The library, the digital and the quest

The library, the digital and the
quest for open access
UFP’s Erasmus Staff Week for Librarians

Workshop on 20th March, 2013
Luis Borges Gouveia
lmbg@ufp.edu.pt

The Workshop
• Title:
The library, the digital and the quest for open access

The growing number of information sources combined
with available digital content and the widespread of
computers and networks are putting pressure on how
libraries organize and compete with such a new, brave
(and savage) world.
Facing new demands from society, and taking the
university libraries context, a number of issues are
introduced for discussion as the case of digital libraries
and open access regarding its impact for both authors
and publishers.

Workshop conducted by
• Luis Borges Gouveia is an Associate Professor of
Knowledge Management, Science and Technology
Faculty at University Fernando Pessoa
• Among his research interests are the impact of digital
information and information society issues in our day-
to-day life.
• He publishes 12 books and was involved in several
projects concerning the use of information in
e-learning and e-government settings
– More information is available at
http://about.me/lbgouveia

Schedule, Wednesday 20th March
Workshop The library, the digital
9:30 – 11:00 and the quest for open access
- Discuss digital challenges

11:00 – 11:30 Coffee break
Workshop The library, the digital
11:30 – 13:00 and the quest for open access
- Discuss open access
13:00 – 14:30 Lunch break (individually)

14:30 – 16:00 Available materials to work with…

Internet as a brave new world
• As stated Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), the
defence of a Paradise-enginnering world setting
can not be a viable substitution for people and
its emotional links (he is in favour of universal
happiness, not a perfect and pure true)
– See more at http://www.huxley.net/

Some ideas of such a world…
• Highly networked
• Fast paced
• Ongoing change
• Mutating workplace (leisure also?...)
• Do it now, everywhere, with available tech, no time waste,
and resources efficiency
• Action
– Collaboration oriented
– Life long learning
– Self learning
• Be prepared for
– share, cocreate, be creative, reuse, and stay with high mobility

A definition…
• Describes any system based on discontinuous
data or events.
– Computers are digital machines because at their most
basic level they can distinguish between just two
values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple way
to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25.
– All data that a computer processes must be encoded
digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.
• The opposite of digital is analog.

– From http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/digital.html

Spread the word (on that case, the bit)
• Bit: binary digit
• First computer, then networks
• First some data, then many data
– On such days almost all the data that matters
• First some information, then those
information we need to access
– On such days almost all the information with value
• And knowledge?
– We are working on it…

T. S. Eliot (1888-1965): The Rock (1934)

Where is the Life we have lost in living?

Where is the wisdom we have lost in
knowledge?

Where is the knowledge we have
lost in information?
http://www.wisdomportal.com/Technology/TSEliot-TheRock.html

Information society
• a society where information and
communication technology are
the primary resource to
exchange digital information,
and to support interaction
between individuals using
practices and methods in
permanent change

(Gouveia and Gaio, 2004)

Information society
Heavy use of ICT
(computers and networks)

Growing use of digital

Network organisation

The computer without a mouse! ... How to
use it?

The computer without a keyboard!

The computer without keyboard!... How to
use it?

But... Where is the computer!
Learning /
esforço
aprendizagem
effort
supercomputadores

mainframes
computadores
de médio porte
Micro
computers
minicomputadores
Mobile
devices microcomputadores
Smart desktop, servidores
portáteis
objects Time
TEMPO
dispositivos
móveis
objectos
inteligentes

custo / complexidade
Cost/complexity

But... Where is the computer!
• Networked hidden
and
• Transaction related

“somewhere among us”
Make us remember some
religious stuff

the digital and rich information
environments

The analogic and rich information
environment

From the analogic to the digital “world”

• learn...
– In the analogic, memorise to learn
– In digital, forget to learn
• work...
– In the analog, take time to work
– In the digital, work without taking time

The library, the digital and the quest

Some remarks
• With digital support
– Space is extended
– Time becomes a scarse resource
– i.e. more reach, less time
• People in organisations
– Less government
– More governance
– i.e. Distance can be less a problem than time (time to
know, time to be, time to do, time to react,...)
– i.e. Networks, instead of leadership (?)

Some remarks
• Again, the digital, time-space and people...
– i.e. Increase information flux and interactions
• At the end of the day
– Who pays the bill
– Who controls it
• Has we take this into consideration when design our cities* for (?)
– Diversity
– Proximity
– Centrality
– Knowledge
– A given strategy

*schools, libraries, …

A number of challenges
• People skills
• [Social, economical, digital] gap
• Engage people
• What to know and how (wisdon?...)

