should be done in
HV/Tank+Gnd in GST mode
- For 3 winding transformer, measurement to be made between
each winding and Gnd with one remaining winding guarded and
the second remaoning winding grounded in GSTg test mode

C & Tan  measurement
contd…
 Windings contd.
 The test is performed at 10 KV
 Max. value of Tan  of class A paper insulation , oil
impregnated at 20 ° C should be 0.007.
 Rate of change of Tan and capacitance should be
marginal. Tan should not vary more than 0.001
from previous value. Capacitance value should be
+10%, -5%
 Tan  measurement is temperature dependent and
correction factor should be applied , if
measurement is taken at temperature other than 20
° C.

C & Tan  measurement contd…
 For ICTs :
 Tan delta and Capacitance measurement of windings
should be done in combination of
 HV+IV / LV+TANK+E
 HV+IV+LV / TANK+E
 LV/HV+IV+TANK+E IN GST TEST MODE
 For Reactors
 HV / TANK+E IN GST TEST MODE

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
 Purpose
 Transformer winding resistance are measured in the field to
check for any abnormalities due to loose connections, broken
strands and high contact resistance in tap changers.
 Precautions
 As the transformer resistance is of low resistance, the
measurement has to be carried out with the help of Kelvin
Double Bridge / Transformer ohm meter
 To reduce the high inductive effect it is advisable to use a
sufficiently high current to saturate the core. This will reduce the
time required to get a stabilised reading.
 It is essential that the temperature of the windings is accurately
measured.

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT contd…
 Testing Procedure
 For star connected auto-transformers the resistance
of the HV side is measured between HV terminal and
IV terminal, then between IV terminal and neutral
 For delta connected windings , such as tertiary
winding of auto transformers, measurement shall be
done between pairs of line terminals and resistance of
winding shall be calculated as per the following
formula
 Resistance per winding = 1.5 x Measured value
 Calculate the resistance at 75° C as per the following
formula
 R 75 = Rt(235+75) / (235+t) Where Rt is the
resistance measured at winding temperature

WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT contd…
Expected deviation for this test at site is 5.0 %
of the factory test value.
The resistance value obtained should be
compared with the factory test value in case
of pre-commissioning and with pre-
commissioning test value in case the test is
carried out during routine maintenance.

OPERATIONAL TEST ON
OLTC
 Purpose
 OLTC are designed to be operated while the transformer is
energised.
 OLTC being a current interrupting device requires periodic
inspection and maintenance.
 The frequency of inspection is based on time in servicem range
of use and number of operations.
 Precautions
 This test shall be carried out during shutdown period under SFT
 Ensure isolation of X’mer for HV and LV side with physical
opening of concerned isolators.
 If tertiary is connected, ensure isolation of the same

TAP CHANGER HAND
OPERATION
 Check hand operation of the tap changer
up and down the full range before
electrical operation.
 Check the continuity during tap changing
operation by connecting an analogue
multimeter across HV & IV bushing and
change the tap positions from maximum to
minimum.

TAP CHANGER HAND
OPERATION contd…
 Check that the tap changer moves one tap at a time by pushing R or
L push button.
 Check accurate indication of mechanical position indicator in all
positions. Also check the remote instrument operates in the same
sequence to the same accuracy.
 Check the operation of tap changer incomplete alarm including the
flag relay by winding the unit by hand half way through a tap
change.
 Check the tap changer counter operates correctly and record the
readings.
 Check the remote indication and control facility is proved to the
outgoing terminals of the marshalling kiosk.
 Check the out of step relay operation by moving one tap changer in
the three phase bank to one position out of step with other two. The
tap changer faulty alarm should come. Repeat for other two phases.

Operational checks on Cooler
 Cooler Control Switch
 Auto control from WTI
 Time delay for pump
 Pump failure alarm
 Auto start of standby pump
 Stand pump indication
 Cooler fail alarm
 Fuse rating correct
 Differential pressure alarm

VIBRATION MEASUREMENT ON
SHUNT REACTOR
 Purpose
 To measure the vibrations of core / coil assembly in the tank of
the reactor. Movement of cor-coil assembly and shielding
structure caused by the time varying magnetic forces results in
vibrationof the tank and ancilliary equipment
 Testing method
 Minimum no. of readings required shall be 48.
 Each of the four sides of the SR tank shall be divided in to 12
rectangular areas of approximately the same size. These areas
are suitably marked and numbered for reference. Vibration
readings are measured at these points and recorded.
 The average amplitude of all local max.points shall not exceed
60 µm . The max. amplitude within any rectangular area shall not
exceed 200 µm.

Protection & Alarm checks
Check for correct operation of protection by sorting contacts at MB / relay and
appearance of alarm at control panel in C.R.:
 Buchholz relay/ OSR of Main tank / OLTC
 WTI/ OTI
 PRD
 Low oil level in conservator
 Tap change incomplete
 Cooler fan/ pump fail

CORE ISOLATION TEST
 Purpose
 This test is recommended before the unit is placed in service or
following modifications to the transformer that could affect the integrity
of its core insulation and at other times during a major inspection.
 The ground connection terminals for the X’mer or reactor active part are
located in a box.
 The terminal box contains a terminal block with three terminals.
 CL – connected to core laminations
 CC – connected to core clamps
 G – connected to ground ( the tank )
 For core insulation ground test , disconnect the closing link that
connects the two terminals CL-G. Apply 2.5 KV direct voltage between
CL and CC+G. The tank shall be grounded during the test.
 The insulation value after 1 minute test time shall be minimum 100 M-
ohms for service transformers and more than 1000 M-ohms for new
transformers.

DGA & Oil parameters tests
 OIL SAMPLE TO BE TAKEN FOR DGA AS PER
FOLLOWING FREQUENCY
 BEFORE COMMISSIONING
 24 HOURS AFTER 1ST CHARGING
 15 DAYS AFTER 1ST CHARGING
 ONE MONTH AFTER 1ST CHARGING
 3 MONTHS AFTER 1ST CHARGING
 THEREAFTER EVERY SIX MONTHS

Oil Parameters before energisation
 Prior to energisation of transformer, the oil sample
shall be tested for following properties & acceptance
norms:
 1. BDV (kV rms)-60 kV (Min.)
 2. Moisture content -15 ppm (Max.)
 3. Tan delta at 90 ºC-0.05 (Max.)
 4. Resisitivity at 90 ºC-1*10 -cm (Min.)
 5. Interfacial Tension-0.03 N/m (Min.)

Testing of transformers and reactors.ppt

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Testing of transformers and reactors.ppt