The Basics of SIOP
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The document discusses strategies for making content comprehensible for English language learners. It recommends providing opportunities for students to use common strategies like reciprocal teaching, graphic organizers, and repeated readings. Teachers should consistently use scaffolding techniques such as think-alouds, paraphrasing, and partnering to help students apply strategies. They should also employ a variety of question types and encourage students to ask questions using strategies like "Question Cubes" to promote interaction and language development.
The Basics of SIOP
- 1. Making Content Comprehensible for 5. Interaction: English Language Learners—SIOP Model ! Provide frequent opportunities for SHELTERED INSTRUCTION— interaction and discussion—Supplies much needed “oral rehearsal” for Academic Achievement ! Group students to support language and content objectives—use at least 2 different Key Components – Teaching language and structures during a lesson—pairs, triads, teams, varied by content effectively: language proficiency or interest ! Consistently afford sufficient wait time— 1. Preparation: let other students write down answers while waiting for one student to respond ! Clearly define content objectives ! Give ample opportunities for clarification " Write on the board " State orally for concepts in L1—use bilingual ! Clearly define language objectives paraprofessionals, native language materials, notes by students… " Write on the board " State orally ! Choose content concepts for age 6. Practice/Application: appropriateness and “fit” with ! Supply lots of hands-on materials educational background of students ! Provide activities for students to apply ! Use supplementary materials to make content/language knowledge— discussing lessons clear and meaningful and doing make abstract concepts concrete; allow students ! Adapt content to all levels of student to work in partners before working alone proficiency—use graphic organizers, study ! Integrate all language skills into each guides, taped texts, jigsaw reading… lesson--listening, speaking, reading, writing ! Provide meaningful and authentic activities that integrate lesson 7. Lesson Delivery: concepts with language practice ! Clearly support content objectives— opportunities—surveys, letter writing, making objectives apparent throughout lesson; no “bird-walks” models, plays, games… ! Clearly support language objectives— students given ample opportunities to “show off” their language capabilities in speaking, reading, writing 2. Building Background: ! Engage students 90-100% of the ! Explicitly link concepts to students’ lesson—less “teacher talk”, no “down-time”, students background experience are actively working in whole groups, small groups, ! Make clear links between students’ past individually… learning and new concepts ! Appropriately pace the lesson to ! Emphasize key vocabulary students’ ability level 8. Review/Assessment: 3. Comprehensible Input: ! Provide comprehensive review of key ! Speak appropriately to accommodate vocabulary—teach, review, assess, teach…; use students’ proficiency level word study books, Content Word Wall, … ! Clearly explain academic tasks ! Supply comprehensive review of key ! Use a variety of techniques to make content concepts—review content directly related content concepts clear--modeling, hands-on to objectives throughout lesson; use graphic organizers as materials, visuals, demos, gestures, film clips… review ! Regularly give feedback to students on 4. Strategies: their output--clarify, discuss, correct responses ! Provide ample opportunities for students ! Conduct assessment of student to use strategies--GIST, SQP2R, Reciprocal comprehension and learning—use a variety Teaching, mnemonics, 12 minute research paper, 2 column of quick reviews: thumbs up-down, numbered wheels, small notes, repeated readings, … dry erase boards; include student self-assessment… ! Consistently use scaffolding techniques Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short throughout lesson --think-alouds, paraphrasing, partnering… Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, ! Employ a variety of question types—use Dearborn Public Schools, Michigan 2002 Question Cube, Thinking Cube, Bloom’s Taxonomy…
