The Ring programming language version 1.5 book - Part 7 of 31

Ring Documentation, Release 1.5
Point
{
x=10
y=20
z=30
}
}
Class Container
aObjs = []
point
func getpoint
aObjs + new Point
return aObjs[len(aObjs)]
Class Point x y z
func braceend
see "3D Point" + nl + x + nl + y + nl + z + nl
Output
3D Point
10
20
30
45.5. More beautiful Code 329

CHAPTER
FORTYSIX
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING
Using the Ring programming language, we can create Natural programming languages based on classes and objects.
46.1 History
In 2010, I developed a new programming language called Supernova (developed using PWCT). This language uses
a code that looks similar to Natural Language statements to create simple GUI applications. Now after five years, In
the Ring programming language, we can get similar results, but now we have the ability to create/use code similar to
Natural language statements in any domain that we like or need.
The Ring programming language comes with the Supernova sprite, but with more generalization and with mix of other
languages sprites.
46.2 Example
The next example presents how to create a class that define two instructions
The first instruction is : I want window
The second instruction is : Window title = <expr>
Also keywords that can be ignored like the ‘the’ keyword
New App
{
I want window
The window title = "hello world"
}
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0
func geti
330

if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func settitle cValue
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue + nl
ok
Output:
Instruction : I want window
Instruction : Window Title = hello world
46.3 Change the Ring Keyword ‘And’
What if we want to connect between the two instructions using ‘and’
We have a problem because in Ring ‘and’ is a keyword
We can change that using the ChangeRingKeyword command.
Syntax:
ChangeRingKeyword <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>
Note: remember to restore the keyword again
Tip: The ChangeRingKeyword command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Example:
ChangeRingKeyword and _and
New App
{
I want window and the window title = "hello world"
}
Class App
46.3. Change the Ring Keyword ‘And’ 331

i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
title
nWindowTitle = 0
the=0 and=0
ChangeRingKeyword _and and
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
ok
func getand
see "Using : and" + nl
Output:
Instruction : I want window
Using : and
Instruction : Window Title = hello world
46.4 Change the Ring Operator ‘+’
What if we want to deﬁne a new behavior for any operator like the “+” operator.
We can do this change using the ChangeRingOperator command to hide operator (change it’s name)
Then we can use the operator as identiﬁer that we can handle it’s behaviour
Syntax:
46.4. Change the Ring Operator ‘+’ 332

ChangeRingOperator <oldoperator> <newoperator>
Note: remember to restore the operator again
Tip: The ChangeRingOperator command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Example:
ChangeRingOperator + _+
New App {
+
}
Class App
+
func get+
see "Plus operator"
ChangeRingOperator _+ +
Output:
Plus operator
46.5 Change the ‘=’ operator to ‘is’
Example:
ChangeRingOperator = is
New App
{
I want window and the window title is "hello world"
}
ChangeRingOperator is =
Class App
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
title
nWindowTitle = 0
the=0 and=0
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
46.5. Change the ‘=’ operator to ‘is’ 333

nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
ok
46.6 Using Eval() with our Natural Code
Example:
func Main
cProgram = ' I want window and the window title is "hello world" '
MyLanguage(cProgram)
Func MyLanguage cCode
# We add to the code the instructions that change keywords and operators
# Because Eval() uses a new Compiler Object (the original keywords and operatos).
cCode = '
ChangeRingOperator = is
' + cCode
New App
{
eval(cCode)
}
Class App
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
46.6. Using Eval() with our Natural Code 334

title
nWindowTitle = 0
the=0
and=0
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
ok
46.7 BraceStart and BraceEnd Methods
We can write code that will be executed before/after using { }
Example:
o1 = new test {
see "Hello" + nl
}
o1 {}
class test
func bracestart
see "start" + nl
func braceend
see "end" + nl
Output:
46.7. BraceStart and BraceEnd Methods 335

start
Hello
end
start
end
46.8 BraceExprEval Method
The next example demonstrates how to use the “BraceExprEval” method to get expressions in Natural code.
Example:
new natural {
create 5
}
class natural
create=0
lkeyword = false
func braceexpreval r
if lkeyword lkeyword=false return ok
see "expr eval" + nl
see "type: " + type(r) see nl
see "value : " see r see nl
func getcreate
lkeyword = true
see "create" + nl
Output:
create
expr eval
type: NUMBER
value : 5
46.9 Real Natural Code
The next example is a more advanced example
# Natural Code
new program {
Accept 2 numbers then print the sum
}
# Natural Code Implementation
class program
# Keywords
Accept=0 numbers=0 then=0 print=0 the=0 sum=0
# Execution
func braceexpreval x
value = x
func getnumbers
for x=1 to value
see "Enter Number ("+x+") :" give nNumber
46.8. BraceExprEval Method 336

