The design of software based peer groups to combat digital addiction
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The document discusses the design of software-based peer groups to combat digital addiction. It conducted diary studies and focus groups to understand how self-monitoring and peer monitoring could help reduce addiction. Key findings included the importance of reciprocity and "helper therapy" principles. Designing groups based on addiction severity and theme is important. Future work includes addressing challenges in requirements for heavy addicts and better understanding how social norms operate in these systems.
The design of software based peer groups to combat digital addiction
- 1. The Design of Software-based Peer Groups to Combat Digital Addiction Amen Alrobai, John McAlaney, Keith Phalp, Raian Ali 5-7, 2016, Salzburg, Austria Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University, UK aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 2. Background aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 3. 3
- 4. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 5. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 6. • Digital Addiction, has become a serious issue that has a diversity of socio-economic side effects. In spite of its high importance, DA got little recognition or guidance as to how software development should take it into account • This is in stark contrast to other domains known for traditional addiction (e.g., drugs, gambling, and alcohol) in which there are clear rules and policies on how to manufacture, market and sell the products • We advocate the need to consider DA as a first class professional, social and ethical requirement in developing software systems aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 7. .:: Definition ::. A motivational peer group: “is where people voluntarily come together to help each other address common problems or shared concerns” (Davidson et al. 2006) • Peer support is a form of social support (peer is the source of support) • Online Peer Groups: Interaction mediated by software means aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 8. Problem aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 9. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 FamiLync: Participatory learning, in which children engage with parents in activities that encourage both parent and child to participate in co- learning of digital media use. (Ko et al. 2015)
- 10. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 NUGU: Group-based Intervention. But the intervention comes from the observation and learning. (Ko et al. 2015)
- 11. No systematic approaches to configure peer groups • Smoking cessation groups, (Stead & Lancaster 2005) • Weight management in adult obesity (Ebhohimhen & Avenell 2009) Lack of supporting long-term change (sustainable change) Lack of understanding the dual use/effect of online peer groups interactions To understand what constitutes the personalisation for online peer groups aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 So we can say: Currant solutions create opportunities for regulated interactions, but facilitate them poorly
- 12. Methodology aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 13. Diary studies followed by Semi-structured interviews GOAL: Investigating how users would perceive self-monitoring and peer monitoring to combat DA • 14 participants (5 males, 9 females), aged 18-50 • Convenience sampling technique • A pre-selection test based on CAGE questionnaire • TASK: Use a digital diet app for 14 days and record diaries • Semi-structured interviews aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 15. Two sessions focus group study GOAL: Understanding different perspectives on online peer groups and their interactive design • 6 participants with pre-existing social relationships (3 males, 3 females), aged 20-26, undergraduate students from Bournemouth University • Convenience sampling technique • A pre-selection test based on CAGE questionnaire aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 16. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 Session II TASK: Engaging task to review the design created based on session I Discussions: was guided by 8 provided questions, on the motivation, perception towards provided messages, interactive features, personalisation aspects, role of moderators, ex-addicts etc. Session I TASK: Engaging task to design software-based peer group, including gamification techniques Discussions: was guided by 10 provided questions on how to create effective and motivating design and how to implement messages, rewards, penalties and roles etc.
- 17. Results aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 18. Perceived usefulness 71% Technology-limiting technology was perceived as interesting but a paradox. The reciprocity norm is the most essential ingredients to build effective groups. The “helper therapy” principle, participants find it more motivating to be also useful for others. Other popular persuasive techniques may not be seen efficient and need to be revisited. E.g. Cialdini’s Liking principle aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 “inviting alcoholics down the pub to chat about their alcoholism”
- 19. Why it is important? • Users emphasised the importance of human element to create sense of authority, trust and commitment. • E.g. parental involvement for young age groups. • Addressing deviant behaviours • Playing governance roles such as rewards allocation What characteristics? Transformational moderation • Create and suggest rules (of engagement), support motivation, provide advice to members and create real life events. • rewarding 50% Vs. penalties 30% Transactional moderation • Active : monitoring interaction and applying corrective actions • Passive : intervenes when group’s goals are violated • Counselling: no monitoring and direct intervening are required but only when needed aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 20. Experiential knowledge Moderators as ex-addicts (empathy 20% vs. discouragement 80%) aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 Early stage addiction Advanced stage addiction Professional Involvement Professional OR Experiential Friendliness AND liberal style “moderators must have successful support history regardless of their professional knowledge” “addicts might dictate their opinion and be biased to their own experience”
- 21. Fogg’s model for persuasive • The ability of reducing usage is very low in severe DA (FACT) • The design should: 1) increase the motivational influence, 2) apply the right triggers • Providing means to express the confidence in member’s ability to change or applying the right social norm would increase the perceived self-efficiency which will act as a powerful motivational tool Penalties as persuasive techniques • Penalties should take more influential approach such as: aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 “people may leave a peer group if too much penalty is enforced” “Confrontation members with their status”
- 22. Most digital diet apps fail here. E.g. Reminders Most digital diet apps fail here e.g. Scores, feedback “…focus on the motivation not the ability” The GAP. E.g. Manage digital self, monitor, setting goals aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 23. Stage-matched groups • Different levels of addiction represents different level of self-control and distinct attitudes and behaviours • Individuals with less severe addiction maybe easer to be guided. • Sever addicts needs comprehensive treatment regardless of the stage of change they are at. Theme of addiction • Addiction to online pornography would require certain degree of anonymity Social dimension • Only, 9% of the responses were in favour of having family members aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 “friends are not always the good thing” “unknown people with no direct contact is better and more relaxed” “family members would be distracting as I may need to behave differently”. “non-addicts may give a perspective and learn how it feels”
- 24. • Level of anonymity as key motivation • Ex.1: Identifiable by the system only, by the moderator or by peers • Ex.2: Identifiable through real identity or pseudonym • Addiction theme as an important aspect in deciding the suitable levels of privacy • Anonymity vs. visibility. • Visibility as a persuasive feature to inspire trust • Lack of having a particular trend in electing moderators • Element of FUN by Gamification was paradox. • Collective competitions instead of individual competition aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 25. Conclusions and future work aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 26. We explored different aspects of online peer groups and demonstrated its prominent persuasive considerations Adaptation for heavy addicts would be a very challenging Challenges for requirements engineering practices How social norms operate in these systems is still unknown Using simple metrics would provide misleading assertions So, measurement models should consider the psychological research on the addiction severity based on clinical criteria, such as salience, conflict and relapse Biased decisions in the process of online peer groups configuration aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 27. aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016 “If I knew that this game could have become so addictive, I would have become a lot more wary of it. I would not have bought it, or I would have left it until I was on holiday or until the New Year holidays,” a statement from the man read.
- 28. • We would like to thank: • Asad Khan and Yasmeen Abdalla for their valuable contributions in conducting the focus group and diary studies in the early stages of this research. • The research is supported by: aalrobai@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016
- 30. Thank you malmaliki@bournemouth.ac.uk Persuasive Technology, Salzburg, Austria, 5-7 April, 2016