- 2. ! Jigsaw text reading: Making Content Comprehensible— One or two members of each cooperative team are 1. Lesson Preparation chosen by the teacher to form an “expert” team. Each “expert team” is responsible for one section of assigned text. Text sections are read aloud in the “expert team”, Adaptation of Content: discussed and reviewed for essential information, key " Make texts accessible to all students without “watering down “ vocabulary, and better collective understanding. When texts clear understanding is reached, “expert team” members return to their original cooperative teams to teach their " Use before, during, and after reading or writing teammates—demonstrating peer-modeling. English Language Learners benefit from this system because they ! Graphic Organizers: are learning from others while not burdened with reading Schematic visuals that assist students to grasp the the longer text. “wholeness and parts” of a concept. Use to supplement written or spoken words-- ! Leveled study guides: --Before reading or writing: guides and supplements to build Teacher composes guides to accompany students’ background for difficult or dense text and helps organize writing textbook –may include: --During reading: focuses students’ attention and makes connections, Summary of text—Questions-- Statements of learning helps with taking notes and understanding text structure --After reading or writing: assists in recording personal understandings Teacher can designate questions for different levels by and responses; double-checks organization marking with * (easiest), ** (moderately challenging, and Examples: “I Wonder”, Venn Diagrams Timelines, *** (most challenging) Discussion webs, Thinking maps… Tip: With English Language Learners, it is helpful to actually construct the graphic organizer in front of the students on chart paper or Supplementary Materials: Sources transparency for deep understanding # Hands-on manipulatives and realia—connects abstract concepts ! Outlines: with concrete experiences and student’s own life Teacher prepared outlines that help students take notes in # Pictures, Photos, Visuals: provide visual support to harder an organized manner concepts. Helps relate to prior knowledge and oral presentations. Tip: T-charts are useful outlines to begin organizing Include models, charts, overheads, maps, timelines as you are Tip: Some students need picture support, or to see the completed presenting concepts outline first # Multimedia: film clips, songs and chants, posters, computer games, etc.--related to concept solidify key concepts into the ! Highlighted text: deep memory For newcomers: highlight (using blue highlighter) key # Demonstrations: Model step-by-step completion of tasks, or concepts, important vocabulary, and summary model language to use with presentations. This scaffolds and statements in students’ textbooks. Newcomers only read enhances learning highlighted sections. This reduces stress yet maintains # Related Material: Most Dearborn schools have a multitude of key concepts. leveled books—both fiction and non-fiction that supplement science and social studies themes. Check your school’s resource room for materials. ! Marginal notes: Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Like highlighted text, teacher notes in the margins of a Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short newcomer’s textbook assist in focusing attention on important ideas, key concepts, key words and their Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, definitions, or draw attention to important supporting facts Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 for “why” or “how”. The Teacher’s Edition marginal notes may help in choosing key facts, etc. Parent volunteers could assist in putting in marginal notes in multiple textbooks. If you didn’t want to write in actual student textbooks, you could use sticky notes that are removable. ! Taped Text: Teacher, paraprofessional, or older student tapes textbook for newcomers. This allows for multiple exposures to text and should improve reading and understanding. Students can take home text and tape for homework. ! Adapted Text: Sometimes it is necessary to rewrite dense text in order for English Language Learners to comprehend a content. Short, simpler sentences are easier for newcomers to understand. The format should follow a topic sentence followed by several supporting detail sentences. All sentences need to be relevant to the content. Maintaining a consistent format affords easier reading and more connections to prior knowledge.