aNumbers + nNumber
next
func getsum
nSUm = 0
for x in aNumbers nSum+= x next
see "The Sum : " + nSum
private
value=0 aNumbers=[]
Output:
Enter Number (1) :3
Enter Number (2) :4
The Sum : 7
46.10 BraceError() Method
The next examples demonstrates how to use the “BraceError” method to handle errors when accessing the object using
braces {}.
Example:
func main
o1 = new point {
x=10 y=20 z=30
TEST
SEE test
}
class point x y z
func braceerror
see "Handle Error!" + nl
SEE "Message :" + cCatchError + nl
if ( left(cCatchError,11) = "Error (R24)" ) and not isattribute(self,"test")
see "add attribute" + nl
addattribute(self,"test")
test = 10
ok
see "done" + nl
return
Output:
Handle Error!
Message :Error (R24) : Using uninitialized variable : test
add attribute
done
10
Example:
new point {
x=10 y=20 z=30
test()
see "mmm..." + NL
}
46.10. BraceError() Method 337

class point x y z
func braceerror
see "Handle Error!" + nl
see "Message :" + cCatchError + nl
see self
see "Done" + NL
Output:
Handle Error!
Message :Error (R3) : Calling Function without definition !: test
x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
z: 30.000000
Done
mmm...
46.11 Clean Natural Code
Instead of typing the literal as “literal” we can accept the words directly.
Example:
The next example accept hello world instead of “hello world”
But this example uses braceend() to check the end of the instruction
This means that this class process only one natural statement that end with literal.
New App
{
I want window and the window title is hello world
}
Class App
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
title is
nWindowTitle = 0
the=0 and=0
# Data
literal = ""
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
46.11. Clean Natural Code 338

if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func gettitle
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=2
ok
func getis
if nWindowTitle = 2
nWindowTitle=3
ok
func braceend
if nWindowTitle = 3
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + literal + nl
nWindowTitle = 0
ok
func braceerror
c= substr(cCatchError,":")
while c > 0
c= substr(cCatchError,":")
cCatchError=substr(cCatchError,c+1)
end
literal += substr(cCatchError,1)
46.11. Clean Natural Code 339

CHAPTER
FORTYSEVEN
USING THE NATURAL LIBRARY
In this chapter we will learn how to use the Natural Library to quickly deﬁne a language that contains a group of
commands.
To start using the library, We need to call naturallib.ring
load "naturallib.ring"
After loading the library, We can use the NaturalLanguage class that contains the next methods :-
• SetLanguageName(cLanguageName)
• setCommandsPath(cFolder)
• SetPackageName(cPackageName)
• UseCommand(cCommandName)
• SetOperators(cOperators)
• RunFile(cFileName)
• RunString(cString)
47.1 Natural Library - Demo Program
We will write the natural code in a Text ﬁle, for example program.txt
File: program.txt
Welcome to the Ring programming language!
What you are reading now is not comments, I swear!
After many years of programming I decided to think different about
programming and solve the problems in a better way.
We are writing commands or code and the Ring language is reading
it to understand us! Sure, What you are seeing now is
just ***part of the code - Not the Complete Program***
You have to write little things before and after this
part to be able to run it!
It is the natural part of our code where we can write in English,
Arabic or any Natural Language Then we will tell the computer
through the Ring language what must happens! in a way that we can scale
for large frameworks and programs.
340

Just imagine what will happens to the world of programming once
we create many powerful frameworks using the Ring language that
uses this way (Natural Programming).
For example When we say Hello to the Machine, It can reply! and when we
say count from 1 to 5 it will understand us, Also if
we said count from 5 to 1 it will
understand us too! You can see the Output window!
This Goal is not new, but the Ring language comes
with an innovative solution to this problem.
Output:
Hello, Sir!
The Numbers!
1
2
3
4
5
I will count Again!
5
4
3
2
1
To execute the natural code, We have start.ring
In start.ring we deﬁne the language and the commands.
File: start.ring
load "stdlib.ring"
New NaturalLanguage {
SetLanguageName(:MyLanguage)
SetCommandsPath(CurrentDir()+"/../command")
SetPackageName("MyLanguage.Natural")
UseCommand(:Hello)
UseCommand(:Count)
RunFile("program.txt")
}
We deﬁned a language called MyLanguage, We have folder for the language commands.
47.1. Natural Library - Demo Program 341

Each command will define a class that belong to the MyLanguage.Natural package.
We will define two commands, Hello and Count.
So we must have two files for defining the commands in the CurrentDir()+”/../command” folder
File: hello.ring
DefineNaturalCommand.SyntaxIsKeyword([
:Package = "MyLanguage.Natural",
:Keyword = :hello,
:Function = func {
See "Hello, Sir!" + nl + nl
}
])
File: count.ring
DefineNaturalCommand.SyntaxIsKeywordNumberNumber([
:Keyword = :count,
:Function = func {
if not isattribute(self,:count_times) {
AddAttribute(self,:count_times)
Count_Times = 0
}
if Expr(1) > Expr(2) {
nStep = -1
else
nStep = 1
}
if Count_Times = 0 {
see nl+"The Numbers!" + nl
Count_Times++
else
see nl + "I will count Again!" +nl
}
for x = Expr(1) to Expr(2) step nStep {
see nl+x+nl
}
CommandReturn(fabs(Expr(1)-Expr(2))+1)
}
])
47.2 Defining Commands
To define new command we can use the DefineNaturalCommand object
This object provides the next methods :-
• SyntaxIsKeyword(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordNumber(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordNumberNumber(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordNumbers(aPara,nCount)
• SyntaxIsKeywordString(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordStringString(aPara)
47.2. Defining Commands 342