But also
• Sense human presence
• Collaboration support (not just sharing or cooperation)
• Information visualisation & Knowledge representation
• Linking the real and the virtual (location devices, senses and
get rid of web based as first tech proposal...)

Additional notes
• “perform” digital it is
not just related with
computers and
networks
• We still be analogic, but
our interaction are
more digital than ever

Additional notes...
Last time I saw David, he told
me they will crack down
• Reinvent our notions of
time and space
• Reinvent the function
• Deal with information
challenges

Do it networked!

Additional notes
• Knowledge rate substitution
– Something between 20% to 25%
– This means that we need to replace knowledge every 4 – 5
years
• As a result, a territory must be also organised with
the ability to produce knowledge
– Need schools, research and focus
– Additional concerns to add to energy, water and other
stuff…
– …and what is the role for libraries?

Additional notes
• A move from an offer oriented organisation to
a client oriented strategy also has implications
in the way we deal with information
– New ways to deal with information discover
• How to be discovered (offer side)
• How to discover (client side)
– Individuals can no more stand on their own
ability; must rely mostly on their network
connections
– …again, what is the role for libraries?

Digital literacy

Read more at http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov97/vol55/num03/A-New-
Digital-Literacy@-A-Conversation-with-Paul-Gilster.aspx

Being part of a bigger and complex set

How much information?
• “2002 could be considered the beginning of the
digital age, the first year worldwide digital
storage capacity overtook total analog capacity.
As of 2007, almost 94 percent of our memory is in
digital form”

• Read more on
http://news.usc.edu/#!/article/29360/How-
Much-Information-Is-There-in-the-World
• Watch a video about the Martin Hilbert study:
http://vimeo.com/20928251

Deal with it…
• Information overload
– Issues of quantity (to much information to cope with…)
– Issues of quality (to complex information to cope with…)
– Issues of synchrony and trueness (can we deal with channel diversity
and confirm information trueness…)
• How to deal with information overload?
– Management (tasks, goals, time, information, relationships, attention,
…)
– Relate, structure, prioritise
– Say no!
– Do not have it, link it!
– Filter, discard
– Share, collaborate
– Focus and forget
– Learn to network a lot

Turn knowledge into understandable
information
• Translate it to
real world
relationships…
– compare and
relate
– use multimedia
and visual
complexity
See
http://www.visualcomplexity.com

With Internet the issue of publication
also changes…
• See this 9:29 min video from Aaron Swartz –
The Network Transformation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzNXDdjtXQI&no
redirect=1

Internet activist
(1986, 2013)

Well… lets take a break now…

Open Access

JISC reports on open access (2010 & 2011): http://crc.nottingham.ac.uk/projects/rcs/reports.php

grassroots
• Pete Suber timeline of the Open Access Movement
(start in 1966, with ERIC, till 2008)
– http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm
• More info on the open access directory
– A good reference on
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Main_Page
– See its timeline (for Sec XXI):
http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Timeline
• Steven Harnad (Princeton University, 1995), Scholarly
Journals at the Crossroads: A subversive Proposal for
Electronic Publishing
– full book at http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/subversive.pdf)

More…
• Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI, 2002, revised
2010)
– its free availability on the public internet, permitting any
users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or
link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for
indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for
any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or
technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on
reproduction and distribution, and the only role for
copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control
over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly
acknowledged and cited
– http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/openaccess

Back on 2006…
• Open Access (OA) means that electronic scholarly
articles are available freely at the point of use. The
subject has been discussed for over 10 years, but has
reached a crescendo of discussion over the last few
years with various declarations in favour of OA from
groups of researchers or their representatives.
• The UK House of Commons Science and Technology
Committee considered the issue in 2004, reporting in
the summer in favour of OA. This indicates the
importance of the issue, and led to statements from
large research funding bodies such as the Welcome
Trust and the Research Councils UK.