- 3. 5. Concept Definition Map A simple graphic system used to discuss complex Making Content Comprehensible— concepts and clarify the meaning of a concept. 2. Building Background Ex: Concept Definition Map—Revolution What is it? What is it like? " There is a strong correlation between vocabulary knowledge and Overthrow of Government student achievement Can be violent " Select fewer key terms to focus on " Explicitly teach “school language”—ex. Identify, compare, Often emotional summarize, define… Usually political 1. Contextualizing Key Vocabulary: Revolutio Review the content and select key terms that are critical to understanding the lesson’s most important concepts. The May result in teacher changed system ! Introduces and defines terms simply and concretely ! Demonstrates how terms are used in context ! Explains use of synonyms, or cognates to convey meaning American Revolution French Russian Revolution What are some examples? 2. Vocabulary Self-Selection: 6. Cloze Sentences: After reading a content text, students self select Used to teach and review content vocabulary in context. vocabulary they think is essential to the understanding the content concepts. ! Teacher chooses a sentence that has a strong contextual support for the vocabulary focus word. ! Words are selected by individuals, partners, or teams ! Possible replacement words are brainstormed ! Shared, discussed, and agreed upon by whole class ! Teacher assists students in choosing correct word ! Empowers students in choosing the most appropriate key Ex: During a _______________ a group of people tries to overthrow an existing vocabulary government or social system. (revolution) 3. Personal Dictionaries: 7. Word Sorts: Students categorize words or phrases (previously introduced) and Personal dictionaries are created as an individual sorts them according to meaning, structure, word endings, or vocabulary and spelling resource for students. sounds. This reinforces word relationships, spelling, and word ! Students read text in partners or teams and select unknown structure. words Ex: Word Sort by endings—American Revolution ! Teacher works with teams to review each student’s personal dictionary and providing clarifications where needed -tion -sion -tation ! Words can be arranged alphabetically, by concept, or structure revolution tension representation taxation passion plantation frustration mission 4. Content Word Wall: participation vision This is a Content Word Wall specific to one content area, solution reserved for key vocabulary that relates to that content. 8. Word Generation: ! Key words are displayed alphabetically This is a review of new content vocabulary through analogy. ! Revisited frequently during lessons Students brainstorm words that contain a “chunk” of a word. Ex: Port “to carry”—portable, export, transport, deport… ! Students use words throughout unit of study ! Remove some words regularly in order to keep words 9. Visual Vocabulary: displayed to a reasonable number English Language Learners benefit from a “picture” of a term added to a definition of the word. Use stick figures, a picture Ex: Social Studies Word Wall: Revolutionary War dictionary format, or a photograph. A Battle Constitution decide concede Declaration 10. Vocabulary through Songs: Use the “Jim Walters Approach” –“Science Through Song CD” for teaching difficult concepts through a song format. Concepts and E flag G H Independence relationships are explained and remembered easier for some students through this multiple intelligence medium. Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short J K liberty M notify… Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, Dearborn Public Schools, 2002
- 4. Application of Content and Language Knowledge: Making Content Comprehensible— " Discussing and doing make abstract concepts concrete, 3. Comprehensible Input therefore projects, discussion teams, reports lend themselves to true comprehension Appropriate Speech: " Include opportunities to practice English—reporting out orally and in writing, working with teams or partners " Use speech that is appropriate to students’ proficiency level— slow down and enunciate where applicable Integration of Language Skills: " Avoid jargon and idiomatic speech as much as possible " Reading, writing, listening, and speaking are mutually supportive and need to be developed in an integrated Explanation of Academic Tasks: manner. Practice in writing promotes development in reading. " Present instructions in a step-by-step manner and/or with Review of Key Vocabulary demonstrations. Write oral directions on board—ask students to re-explain " Review of vocabulary needs to include attention to word structure and sentence structure " Use peer-modeling—Focus attention on one group that is " Multiple exposures to new terminology builds proficiency functioning well on activity. Let those students explain step-by- step instructions to whole class using an overhead transparency ! Use paraphrasing as review—provides context ! Use multiple modalities to remember words Scaffolding: Use verbal and procedural scaffolding routinely: ! Have students use Individual Word Study Books for personal ! Verbal scaffolding: Paraphrasing—restating student’s reference—grouping words by structure (-tion, -sion,- response to model correct English tation…) Think-Alouds—saying out loud what you are doing