• SyntaxIsKeywordStrings(aPara,nCount)
• SyntaxIsKeywordExpression(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordExpressionExpression(aPara)
• SyntaxIsKeywordExpressions(aPara,nCount)
• SyntaxIsCommand(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandNumber(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandNumberNumber(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandNumbers(aPara,nCount)
• SyntaxIsCommandString(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandStringString(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandStrings(aPara,nCount)
• SyntaxIsCommandExpression(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandExpressionExpression(aPara)
• SyntaxIsCommandExpressions(aPara,nCount)
File: mylanguage.ring
load "stdlib.ring"
MyLanguage = New NaturalLanguage {
SetLanguageName(:MyLanguage)
setCommandsPath(CurrentDir()+"/../command")
SetPackageName("MyLanguage.Natural")
UseCommand(:Hello)
UseCommand(:Count)
UseCommand(:Print)
UseCommand(:IWantWindow)
UseCommand(:WindowTitleIs)
UseCommand(:IWantButton)
}
Example (1)
In the next example we will deﬁne the Print command.
We will use the SyntaxIsKeywordExpression() Method.
We pass list (as Hash) to the method. We determine the package name, the keyword and the function that will be
executed.
Inside this function we uses the Expr(nExprNumber) function to get the expression value that the user will write after
the keyword.
File: print.ring
DefineNaturalCommand.SyntaxIsKeywordExpression([
:Keyword = :print,
:Function = func {
See Expr(1)
}
])

Usage:
load "mylanguage.ring"
MyLanguage.RunString('
print "Hello, World!"
')
Output:
Hello, World!
Example (2)
File: iwantwindow.ring
DefineNaturalCommand.SyntaxIsCommand([
:Command = "i want window",
:Function = func {
See "Command: I want window" + nl
}
])
Usage:
i want window
')
Output:
Command: I want window
Example (3)
File: windowtitleis.ring
DefineNaturalCommand.SyntaxIsCommandString([
:Command = "window title is",
:Function = func {
See "Command: Window title is " + Expr(1) + nl
}
])
Usage:
I want window and the window title is "Hello World"
')
Output:
Command: I want window
Command: Window title is Hello World

47.3 Natural Library - Operators
In the next example we uses the Count command without using operators
MyLanguage.RunString("
Hello
Count 1 5
Count 5 1
")
We can add more description
MyLanguage.RunString("
Hello, Please Count from 1 to 5 then count from 5 to 1
")
Also we can use operators like “(” and ”)” around the instruction
MyLanguage {
SetOperators("()")
RunString("
Here we will play and will try something
that looks like Lisp Syntax
(count (count 1 5) (count 20 15))
Just for fun!
")
}
47.4 Defining commands using classes
This section is related to the implementation details.
When we define new command, Each command is defined by the Natural Library as a class.
We have the choice to define commands using the simple interface provided by the DefineNaturalCommand object or
by defining new class as in the next examples.
If we used DefineNaturalCommand (More Simple), The class will be defined during the runtime.
File: hello.ring
Package MyLanguage.Natural
class Hello
func AddAttributes_Hello
AddAttribute(self,:hello)
func GetHello
See "Hello, Sir!" + nl + nl
File: count.ring
47.3. Natural Library - Operators 345

Package MyLanguage.Natural
class Count
func Getcount
StartCommand()
CommandData()[:name] = :Count
CommandData()[:nExpr] = 0
CommandData()[:aExpr] = []
func BraceExprEval_Count nValue
if isCommand() and CommandData()[:name] = :Count {
if isNumber(nValue) {
CommandData()[:nExpr]++
CommandData()[:aExpr] + nValue
if CommandData()[:nExpr] = 2 {
Count_Execute()
}
}
}
func AddAttributes_Count
AddAttribute(self,:count)
func Count_Execute
if not isattribute(self,:count_times) {
AddAttribute(self,:count_times)
Count_Times = 0
}
if Expr(1) > Expr(2) {
nStep = -1
else
nStep = 1
}
if Count_Times = 0 {
see nl+"The Numbers!" + nl
Count_Times++
else
see nl + "I will count Again!" +nl
}
for x = Expr(1) to Expr(2) step nStep {
see nl+x+nl
}
CommandReturn(fabs(Expr(1)-Expr(2))+1)
47.4. Deﬁning commands using classes 346

CHAPTER
FORTYEIGHT
WEB DEVELOPMENT (CGI LIBRARY)
In this chapter we will learn about developing Web applications using a CGI Library written in the Ring language.
48.1 Conﬁgure the Apache web server
We can use Ring with any web server that support CGI. In this section we will learn about using Ring with the Apache
HTTP Server.
You can download Apache from : http://httpd.apache.org/
Or you can get it included with other projects like
XAMPP : https://www.apachefriends.org/download.html
Install then open the ﬁle:
xamppapacheconfhttpd.conf
search for
<Directory />
Then after it add
Options FollowSymLinks +ExecCGI
So we have
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks +ExecCGI
Search for the next line and be sure that it’s not commented
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
Search for : AddHandler cgi-script
Then add ”.ring” to the supported cgi extensions
Example
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .ring
Example
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .pl .asp .ring
347