What about open access (I)
• The academic publishing houses have very
successfully spread all sorts of confusion regarding
what OA actually is. The consensus amongst
academics who have studied the question of how to
move peer-reviewed academic communications out
of the Gutenberg era and into the Licklider/Berners-
Lee area is that OA consists of:
– immediate (on acceptance for publication) free (as
in beer) online access to the full final (amended
following review) text of scholarly/scientific
journal articles

What about open access (II)
• What OA is not, is anything to do with monographs, underlying
data, removing/radically revising the peer review process, or
requiring that the publisher’s formatting be available. The text (and
associated diagrams) are what matters in OA.
• As another archivangelist put it in a private email, it is the new
knowledge that matters, what new conclusions have been drawn or
“give me a shoulder to stand on”. Occasionally, minor errors in copy
do change the meaning of a text substantially, but in the world of
OA these would quickly be challenged (to paraphrase Raymond
(2001) “to many eyes, all typos are visible”) and OA repositories
allow revised versions to be added without over-writing the peer-
reviewed original.

• The archivangelist is Steven Harnad
• Eric Raymond (2001). The Cathedral and the Bazaar. O’Reilly.
Available in http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/

Open access policies
• NIH Public Access Policy Details (a fine and sucess
example)
– http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm
• University of Cambridge: Interesting collection of
timeline events related with academic open
access
– http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/open_access/
• UK Research Council (RCUK) published a revised
Policy on Open Access
– http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/RCUK
OpenAccessPolicyandRevisedguidance.pdf

Example: embargo periods
RCUK recent policy (April, 2013)

Open access policies
• EU has a policy for it (FP7, 2008)
– http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-
society/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1294&lang=1
– A recent slideshare presentation about EU Open Access
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenAccessEC/2013-02-07oa-dechamprev
• OpenAIRE initiative
– http://www.openaire.eu

• EUA has also a policy to it
– http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/02/22/expanding-public-
access-results-federally-funded-research

• But some issues arised as those placed by Michael Elisen
– http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2013/02/26/no-celebrations-here-why-the-
white-house-public-access-policy-sucks/

The idea of open access oposed to
protected knowledge
• The concept of Open Access is simple but
revolutionary: Anyone with Internet access can
immediately read any article published. With the
majority of research done at the University of Florida
being paid for by tax dollars, why should the tax
payers have to pay again in subscription fees for
access to their results?

http://www.thefineprintuf.org/2011/02/08/open-access/

Knowledge is power and need to be
protected & the sustainability issue

• The pros and cons of open access (Nature)
http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/34.html

Legal licenses and copyrights
• General license scheme provided worldwide by Creative
Commons (introduced in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig)
– http://creativecommons.org/
• Learn more about what is CC
– http://creativecommons.org/about
• Choose the right license to your needs
– http://creativecommons.org/choose/
• Search schemas for CC content (include Europeana)
– http://search.creativecommons.org/

Types of CC licenses & sequence rules

CC BY

CC BY-SA

CC BY-ND

CC BY-NC

CC BY-NC-SA

CC BY-NC-ND

However, a number of critics make
(some) sense…
• Read some of the arguments
– the issue of peer reviewing:
http://poynder.blogspot.pt/2006/10/open-access-death-knell-
for-peer.html
– AO publishers discussion:
http://poynder.blogspot.pt/2011/10/interview-with-nicola-
rylett-intechs.html
– Overall general concerns:
http://research.criticpen.com/article/open-access-dream-m4zh
– Predatory publishers:
http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/12/06/bealls-list-of-predatory-
publishers-2013/
– Copyright and research, a very important paper on…
http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol4-3/adams.asp

The idea of reach more by less

The idea of a public option for
scholarship

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2009/10/02_open-
access.shtml

The idea of public investment on R&D
must lead to public results/reports
• See this Creative Commons post Open Access
and the Role of Universities in Society
http://www.creativecommons.org.nz/2012/10/open-access-
and-the-role-of-universities-in-society/
– Take into account the discussion with many interesting
addings

The idea of soundness in scientific
works (valid but not to advance the field)
• See Phil Davis post on Can Open Access
Journals Guarantee Sound Methods?
http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2010/10/19/oa-sound-
methodology/

CIHR six opportunities within the research cycle
http://www.ktdrr.org/ktlibrary/articles_pubs/ktmodels/index.html#figure1

KT1: Defining research questions and methodologies
KT2: Conducting research (as in the case of participatory research)
KT3: Publishing research findings in plain language and accessible formats
KT4: Placing research findings in the context of other knowledge and sociocultural norms
KT5: Making decisions and taking action informed by research findings
KT6: Influencing subsequent rounds of research based on the impacts of knowledge use