as you try to use a strategy Assessment of Lesson Objectives: Reinforcing contextual definitions—restating a term by " Use a variety of methods to elicit group responses giving a context or definition Ex. Aborigines, the native people of Australia, were being driven from their homes. ! Thumbs up/ thumbs down—Used to obtain a quick summary of agree/disagree responses. “I don’t know” response is ! Procedural scaffolding: indicated by a closed fist ! Number wheels or numbered fingers: Used to indicate responses to multiple-choice questions. Teacher puts possible responses on board or transparency, waits, then Explicit Teaching Modeling Practicing Applying says “Show me!” ! Response boards: Use individual chalk boards or dry-erase --Small group instruction with less experienced students boards for responses given in unison. Dollar stores or home practicing with experienced students improvement centers—bathroom tile board makes great dry- erase boards! --Partnering students for practice Questioning: Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short " Use a variety of question types: see “Thinking Cube” for examples. Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, " Use “Question Cube” to promote students asking a variety of Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 questions: Who, What, When, Where, Why, How Interaction: " Effective classes are characterized by a variety of grouping structures ! At least 2 different grouping structures should be used during a lesson—partners, triads, teams, etc. ! Vary group configurations from day-to-day across the week to pique interest, and increase student involvement Wait Time: " Effective teachers wait 20 seconds or more for a student to respond—many English Language Learners need longer time to formulate answers. " While waiting for a student to reply other students can be writing down their response then confirm with answer. Clarifying Key Concepts in First Language: " Allowing students to confer with each other, teacher, or paraprofessional in their native language about subject matter material provides needed support for true understanding of content while student is learning English
- 5. selection is too long, teams can jigsaw reading selection and share out their summary statements with whole group. Making Content Comprehensible— ! Refer back to ”I Wonder” chart—4 minutes. Write down 4. Strategies answers to questions that were found in reading. If questions were not answered brainstorm where answers could be found and form Research Teams to explore other sources. " Discussing and doing make abstract concepts concrete ! Represent new learning in some way—6 minutes—by one of these: --Use Thinking Cube to generate at least 6 higher order thinking " Academic language learning is more effective with learning questions about text. strategies Ex: Give a quote from the book that tells what matter is made of. Content teaching –One Approach (40-55 minutes): How many ways can matter change? How can you measure matter? ! Do an “I Wonder” Brainstorming—(5 minutes) about book, topic, theme—should be in the form of questions (Who, what, when, what if, why…) or “I wonder if…” --Make a Word Splash using the important words in this text. changes smallest I wonder atoms Matter living things gas ! Do a Preview and Predict strategy—15 minutes: 1. 1 minute—Students individually preview text material, all looking at illustrations, photos, bold print… --Construct a graphic organizer (T-list, Venn Diagram, etc.) depicting the highlights of reading selection. 2. 3 minutes—With a partner, students write 3 things they think --Illustrate new learning on a poster including appropriate they will learn about from this text. Write in complete captions and details. sentences, note form, or pictures, depending on students’ --Create a poem, chant, song, or play demonstrating new language proficiency. learning. --Do a Graffiti Write representing students’ learning: 3. 4 minutes—Partners share their list with another pair of 1. Each team has chart paper, each team member has a students and list is condensed and or expanded. Transfer marker. A topic or question is posed. At the start final list to chart paper. signal each person writes a personal comment about the topic or question on the chart paper—at the same Matter is everything. time. 2 minutes. A tree is matter. 2. When time is called, teams rotate to next table, read A girl is matter. comments and add their own—may be same Matter can change. topic/question or another question or focus. 2 minutes. 3. Rotate again, either to another table or back to own 4. 3 minutes—4 person teams report out findings and post list. table. Post results. ! Report Out representations for class to enjoy or problem solve 5. 4 minutes-- Teacher reads first section of text (one page or answers. less) while students follow along. Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language ! Do GIST summarizing strategy—7 minutes: Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short 1. 3 minutes--After reading a passage or section of text, Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, teacher and students underline or pick out 10 words and Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 concepts that are “most important” to understanding text. 2. 1 minute--Write 10 words on the board. matter forms changes gas solid living things liquid space states of matter atoms 3. 3 minutes--Teacher and students write 1-2 summary statements using as many of the listed words as possible. Could be partner work. Post on board. ! 3 minutes--Refer back to Preview Chart. Read each statement, confirm if it is + or -, depending on reading selection. Erase or cross out statements that are not likely to relate to rest of reading selection, and add new predictions. Matter can change. + A rock is matter. + Atoms are the largest part of a thing. - ! 10 minutes--Students continue with reading, either in partners or small teams and do GIST strategy within their team. If the