Run/Start the server
Create your web applications in a directory supported by the web server.
Example:
Apache2.2htdocsmywebapplicationfolder
Example:
xampphtdocsmywebapplicationfolder
Inside the source code ﬁle (*.ring), Add this line
#!c:ringbinring.exe -cgi
Note: Change the previous line based on the path to ring.exe in your machine
48.2 Ring CGI Hello World Program
The next program is the Hello World program
See "content-type : text/html" +nl+nl+
"Hello World!" + nl
48.3 Hello World Program using the Web Library
We can use the web library to write CGI Web applications quickly
Example (1) :
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
Text("Hello World!")
}
Example (2) :
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
WebPage()
{
Text("Hello World!")
}
48.2. Ring CGI Hello World Program 348

Tip: the difference between ex. 1 and ex. 2 is using WebPage() function to return the page object instead of creating
the object using new statement.
48.4 Web Library Features
The next features are provided by the Web library to quickly create web applications.
• Generate HTML pages using functions
• Generate HTML pages using objects
• HTTP Get
• HTTP Post
• Files Upload
• URL Encode
• Templates
• CRUD MVC Sample
• Users Logic & Registration Sample
48.5 HTTP Get Example
The Page User Interface
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
Title = "Test HTTP Get"
divstart([ :style = StyleSizeFull() ] )
boxstart()
text( "Test HTTP GET" )
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = Styledivcenter("600px","550px") +
StyleGradient(21) ])
divstart([:style = stylefloatleft() + stylesize("100px","100%") +
stylecolor("black") + stylegradient(58)])
formstart("ex5.ring")
tablestart([ :style = stylesize("65%","90%") +
stylemarginleft("35%") +
stylemargintop("30%") ])
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Name : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
cTextboxStyle = StyleMarginLeft("5%") +
StyleWidth("250px") +
StyleColor("black") +
48.4. Web Library Features 349

StyleBackColor("white")
textbox([ :name = "Name", :style = cTextboxStyle ] )
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Address : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
textbox([ :name = "Address", :style = cTextboxStyle] )
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Phone : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
textbox([ :name = "Phone", :style = cTextboxStyle ])
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Age : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
textbox([ :name = "Age", :style = cTextboxStyle ])
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "City: " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
listbox([ :name = "City", :items = ["Cairo","Riyadh","Jeddah"],
:style = stylemarginleft("5%") + stylewidth("400px") ] )
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Country : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
combobox([ :name = "Country",
:items = ["Egypt","Saudi Arabia","USA"],
:style = stylemarginleft("5%") +
stylewidth("400px")+
stylecolor("black")+
stylebackcolor("white")+
stylefontsize("14px") ])
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
text ( "Note : " )
cellend()
cellstart([])
editbox([ :name = "Notes",
:style = stylemarginleft("5%") +
48.5. HTTP Get Example 350

stylesize("400px","100px")+
stylecolor("black")+
stylebackcolor("white") ,
:value = "write comments here..." ] )
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([])
cellend()
cellstart([])
submit([ :value = "Send" , :Style = stylemarginleft("5%") ])
cellend()
rowend()
tableend()
formend()
divend()
divend()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:

The Response
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
divstart([ :style = styledivcenter("800px","500px") ])
boxstart()
text ( "HTTP GET Response" ) newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = stylefloatleft()+stylewidth("10%")+

stylecolor("black")+stylegradient(58) ])
newline()
text ( "Name : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "Address : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "Phone : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "Age : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "City : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "Country : " )
newline() newline()
text ( "Note : " )
newline() newline()
divend()
divstart([ :style = stylefloatleft()+stylewidth("90%")+
stylecolor("black")+stylegradient(47) ])
divstart([ :style = stylefloatleft() + stylewidth("1%") ])
newline()
divend()
divstart([ :style = stylefloatleft() + stylewidth("95%") ])
newline()
text ( aPageVars["Name"] )
newline() newline()
text ( aPageVars["Address"] )
newline() newline()
text ( aPageVars["Phone"] )
newline() newline()
text ( aPageVars["Age"] )
newline() newline()
text ( aPageVars["City"] )
newline() newline()
text (aPageVars["Country"] )
newline() newline()
text ( aPageVars["Notes"] )
newline() newline()
divend()
divend()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:

48.6 HTTP POST Example
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Post Test")
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style=StyleFloatLeft()+StyleWidth("100px") ])
newline()
text( "Number1 : " ) newline() newline()
text( "Number2 : " ) newline() newline()
divend()
formpost("ex7.ring")
divstart([ :style = styleFloatLeft()+StyleWidth("200px") ])
newline()
textbox([ :name = "Number1" ]) newline() newline()
textbox([ :name = "Number2" ]) newline() newline()
submit([ :value = "Send" ] )
divend()
formend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.6. HTTP POST Example 354

The Response
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Post Result" )
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = styleFloatLeft()+styleWidth("200px") ])
newline()
text( "Number1 : " + aPageVars["Number1"] )
newline() newline()
text( "Number2 : " + aPageVars["Number2"] )
newline() newline()
text( "Sum : " + (0 + aPageVars["Number1"] + aPageVars["Number2"] ) )
newline()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.6. HTTP POST Example 355

