The-Human skeletal system topic to discuss
- 2. LET’S DISCUSS The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body’s internal organs while also serving as an attachment point for muscles. In humans, it consists of bones, joints, and associated cartilage. SKELETAL SYSTEM DID YOU KNOW? Did you know that babies are born with around 270- 300 bones, while an average adult has 206 bones? Osteology it is a branch of science that deals with the of the skeletal system, their structure and functions.
- 3. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Support: Provides structural support for the body, maintaining posture and enabling upright movement. Protection: Protects internal organs from injury. For example, the skull protects the brain, and the ribcage shields the heart and lungs. Movement: Works with muscles and joints to facilitate movement. Muscles contract and pull on bones, producing motion. Mineral Storage: Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for bone strength and various metabolic processes. Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, vital for oxygen transport, immune function, and clotting.
- 4. COMPOSED OF: bones cartilage joints ligaments
- 5. MAJOR DIVISIONS the central bony structure of the body, comprising the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, forming the body's central axis and protecting vital organs. Axial Skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs (arms and legs), along with the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton. Appendicular Skeleton
- 6. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BONES These bones are longer than they are wide and provide leverage for movement. Examples include the femur, humerus, and clavicles. Long Bones Short bones have a squat, cubed shape and are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. Examples include the tarsals (ankle bones). Short Bones These bones are thin and often curved. They serve as protective shields and provide attachment points for muscles. Examples include the ribs and scapula. Flat Bones These bones do not conform to the shapes of the other 3 types. They have unique forms and functions. Examples include the bones of the face and vertebrae. Irregular Bones a small, round bone embedded within a tendon, often near a joint, that functions to protect the tendon from excessive wear and improve muscle force generation. Sesamoid Bones
- 20. STRUCTURE (shaft) The long, central part of the bone. Thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity (marrow cavity). Provides strength and houses bone marrow. DIAPHYSIS
- 21. STRUCTURE (ends) The widened ends of the bone. Spongy (cancellous) bone inside, with a thin layer of compact bone on the outside. Helps with articulation (joint movement); contains red marrow for blood cell production. EPIPHYSIS
- 22. STRUCTURE Tough, fibrous outer covering of the bone. Protection, nourishment, and site for ligament/tendon attachment; contains osteoblasts and blood vessels. PERIOSTEUM
- 23. STRUCTURE thin membrane lining the medullary cavity. Contains bone-forming cells; helps with bone growth and repair. ENDOSTEUM
- 24. STRUCTURE Hollow center of the diaphysis. Yellow marrow (fat storage) in adults; red marrow (blood cell production) in children. MEDULLARY CAVITY
- 25. JOINTS IN THE HUMAN BODY THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- 26. LET’S DISCUSS A joint, also known as an articulation, is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together to form a connection. Joints allow for movement (e.g., limb movement) and stability (e.g., skull bones’ stability). They can be classified based on structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial) and function (immobile, slightly movable, or freely movable). DEFINITION OF JOINTS
- 27. STRUCTURAL TYPES Fibrous joints are where adjacent bones are strongly united by fibrous connective tissue. An example of this is the membrane between the ulna and radius called interosseous. Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by cartilage. An example of a cartilaginous joint is the pubic symphysis. Synovial joints are characterized by a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joint. An example of a synovial joint is the knee joint.
- 28. FIBROUS JOINTS these are the articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue. They have no joint cavity and exhibit little or no movement. Joints in this group are further subdivided on the asis of structures as (1) sutures, (2) syndesmoses, and (3) gomphoses.
- 29. SUTURES or also called synostoses. Found between the bones of the skull. In a newborn, some parts of the sutures are quite wide and are called fontanels or soft spots. They allow flexibility in the skull during the birth process, as well as growth of the head after birth.
- 30. SYNDESMOSES are fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments. An example is the fibrous membrane connecting most of the distal parts of the radius and ulna.
- 31. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Hold two bones together by a pad of crtilage. Like fibrous joints, these joints exhibit little or no movement. Cartilagenous joints are subdivided on the basis of the type of cartilage as (1) synchodroses, which contain hyaline cartilage, and (2) symphyses, which contain fibrocartilage.
- 32. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Ball-and-socket joints consist of a spherical head of one bone fitting into a cup-like depression of another bone. The shoulder joint is a classic example of a ball-and- socket joint; the head of the humerus forms the "ball" part of the joint, while the shallow, cup-shaped glenoid cavity of the scapula serves as the "socket." BALL-AND- SOCKET
- 33. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Hinge joints allow movement primarily in one plane, like a door hinge, permitting only flexion and extension. The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the humerus (upper arm bone) with the ulna and radius (forearm bones). It allows for movements like flexion and extension of the arm. HINGE JOINTS
- 34. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Pivot joints, also known as rotary joints, are a type of synovial joint in the human body that allow rotational movement around a central axis. The atlantoaxial joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2) is a pivot joint. It allows for rotation of the head from side to side, such as when shaking the head "no." PIVOT JOINTS
- 35. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Condyloid joints allow movement in two planes, primarily flexion and extension, as well as some abduction and adduction. The radiocarpal joint in the wrist is a condyloid joint formed by the articulation of the radius and a row of carpal bones. This joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements of the hand. CONDYLOID JOINTS
- 36. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Saddle joints are similar to condyloid joints but have a greater range of motion. They allow for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a saddle joint, where the trapezium bone of the wrist articulates with the first metacarpal bone of the thumb. This joint allows for various movements. SADDLE JOINTS
- 37. SYNOVIAL JOINTS A gliding joint is a type of synovial joint in the human body characterized by the sliding or gliding movement of the articulating surfaces of bones. Intertarsal joints allow for subtle gliding movements between the tarsal bones. These movements contribute to the flexibility of the foot, facilitating actions such as walking, running, and balancing. GLIDING JOINTS
- 38. Thank you!