- 6. (1-4 or 5). All #1s read the first 2 pages, #2s read the second 2 pages, etc. These expert groups then discuss their reading and Making Content Comprehensible— share ideas. The original groups reconvene, discuss the whole text and share their expertise. Students pool their information. 5. Interaction Numbered heads together—Similar to Jigsaw without forming expert groups. Each student works on one portion of assignment and then students share. Opportunities for Interaction: Four corners—Great activity to introduce a topic or chapter # Learning is more effective when students have an opportunity to of study. Write one question or idea on each chart paper. Divide participate fully—discussing ideas and information class into 4 groups, each group has a different color marker— # Effective teachers strive to provide a more balanced linguistic students move to one corner chart paper and designated student exchange between themselves and their students—ELL students begins writing their ideas on chart. Time activity 2-4 minutes. need the practice in speaking! Students move clockwise to next corner, read responses and add # Interaction accesses the thought processes of another and their comments. solidifies one’s own thinking Roundtable—Use with open-ended questions, grammar # Talking with others, either in pairs or small groups allows for oral practice. 4-5 students are grouped at tables, one sheet of paper, rehearsal of learning one pencil. Question or grammar point is given by teacher, students pass paper around table, each writing their own response. Teacher circulates room. ! Encouraging more elaborate responses: 3 Step Interview—Students are paired. Each student --going beyond “yes” and “no” answers— listens to the other as they respond to a topic question. At the “Tell me more about that” end of 3 minutes, each pair joins another pair of students and “What do you mean by…” shares what their partners said. Good way to practice language. “What else…” Writing Headlines—Good way to practice summarizing an “How do you know?” activity, story or project. Provide models of Headlines. Students “Why is that important?” work in pairs writing a headline for an activity. Pairs share out “What does that remind you of?” their headlines and class votes on most effective headline. or teacher restates student’s answer— “In other words…. Is that accurate?” Send a Problem—One table team sends a question or or teacher allows wait time for student to formulate answer problem to another table. Each table team solves or answers or teacher calls on another student to extend classmate’s question and passes it back to original table. This is a good way response to review for a test. ! Fostering student-student interaction: --Putting students in pairs, triads or small groups Wait Time: --Types of activities that encourage “table talk”: Literature circles, think-pair-share, jigsaw readings debates, ! Wait time varies by culture: The average length science or math experiments of wait time in US classrooms is clearly not sufficient --Effective teachers allow students to express their thoughts fully without interruption Grouping Configurations: TIP: Allow students to practice their answer with a partner before calling on them to speak out before the whole class. # All students, including English Language Learners, benefit from TIP: Have more advanced students write down their responses while instruction that frequently includes a variety of grouping waiting, and then check their answers against the final answer. configurations # It is recommended that at least 2 different grouping structures be used during a lesson Clarify Key Concepts in L1: ! Variety: ! Best practice indicates that ELLs benefit from opportunities to $ Whole class— clarify concepts in their native language L1— To develop classroom community --Use bilingual paraprofessionals, teachers, peers as clarifiers for To provide a shared experience for everyone vocabulary, concepts, or procedures $ Flexible small groups— --Use native language texts, dictionaries as tools to illuminate or To promote multiple perspectives illustrate topic To encourage collaboration $ Partnering— To provide practice opportunities To scaffold instruction Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language To give assistance before independent practice Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short ! Homogenous or Heterogeneous Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, grouping Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 $ By gender, language proficiency, language background, and/or ability $ Variety maintains students’ interest $ Movement from whole class, to partners, to small group increases student involvement $ Varying group structures increases the preferred mode of instruction for students ! Cooperative Learning Activities: Information gap activities—Each student in a group has only one or two pieces of information needed to solve the puzzle or problem. Students must work together, sharing information while practicing their language, and using critical thinking skills. Jigsaw—Jigsaw reading task by chunking text into manageable parts (1-2 pages). Number students in each group