48.7 Upload Files
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New page
{
boxstart()
text( "Upload File" )
newline()
boxend()
for x = 1 to 3 newline() next
formupload("ex9.ring")
text( "Customer Name : " )
textbox([ :name = "custname" ])
newline() newline()
divstart([ :style = styleFloatLeft() + styleWidth("90px") ])
uploadfile("file") newline() newline()
uploadfile("file2") newline() newline()
submit([ :value = "Send" ])
divend()
formend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.7. Upload Files 356

The Response
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
cUploadPath = "C:/Apache2.2/htdocs/ringapp/upload/"
cUploadFolder = "/ringapp/upload/"
New page
{
boxstart()
text( "Upload Result" )
newline()
boxend()
newline()
divstart([ :style= styleFloatLeft() + styleWidth("100px") ])
text( "Name : " + aPageVars["custname"] )
newline()
divend()
if aPageVars["file"] != char(13)
getuploadedfile(self,"file")
ok
if aPageVars["file2"] != char(13)
getuploadedfile(self,"file2")
ok
}
Func getuploadedfile oObj,cFile
# here we use object.property
# instead of object { } to avoid executing braceend method
cFileName = cUploadPath + oObj.getfilename(aPageVars,cFile)

write(cFileName,aPageVars[cFile])
system("chmod a+x "+cFileName)
oObj.newline()
oObj.text( "File "+cFileName+ " Uploaded ..." )
oObj.newline()
imageURL = cUploadFolder+oObj.getfilename(aPageVars,cFile)
oObj.link([ :url = imageURL, :title = "Download" ])
oObj.newline()
oObj.image( [ :url = imageURL , :alt = :image ] )
oObj.newline()
Screen Shot:

48.8 Cookies
Load "weblib.ring"
48.8. Cookies 359

Import System.Web
New page
{
boxstart()
text( "Cookie Test" )
newline()
boxend()
newline()
link([ :url = "ex11.ring", :title = "Use Cookies" ])
cookie("custname","Mahmoud Fayed")
cookie("custage",28)
}
Screen Shot:
The Response
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Cookies Values" )
newline()
boxend()
link([ :url = "ex10.ring", :title = "back" ])
newline()
divstart([:style="float:left;width:200px"])
text( "Name : " + aPageVars["custname"] )
newline()
text( "Age : " + aPageVars["custage"] )
newline()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.8. Cookies 360

48.9 URL Encode
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "URLEncode" )
newline()
boxend()
link([ :url = "ex5.ring?Name="+URLEncode("-*{Mahmoud}*-")+
"&Address=Egypt&Phone=123456&Age=28&Notes=Programmer",
:title = "Test URL Encode" ])
}
Screen Shot:
Screen Shot:
48.9. URL Encode 361

48.10 Templates
Using Templates we can write Ring code inside HTML ﬁles
Syntax:
<%= Ring Expression %>
<% Ring Statements %>
The HTML Code
<h1>Listing Numbers</h1>
<table>
<tr>
<th> <%= myheader.cColumn1 %> </th>
<th> <%= myheader.cColumn2 %> </th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
</tr>
<% for x in aNumbers %>
<tr>
<td> <%= x.nValue %> </td>
<td> <%= x.nSquare %> </td>
</tr>
<% next %>
</table>
The Ring Code
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New NumbersController { start() }
48.10. Templates 362

Class NumbersController
MyHeader aNumbers
Func Start
MyHeader = New Header
{
cColumn1 = "Number" cColumn2 = "Square"
}
aNumbers = list(20)
for x = 1 to len(aNumbers)
aNumbers[x] = new number
{
nValue = x nSquare = x*x
}
next
cTemp = Template("mynumbers.html",self)
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Test Templates" )
newline()
boxend()
html(cTemp)
}
Class Header cColumn1 cColumn2
Class Number nValue nSquare
Screen Shot:
48.10. Templates 363

48.11 HTML Special Characters
The text() function display HTML special characters.
If you want to write html code, use the html() function.
48.11. HTML Special Characters 364

Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text("HTML Special Characters")
newline()
boxend()
text('
<html>
<body>
<p> "hello world" </p>
</body>
</html>
')
}
Screen Shot:
48.12 Hash Functions
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Hash Test")
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = StyleFloatLeft() + StyleWidth("100px") ])
newline()
text( "Value : " )
newline() newline()
divend()
divstart([ :style = StyleFloatLeft() + StyleWidth("300px") ])
newline()
48.12. Hash Functions 365

textbox([ :name = "Value" ])
newline() newline()
submit([ :value = "Send" ])
divend()
formend()
}
Screen Shot:
The Response
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Hash Result" )
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = styleFloatLeft() + styleWidth("100%") ])
newline()
text( "Value : " + aPageVars["Value"] )
newline()
text( "MD5 : " + MD5(aPageVars["Value"]) )
newline()
text( "SHA1 : " + SHA1(aPageVars["Value"]) )
newline()
newline()
newline()
newline()
newline()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.12. Hash Functions 366