OA main general motivations
• Ethics: There is an ethical argument that research funded by the public should be
available to the public. Since research is an international activity, this crosses
national boundaries
• Research Impact: The Internet provides an opportunity. Modern harvesting
techniques and search engines make it possible to discover publications of relevance
if they are deposited in an OA repository with a particular metadata standard. If all
authors did this then the world of research would be available , fast and online, for
everybody. There is evidence that articles available in an OA repository have more
accesses (readers), citations and therefore impact
• Costs: There is concern over research activities caused by the cost of journal
subscriptions, whether electronic or paper. These costs run well above the rate of
inflation been to high for libraries with restricted budgets who withdraw to provide
many journals needed by researchers.
• Just reward: There is also concern that in traditional scholarly publishing, most of
the work (authoring, reviewing, editing) is done freely by the community and that
the publishers make excessive profits from the actual publishing (making available)
process. In conventional publishing, the institution subscribes to the publication
channel to obtain electronic access or paper copies

Types of open access

Read more on http://www.ercim.eu/publication/Ercim_News/enw64/jeffery.html

Always many (valid) perspectives
• A multitude of actors are involved, each with their
own agenda
– Publishers
– Librarians
– Users
– Authors
– Institutions
– Sponsors
– Industry
– Government
– Society
– Knowledge

Example:
authors perspective about copyright models
• Model A and Model C – both
variations on sharing the
copyright with the Creative
Commons licences
– preferred by 30% of the
respondents.
• Model B – in which the
exploitation rights are
transferred to the publisher
– preferred by 13%.
• Model D – the author keeps
the copyright
– preferred by nearly half of the
respondents (46%).
• Nearly 8% of the respondents
had no preference or did not
know.

From D-Lib 2006 Hoorn and van der Graaf paper:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february06/vandergraaf/02vandergraaf.html

A video on Open Access
• Watch this PhD comics 8 min video
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/PhD
_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv
• Credits:
– By Jorge Cham, based on interviews with Jonathan
Eisen and Nick Shockey (Open Access Explained!
(WebCite)) [CC-BY-3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)],
via Wikimedia Commons

Much more to be said…
• All a world of techno stuff need to be considered
– Digital libraries
– Interoperability
– Repositories
– Open access software
– OA and open source initiatives
• Also a number of issues need to be dealt with
– OA statistics
– Directories and publishers
– Open access services
– Self archiving issues
– Legal issues
– OA economics and funding
– OA and open data initiatives

Other urls…
• Sauber book on Open Access
• Cost forces Harvard to move its approach to publishers
– http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/apr/24/harvard-university-journal-publishers-prices
• …but also forces Springer to move
– http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-
11002-2-1387743-0
• Directories
– Doab: directory of open access books http://www.doabooks.org/
– Doaj: directory of open access journals http://www.doaj.org/
• About the digital and books:
– http://www.sourcebooks.com/blog/10-ways-to-explore-the-digital-revolution-
in-books.html
• Intech open science | open minds
– http://www.intechopen.com/books
• Ebrary, free open access collections
– http://www.ebrary.com/corp/oa.jsp

Some related TED & TEDx talks
• Michael Nielsen: Open Science
– http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/04/a-ted-talk-to-open-
your-eyes-to-open-science/
• Larry Lessig claiming that laws are killing creativity
– http://www.ted.com/talks/larry_lessig_says_the_law_is_strangling_cr
eativity.html
• Don Tapscott: four principles for the open world
– http://www.ted.com/talks/don_tapscott_four_principles_for_the_ope
n_world_1.html
• Jim Wales: on the birth of Wikipedia
– http://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.h
tml
• William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes
– http://www.ted.com/talks/william_noel_revealing_the_lost_codex_of
_archimedes.html

Further reading
• James Gleick. (2011). The Information. A History, a Theory, a Flood. Fourth
Estate. http://around.com/the-information/
• John Willinsky. (2006). The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to
Research and Scholarship. The MIT Press.
• Peter Suber. (2012). Open Access. The MIT Press.
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_%28the_book%29
• Sarah Giersch, Kirsten Butcher & Tom Reeves. (2003). Annotated Bibliography
of Evaluating the Educational Impact of Digital Libraries. NSDL.
http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/105668/1/giers
ch0903.pdf

• A small contribution (& offer…)
Gouveia, L. and Gaio, S. (eds) (2004). Readings in Information Society.
University Fernando Pessoa Press.

Hope the workshop provide some value

The library, the digital and the quest

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