- 7. Integration of Language Skills: Making Content Comprehensible— # Reading, writing, listening, and speaking are interrelated 6. Practice and Application and integrated naturally—we read when we write, we listen when we are talking with someone, etc. Hands-on Materials and/or Manipulatives # Most young children become grammatically competent in for Practice: their home language by age 5—for ELL students, the teacher needs to develop language skills in a holistic # Students have a greater chance of mastering content concepts manner. and skills when : ! given multiple opportunities to practice # Practice in any one area (listening, speaking, reading, ! practice is in relevant, meaningful ways writing) promotes development in the others. ! practice includes “hands-on “ experiences # Connections between abstract and concrete concepts are # Planning for hands-on practice: best accomplished when all language processes— ! Divide content into meaningful short chunks reading, writing, listening, and speaking—are ! Time for practice should be short—10-15 minutes incorporated during practice and application. ! New learning should have several short practices close together ! Older learning should be practices distributed further apart— review material periodically What does a Classroom that Incorporates ! Give students immediate feedback on how well they have Listening, Speaking, Reading and done Writing… # ELL students need to connect abstract concepts with concrete experiences: Material can be organized, created (chart learning), counted, classified (concept mapping), stacked (index card review), rearranged, dismantled… Application of Content and Language Knowledge: # Abstract concepts and new information needs to be applied in a personally relevant way-- ! Writing in a diary format through a character ! Making and Playing a game for content review (Jeopardy, Bingo, Wheel of Fortune…) ! Creating a semantic map ! Writing test questions to ask another student ! Teaching concepts to another student Does your classroom incorporate a variety of Listening, # Discussing and “doing” make abstract concepts Speaking, Reading, and Writing activities during Practice concrete. and Application? ! Clustering ! Making and using graphic organizers ! Solving problems in cooperative groups ! Engaging in discussion circles ! Partnering students in a project before independent work Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short # Opportunities for social interaction promote language development. Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 ! Small group discussions ! Working with partners ! Reporting out information orally and in writing # Modeling correct English after a student has made a pronunciation or grammar error can gently but effectively instill appropriate usage.
- 8. # The most effective teachers minimize Making Content Comprehensible— boredom, off-task behaviors, making 7. Lesson Delivery announcements, passing out papers, etc. Content Objectives: # Aspects of student engagement to # Content objectives must be clearly consider: supported by lesson delivery: ! Allocated time—decisions teachers make regarding amount of time spent on topic and each academic ! Should be stated orally task (reading, word study, writing…) ! Should be written on board for all to see— ! There is a balance between teacher presentation and preferably in a designated space every time opportunities for students to apply information. ! Purpose: ! Engaged time—Time students are actively $ Reminds us of lesson focus participating during allocated time: $ Provides a structure to classroom The more actively students participate in the procedures—before, during, after instructional process the more they achieve. $ Allows students to know direction of the lesson ! Students learn more then they are attending $ Supplies way for students and teacher to to the learning tasks that are the focus of instruction evaluate lesson in light of content objectives ! Limit content objectives to one or two per lesson ! Academic learning time—Students’ time-on-task, when the task is related to the materials on which # “When teachers spend their time and they will be tested—not just-for-fun activities! energy teaching students the content the ! Class time needs to be planned efficiently—and therefore effective use of time and resources students need to learn, students learn the material…” # Factors that contribute to high levels of student engagement: 1. Well planned lessons Language Objectives: 2. Clear explanation of academic tasks or instructions 3. Appropriate amount of time spend on an academic task # Language objectives must be clearly 4. Strong classroom management skills supported by lesson delivery: 5. Opportunities for students to apply learning in meaningful ways ! Should be stated orally 6. Active student involvement ! Should be written on board for all to see— 7. Lesson