48.13 Random Image
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
cUploadPath = "C:/Apache2.2/htdocs/ringapp/upload/"
New Page
{
boxstart()
text( "Random Test")
newline()
boxend()
divstart([ :style = styleFloatLeft() + styleWidth("400px") ])
newline()
aList = dir(cUploadPath)
if len(aList) > 0
nIndex = random(len(aList))
if nindex = 0 nIndex = 1 ok
cItem = "upload/" + aList[nIndex][1]
newline()
image( [ :url = cItem , :alt = :image ] )
else
text("No images!") newline()
ok
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.13. Random Image 367

48.14 HTML Lists
The next example print a list contains numbers from 1 to 10
Then print a list from Ring List.
Finally we have a list of buttons and when we press on a button we get a message contains the clicked button number.
To start the list we uses the ulstart() function.
To end the list we uses the ulend() function.
We uses listart() and liend() to determine the list item.
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
New Page
{
ulstart([])
for x = 1 to 10
listart([])
text(x)
liend()
next
ulend()
list2ul(["one","two","three","four","five"])
ulstart([])
for x = 1 to 10
listart([])
48.14. HTML Lists 368

cFuncName = "btn"+x+"()"
button([ :onclick = cFuncName , :value = x])
script(scriptfuncalert(cFuncName,string(x)))
liend()
next
ulend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.14. HTML Lists 369

48.15 HTML Tables
In this example we will learn how to generate HTML tables using the tablestart(), tableend(), rowstart(), rowend()
,headerstart(), headerend(), cellstart() and cellend() functions.
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
New Page
{
divstart([ :style = styledivcenter("400px","500px") ] )
style(styletable() + styletablerows("t01"))
tablestart([ :id = :t01 , :style = stylewidth("100%") ])
rowstart([])
headerstart([]) text("Number") headerend()
headerstart([]) text("square") headerend()
rowend()
for x = 1 to 10
rowstart([])
cellstart([]) text(x) cellend()
cellstart([]) text(x*x) cellend()
rowend()
next
tableend()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.15. HTML Tables 370

48.16 Gradient
In this example we will learn how to use the StyleGradient() function.
The function takes the style number as input (range from 1 to 60).
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
New Page
{
boxstart()
text("StyleGradient() Function")
boxend()
for x = 1 to 60
divstart([ :id = x , :align = "center" ,
:style = stylefloatleft() +
stylesize(string(100/60*6)+"%","50px") +
stylegradient(x) ])
h3(x)
divend()
next
}
Screen Shot:
48.16. Gradient 371

48.17 Generating Pages using Objects
Instead of using functions/methods to generate HTML pages, we can use an object for each element in the page.
This choice means more beautiful code but slower.
The fastest method is to print HTML code directly, then using functions then using templates then using objects
(slower).
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
WebPage()
{
Title = "Using objects to create the Web Page content"
h1 { text("welcome") }
link
{
Title = "Google"
Link = "http://www.google.com"
}
div
{
id = "div1"
style = stylegradient(30) + stylesize("50%","50%")
text("Outer Div")
div
{
id = "div2"
color = "white"
backgroundcolor = "green"
width = "50%"
height = "50%"
marginleft = "5%"
margintop = "5%"
text("Inner Div")
}
}
div
{
id = "div3"
color = "black"
backgroundcolor = "silver"
width = "100%"
height = "100%"
text("Form")
form
{
method = "POST"
Action = "helloworld.ring"
Table
{
style = stylewidth("100%") + stylegradient(24)
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Name : " ) }
48.17. Generating Pages using Objects 372

TD { Input { type = "text" } }
}
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Email : " ) }
TD { Input { type = "text" } }
}
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Password : " ) }
TD { Input { type = "password" } }
}
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Notes") }
TD { TextArea { width="100%" rows = 10 cols = 10
text("type text here...") } }
}
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Gender") }
TD {
select
{
width = "100%"
option { text("Male") }
option { text("Female") }
}
}
}
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Role") }
TD
{
select
{
multiple = "multiple"
width = "100%"
option { text("student") }
option { text("admin") }
}
}
}
}
Input { type = "submit" value = "send" }
Image { src="upload/profile1.jpg" alt="profile"}
Input { type = "checkbox" value = "Old Member"} text("old member")
Input { type = "range" min=1 max=100}
Input { type = "number" min=1 max=100}
Input { type = "radio" color="black" name="one"
value = "one"} text("one")
}
}
div
{
color = "white"

backgroundcolor = "blue"
width = "100%"
UL
{
LI { TEXT("ONE") }
LI { TEXT("TWO") }
LI { TEXT("THREE") }
}
}
div
{
audio
{
src = "horse.ogg"
type = "audio/ogg"
}
video
{
width = 320
height = 240
src = "movie.mp4"
type = "video/mp4"
}
Input
{
type = "color"
value = "#ff0000"
onchange = "clickColor(0, -1, -1, 5)"
}
}
}
Screen Shot:

