The process approach
- 2. PRESENTATION ON THE PROCESS APPROACH Presented By Shahzad Ahmed Public Policy & Public Administration Central University of Jammu
- 3. Approaches to Public Policy Analysis Proces Approach Introduction to Public Policy. What is Public Policy Analysis ? Different Approaches. • The Institutional Model • The Neo-Institutional Model • Group Model • Elite/ Mass Model • System Model
- 4. Public Policy • Why We Study Public Policy ? To cope better with future. It improve our knowledge about the society Society’s future • Importance in developing countries. • Public Policy designed to alleviate personal descomfort or social unease
- 7. Policy Analysis • Policy Analysis is finding out what government do, why they do it, and what difference, if any, it makes. Description:- What Govt. is Doing (or not doing) Causes:- we can inquire about the causes, or determinants, of public policy. Why is public policy what it is? Why do governments do what they do? We might inquire about the effects of political institutions, processes, and behaviors on public policies.(Linkage B ) e.g Taxation We can also inquire about the effects of social, economic, and cultural forces in shaping public
- 8. CONTD….. Consequences we can inquire about the consequences, or impacts, of public policy. Learning about the consequences of public policy is often referred to as policy evaluation. What difference, if any, does public policy make in people's lives? We might inquire about the effects of public policy on political institutions and processes.(Linkage F) We also want to examine the impact of public policies on conditions in society (Linkage D ). For example, does capital punishment help to deter crime?
- 9. Linkage A: What are the effects of social and economic conditions on political and governmental institutions, processes, and behaviors? Linkage B: What are the effects of political and governmental institutions, processes, and behaviors on public policies? Linkage C: What are the effects of social and economic conditions on public policies? Linkage D: What are the effects {feedback} of public policies on social and economic conditions? Linkage E: What are the effects (feedback} of political and governmental institutions, processes, and behaviors on social and economic conditions? Linkage F: What are the effects {feedback} of public policies on political and governmental institutions, processes, and behaviors?
- 10. Specifically, policy analysis involves: 1. A primary concern with explanation rather than prescription. 2. A rigorous search for the causes and consequences of public policies. 3. An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy and to accumulate reliable research findings of general relevance.
- 11. Policy Problem Policy Actions Policy Selection Forecasting Policy Alternatives Problem Structuring Evolution Policy Outcomes Policy Process Monitoring Cycles in the Policy process
- 12. POLICY ANALYSIS AS ART AND CRAFT • Understanding public policy is both an art and a craft. It is an art because it requires insight, Creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and then in finding out whether these policies end up making things better or worse. It is a craft because these tasks usually require some knowledge of economics,political science,public administration, sociology, law, and statistics. Policy analysis is really an applied subfield of all of these traditional academic disciplines.
- 13. “Policy analysis is one activity for which there can be no fixed program, for policy analysis is synonymous with creativity, which may be stimulated by theory and sharpened by practice,which can be learned but not taught.” (Aaron Wildavsky)
- 14. Models for Policy Analysis A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of the real world. The models we shall use in studying policy are conceptual models. These are word models that try to • Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy. • Identify important aspects of policy problems. • Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life. • Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant. • Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences.
- 15. Broadly there are two major approaches to public policy. • Institutional • Neo-institutional • Group model • Elite/ Mass Model • System Approach • Rational-choice Model • Incremental • Game Theoritic • Stream and Window Process Approaches Output Approaches
- 16. Institutional Model The Institutional Approach/Model This has traditionally been the standard approach to studying not just policy but also basic government activities in politicl sphere. This approach suggests that the basis of public policy lies in variuos institutions and organs of state, such as Legislature, executive, judiciary, political parties and so on. • Govt. lends Legitimacy to policies. • Govt. policies involve Universality . • Govt. monopolizes Coercion in society.
- 17. The Neo-institutional Model • The neo-institutional, such as institutional, are concerned majorly with political institutions. • However, they are more concerned about how different policy types (i.e Substantive, Distributive & redistributive, Regulatory and Capitalization ) actully relate to the branches of government.
- 18. Group Theory • This Model assert that special interest groups and lobbies heavily influence the determination of public policy. Eg:- in the making economics policies, chambers of commerce or groups of rich farmers can try to influence policies. • There would be several groups in society some of which may enter into conflict among each other. Thus sometimes public policy is formulated as a resulting process or outcomes of balancing of conflicting interests of the variuos pressure groups.
- 19. FIGURE :- The Group Model The group model assumes that public policy is a balance of interest group influence; policies change when particular interest groups gain or Lose influence.
- 20. Elite/Mass Model • This approach suggests that public policy largely reflects the preferences, choices and values of small elite, which is in a position to govern. • This approach or theory suggests that the majority population is somewhat passive and most people are not so well informed as to be able to influence policy. • Thus the viewpoints and preferences of the elite get reflected in public policy.
- 21. Figure :- The Elite Model The elite model implies that public policy does not flow upward from demands by the people, but rather downward from the interests,values, and preferences of elites.
- 22. System Approach Fig:- Eastonian ‘Black Box’ Model