design meets the language and learning needs of preferably in a designated space every time students ! Can relate to ESL Standards from TESOL ! Can be from State Language Arts Benchmarks Pacing: ! Can be specific to book language studied (certain verb form, word endings, vocabulary, punctuation, # Pacing refers to the rate at which summarizing, active discussion… information is presented during a lesson. ! Needs to be recognizable in lesson’s delivery ! Rate for ELL students must be brisk enough to maintain students’ interest but not too quick to lose their understanding. Students Engaged: ! Practice will reward a perfect pace. # Students should be engaged 90-100% of the period for lesson delivery to be effective Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language # “When students spend their time actively Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short engaged in activities that relate strongly Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, to the materials they will be tested on, Dearborn Public Schools, 2002 they learn MORE of the material.” Leinhart, Bickel & Pallay
- 9. Providing Feedback: Making Content Comprehensible— # Periodic review: 8. Review and Assessment ! Clarifies and corrects misconceptions ! Develops students’ proficiency in English Review of Key Vocabulary: ! Allows for paraphrasing students’ responses in correct English and complete sentences # Key vocabulary can be developed through analogy: # Feedback given orally and in writing, ! Relating newly learned words to other words with the supported by facial expressions and body same structure or pattern (ex: photosynthesis " language—nod, smile, encouraging look… photography) ! Drawing students’ attention to tense, parts of speech, Assessment of Lesson Objectives: and sentence structure # Assessment is “the gathering and ! Repeating and reinforcing language patterns for synthesizing of information concerning words to become automatic students’ learning” # Evaluation is “making judgments about # Ways to scaffold : students’ learning”. Assessment comes ! Paraphrasing—oral rehearsal of what student is going to say with group before saying it to the whole class or saying the first, then evaluation definition of a word right after the word # Informal Assessment: ! Systematic study—remember “research says isolated ! On-the-spot, ongoing opportunities to determine the extent word lists and dictionary definitions alone do not promote of students’ learning. vocabulary and language development. Words should be studied through multiple modalities—see them, say them, ! Includes teacher observations, anecdotal reports, informal conversations with students, quick-writes. write them many times in different ways, act them out, sing them, draw them, find them in context…. # Authentic Assessment: ! Word Study Books—This is a student-made personal ! Application to real life—real life contexts notebook in which the student includes frequently used words and concepts. Book can be organized by language structure: -tion, - ! Multidimensional—ex: students’ writing, taped pieces, interviews, videotapes, observations, projects, discussion, performances, sion, -tation and/or alphabetical, and/or by topic of study (ex: group responses… Revolution words) One way to enter words: Write the word, include a ! Includes multiple indicators to show competency of a content personal definition, use the word in a sentence, and add a objective. Use of a rubric defines level of learning and is shared memorable symbol or drawing that will trigger the word with students and parents from memory. ! Group responses: ! “School Talk” sessions—Teach discussion circle $ Agree/Disagree, True/False, Yes/No –index cards that students protocol: taking turns, polite disagreement words, how to ask and or groups of students could use to quickly give their answers to answer questions. Do a practice session with a fun topic of questions. Teacher can quickly see responses. students’ interest like movie stars, cars… $ Thumbs up/thumbs down—Like the index cards, students can quick respond to questions. For “I don’t know” students can make Review of Key Content Concepts: a fist. Teacher gets a feel for whole class understanding or agreement. # Review key concepts during and at the end $ Numbered wheels-Tag board strips (5” x 1”). Each strip is of a lesson: numbered 0-5 or 0-10. This allows students to answer multiple- choice questions quickly by holding up appropriate number. O is ! Informal summarizing review—ex: “Up to this a “Don’t know” response. These are great for review before a point….Discuss in your groups the 3 important things written test. we have learned so far.” $ Response boards: Small chalk or white boards, or even plastic ! Periodic review (chunking) leads into next section to plates can be used for group responses. Use dry-erase markers, be studied chalk, or crayons that can be erased for next question. ! Structured review—summarizing with partners, listing key points on board. ! Link review to content objectives—ensures focus on Source taken from: “Making Content Comprehensible for English Language essential concepts Learners”, Echevarria, Vogt, Short ! Final review—allows students to assess their own Compiled by the Bilingual and Compensatory Education Resource Team, understandings and clarify misunderstandings Dearborn Public Schools, 2002