48.18 HtmlPage Class
Using this class we can create HTML documents without printing the output to the standard output
So instead of using the WebLib in Web Applications only
We can use it in Console/GUI/Mobile Applications too
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
load "weblib.ring"
import System.Web
48.18. HtmlPage Class 376

func main
mypage = new HtmlPage {
h1 { text("Customers Report") }
Table
{
TR
{
TD { WIDTH="10%" text("Customers Count : " ) }
TD { text (100) }
}
}
Table
{
TR
{
TD { text("Name " ) }
TD { text("Age" ) }
TD { text("Country" ) }
TD { text("Job" ) }
TD { text("Company" ) }
}
for x = 1 to 100
TR
{
TD { text("Test" ) }
TD { text("30" ) }
TD { text("Egypt" ) }
TD { text("Sales" ) }
TD { text("Future" ) }
}
next
}
}
write("report.html",mypage.output())
48.19 Using Bootstrap Library using Functions
The next example uses the Bootstrap JavaScript Library when generating the HTML page.
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
new BootstrapPage {
divstart([ :class = "container" ])
divstart([ :class = "jumbotron" ])
h1("Bootstrap Page")
divend()
48.19. Using Bootstrap Library using Functions 377

divstart([ :class = :row ])
divstart([ :class = "col-sm-4" ])
h3("Welcome to the Ring programming language")
p([ :text = "Using a scripting language is very fun!" ])
divend()
p([ :text = "using a scripting language is very fun!" ])
divend()
p([ :text = "using a scripting language is very fun!" ])
divend()
divend()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
48.20 Using Bootstrap Library using Objects
The next example uses the Bootstrap JavaScript Library when generating the HTML page.
Instead of using functions to generate the HTML elements, we will use objects.
Load "weblib.ring"
Import System.Web
Func Main
48.20. Using Bootstrap Library using Objects 378

BootStrapWebPage()
{
div
{
classname = :container
div
{
classname = :jumbotron
H1 { text("Bootstrap Page") }
}
div
{
classname = :row
for x = 1 to 3
div
{
classname = "col-sm-4"
H3 { html("Welcome to the Ring programming language") }
P { html("Using a scripting language is very fun!") }
}
next
}
div
{
classname = :row
div
{
Button
{
classname = "btn btn-info btn-lg"
datatoggle= "modal"
datatarget = "#myModal"
text("Open Large Modal")
}
}
div
{
Button { classname = "btn btn-default btn-lg" text("default") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-primary btn-md" text("primary") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-sucess btn-sm" text("sucess") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-info btn-xs" text("info") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-warning" text("warning") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-danger" text("danger") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-link" text("link") }
}
div
{
Button { classname = "btn btn-default btn-block" text("default") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-primary btn-block" text("primary") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-sucess btn-block" text("sucess") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-info btn-block" text("info") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-warning btn-block" text("warning") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-danger btn-block" text("danger") }
Button { classname = "btn btn-link btn-block" text("link") }
}

div
{
div { classname = "btn-group"
button { classname="btn btn-primary" text("one") }
button { classname="btn btn-primary" text("two") }
button { classname="btn btn-primary" text("three") }
}
}
div
{
div { classname = "btn-group btn-group-lg"
}
}
div
{
div {
classname = "btn-group-vertical btn-group-lg"
}
}
}
div { classname="modal fade" id="myModal" role="dialog"
div { classname = "modal-dialog modal-lg"
div { classname="modal-content"
div { classname="modal-header"
button { classname="close" datadismiss="modal"
html("&times")
}
h4 { classname="modal-title"
text("Modal Header")
}
}
div { classname = "modal-body"
p { text("This is a large model.") }
}
div { classname="modal-footer"
button { classname = "btn btn-default" datadismiss="modal"
text("close")
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
Screen Shot:

48.21 CRUD Example using MVC
The next example uses the weblib.ring & datalib.ring.
The datalib.ring contains classes for creating database applications using MVC pattern.
In this example we create an object from the SalaryController class then call the Routing method.
We deﬁne the website variable to contains the basic url of the page.
When we create the SalaryModel class from the ModelBase class, the salary table will be opened and the columns
data will be deﬁned as attributes in the model class.
The SalaryView class create an object from the SalaryLanguageEnglish class to be used for translation.
The method AddFuncScript is used to call the form for adding/modifying record data.
The method FormViewContent is used to determine the controls in the form when we add or modify a record.
Load "weblib.ring"
Load "datalib.ring"
Import System.Web
website = "ex24.ring"
New SalaryController { Routing() }
48.21. CRUD Example using MVC 381

Class SalaryModel from ModelBase
Class SalaryController From ControllerBase
Class SalaryView From ViewBase
oLanguage = new SalaryLanguageEnglish
Func AddFuncScript oPage,oController
return oPage.scriptfuncajax("myadd",oController.cMainURL+
oController.cOperation+"=add","mysubpage")
Func FormViewContent oController,oTranslation,oPage
return [
[ oTranslation.aColumnsTitles[2], "textbox", "name",
oController.oModel.Name, oPage.stylewidth("100%") ],
[ oTranslation.aColumnsTitles[3], "textbox", "salary",
oController.oModel.Salary, oPage.stylewidth("50%") ]
]
Class SalaryLanguageEnglish
cTitle = "Salary Table"
cBack = "back"
aColumnsTitles = ["ID","Name","Salary"]
cOptions = "Options"
cSearch = "Search"
comboitems = ["Select Option...","Edit","Delete"]
cAddRecord = "Add Record"
cEditRecord = "Edit Record"
cRecordDeleted = "Record Deleted!"
aMovePages = ["First","Prev","Next","Last"]
cPage = "Page"
cOf = "of"
cRecordsCount = "Records Count"
cSave = "Save"
temp = new page
cTextAlign = temp.StyleTextRight()
cNoRecords = "No records!"
Screen Shot:
48.21. CRUD Example using MVC 382

48.22 Users registration and Login
We have the users classes (Model, View & Controller) to deal with the users data like username & email.
The next code is stored in ex25_users.ring
Class UsersModel from ModelBase
cSearchColumn = "username"
Class UsersController From ControllerBase
48.22. Users registration and Login 383

aColumnsNames = ["id","username","email"]
Func UpdateRecord
oModel.id = aPageVars[cRecID]
oModel.updatecolumn("username", aPageVars[:username] )
oModel.updatecolumn("email", aPageVars[:email] )
oView.UpdateView(self)
Class UsersView from ViewBase
oLanguage = new UsersLanguageEnglish
Func AddFuncScript oPage,oController
return oPage.scriptfunc("myadd",oPage.scriptredirection("ex26.ring"))
Func FormViewContent oController,oTranslation,oPage
return [
[oTranslation.aColumnsTitles[2],"textbox","username",
oController.oModel.UserName,oPage.stylewidth("100%")],
[oTranslation.aColumnsTitles[3],"textbox","email",
oController.oModel.Email,oPage.stylewidth("50%")]
]
Class UsersLanguageEnglish
cTitle = "Users Table"
cBack = "back"
aColumnsTitles = ["ID","User Name","Email"]
cOptions = "Options"
cSearch = "Search"
comboitems = ["Select Option...","Edit","Delete"]
cAddRecord = "Add Record"
cEditRecord = "Edit Record"
cRecordDeleted = "Record Deleted!"
aMovePages = ["First","Prev","Next","Last"]
cPage = "Page"
cOf = "of"
cRecordsCount = "Records Count"
cSave = "Save"
temp = new page
cTextAlign = temp.StyleTextRight()
cNoRecords = "No records!"
In the ﬁle ex25.ring we load ex25_users.ring then create an object from UsersController class.
Using the created object, we call the routing method.
Load "weblib.ring"
Load "datalib.ring"
Load "ex25_users.ring"
Import System.Web
New UsersController { Routing() }
Screen Shot:

See the next code for the registration page
Load "weblib.ring"
Load "datalib.ring"
Import System.Web
new page {
boxstart()
text( "Register")
newline()
boxend()
divstart([:style = stylegradient(6) + stylesize("100%","95%") ])
link([ :url = website, :title = "back" , :style = stylecolor("white")])
newline()
divstart([ :style= styledivcenter("500","160") + stylegradient(52) ])
tablestart([ :Style = stylemarginleft("2%") + stylemargintop("2%") +
stylewidth("90%") ])
rowstart([])
cellstart([:style = stylewidth("20%") + styleheight(30)])
text("User Name")
cellend()
cellstart([ :style = stylewidth("80%") ])
textbox([:name = "username", :style = stylewidth("100%")])
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([ :Style = styleheight(30)])
text("Password")
cellend()
cellstart([])
textbox([:name = "password" , :type = "password"])

cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellstart([ :style = styleheight(30)])
text("Email")
cellend()
cellstart([])
textbox([:name = "email" , :style = stylewidth("100%")])
cellend()
rowend()
rowstart([])
cellend()
submit([:value = "Register" ])
cellend()
rowend()
tableend()
formend()
divend()
divend()
}
Screen Shot:
The Registration response
Load "weblib.ring"
Load "datalib.ring"
Load "ex25_users.ring"

Import System.Web
oUser = new UsersModel
oUser.Connect()
if oUser.findwith("username",aPageVars["username"])
new page {
text("The user name is already registered")
}
return
ok
if oUser.findwith("email",aPageVars["email"])
new page {
text("This email is already registered")
}
return
ok
aPageVars["salt"] = str2hex(RandBytes(32))
aPageVars["pwhash"] = sha256(aPagevars["password"]+aPageVars["salt"])
aPageVars["sessionid"] = str2hex(randbytes(32))
oUser.Insert()
new page {
cookie("sessionid",aPageVars["sessionid"])
text("New User Created!")
newline()
text("User Name : " + aPageVars["username"])
newline()
}
oUser.Disconnect()
See the next code for the Login page
Load "weblib.ring"
Load "datalib.ring"
Import System.Web
new page {
boxstart()
text( "Login")
newline()
boxend()
divstart([:style = stylegradient(6) + stylesize("100%","95%") ])
link([ :url = website, :title = "back" , :style = stylecolor("white")])
newline()
divstart([ :style= styledivcenter("500","130") + stylegradient(52) ])
tablestart([ :Style = stylemarginleft("2%") + stylemargintop("2%") +
stylewidth("90%") ])
rowstart([])
cellstart([:style = stylewidth("20%") + styleheight(30)])
text("User Name")
cellend()
cellstart([ :style = stylewidth("80%") ])
textbox([:name = "username", :style = stylewidth("100%")])
cellend()

The Ring programming language version 1.5 book - Part 7 of 31

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The Ring programming language version 1.5 book - Part 7 of 31