The Ring programming language version 1.5.1 book - Part 71 of 180
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The document introduces the Type Hints library in Ring, which allows adding type information to source code to help with code editing, analysis, and documentation. It provides examples of adding type hints to function prototypes and variable declarations. Supported types include basic types like int, float, string, and list, as well as object and custom user-defined types. While Ring is dynamically typed, type hints only provide documentation and don't enable type checking. The library defines common types and keywords like public, static for interoperating with type-aware tools.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1
test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }
myclass func test() {
see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}
package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}
62.4 Using Types inside Code
Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
int sum = sum(3,4)
string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")
see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
62.5 Rules
• To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
The next types are defined by the library
# Low Level Types
char
unsigned
signed
int
short
long
float
62.4. Using Types inside Code 683](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/701ringfayedringdoc1-171206212113/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-1-book-Part-71-of-180-9-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.5.1 book - Part 71 of 180
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 translation to other languages like Arabic, French and so on. Tip: The effect of LoadSyntax command is related to the current source code file only. 61.4 Using “()” around the function parameters We can use () around the function parameters (optional). Example: hello() sum(3,4) func hello() see "Hello" + nl func sum(x,y) see x+y+nl Output: Hello 7 Example: myfunc = func x,y { see x + y + nl } call myfunc (3,4) myfunc2 = func (x,y) { see x+y+nl } call myfunc(3,4) Output: 7 7 61.5 Using Semi-colon after and between statements In Ring we can use semi-colon after and between statements (optional). Example: # Using semi-colon is optional see "Hello" + nl ; see "How are you?" + nl ; see "Welcome to Ring" + nl ; one() ; two() ; three() ; func one ; see "one" + nl ; func two ; see "two" + nl ; func three ; see "three" + nl ; Output: 61.4. Using “()” around the function parameters 675
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 Hello How are you? Welcome to Ring one two three 61.6 Using $ and @ in the start of the variable name You can use any unicode character in the variable name also we can use $ and @ in the name. This feature may help, for example we can start global variables with $ and the object attributes with @. In other languages like Ruby this is the rule, In the Ring language this is just an option without any force from the Compiler. example: $global_variable = 5 new test { hello() } class test @instance_variable = 10 func hello local_variable = 15 see "Global : " + $global_variable + nl + "Instance : " + @instance_variable + nl + "Local : " + local_variable + nl Output: Global : 5 Instance : 10 Local : 15 61.7 Using the ‘elseif’ keyword as ‘but’ in if statement if you don’t like the ‘but’ keyword in if statement Then you can use the ‘elseif’ keyword. Example: give x if x = 1 see "one" elseif x=2 see "two" elseif x=3 see "three" elseif x=4 see "four" else see "other" ok see nl 61.6. Using $ and @ in the start of the variable name 676
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 61.8 Using the ‘else’ keyword as ‘other’ in switch statement if you don’t like the ‘other’ keyword in switch statement Then you can use the ‘else’ keyword. Also you can replace ‘else’ with ‘other’ in if statement. i.e. ‘other’ keyword is the same as ‘else’ keyword. Example: x = 1 switch x on 10 see "10" + nl else see "not 10" + nl end Output: not 10 61.9 Using the ‘end’ keyword in different control structures We can use the ‘end’ keyword to close different control structures • If statement • For loop • Switch • While • Try-Catch Example: see "if statement.." + nl x = 1 if x = 1 see "one" + nl elseif x=2 see "two" + nl elseif x=3 see "three" + nl end see "for loop.." + nl for t = 1 to 10 see t end see nl see "switch..." + nl x = 1 switch x on 1 see "one" + nl on 2 see "two" + nl end 61.8. Using the ‘else’ keyword as ‘other’ in switch statement 677
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 see "try catch..." + nl try x = 1 / 0 catch see "catching error" + nl end Output: if statement.. one for loop.. 12345678910 switch... one try catch... catching error 61.10 Using braces to start and end different control structures We can use braces { } to start and end different control structures • If statement • For loop • Switch • While • Try-Catch Example: see "if statement.." + nl x = 1 if x = 1 { see "one" + nl elseif x=2 see "two" + nl elseif x=3 see "three" + nl } see "for loop.." + nl for t = 1 to 10 { see t } see nl see "switch..." + nl x = 1 switch x { on 1 see "one" + nl on 2 see "two" + nl } see "try catch..." + nl try { 61.10. Using braces to start and end different control structures 678
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 x = 1 / 0 catch see "catching error" + nl } Output: if statement.. one for loop.. 12345678910 switch... one try catch... catching error 61.11 Using ‘put’ and ‘get’ as ‘see’ and ‘give’ We can replace the ‘see’ keyword with the ‘put’ keyword. Also we can replacew the ‘give’ keyword with the ‘get’ keyword. Example: put "Hello World" + nl put "Enter Your Name ? " Get Name Put "Hello " + Name 61.12 Using ‘case’ as ‘on’ in switch statements We can replace the ‘on’ keyword with ‘case’ keyword in the switch statement. Example (1) : for x=1 to 10 switch x case 1 put "one" + nl case 2 put "two" + nl case 3 put "thre" + nl else put "else" + nl end end Example (2) : for x=1 to 10 { switch x { case 1 put "one" + nl case 2 put "two" + nl case 3 put "thre" + nl else put "else" + nl } } 61.11. Using ‘put’ and ‘get’ as ‘see’ and ‘give’ 679
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 61.13 Using ‘def’ as ‘func’ in functions/methods definition We can use the ‘def’ keyword as the ‘func’ keyword to define functions and methods. Example: one() two() def one put "one" + nl def two put "two" + nl 61.14 Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions Example: load "stdlib.ring" import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage { class myclass { func myfunc { print("Hello, World!n") } } } 61.15 Using ‘end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions Example: import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage class myclass def myfunc put "Hello, World!" end end end 61.13. Using ‘def’ as ‘func’ in functions/methods definition 680
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 61.16 Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Pack- ages/Classes/Functions Example: import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage class myclass func myfunc see "welcome" + nl endfunc endclass endpackage 61.16. Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions 681
- 8. CHAPTER SIXTYTWO INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPE HINTS LIBRARY In this chapter we will learn about the Type Hints Library 62.1 Why Type Hints? Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like • Code Editors • Static-Analysis Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler. 62.2 Example The next example will use the Type Hints library load "typehints.ring" see sum(3,4) + nl ; see sayHello("Mahmoud"); int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 62.3 User Types The Type Hints library is very powerful and will support user types (Classes) automatically Example: load "typehints.ring" import mypackage 682
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) } myclass func test() { see "Testing User Types!" + nl return new myclass } package mypackage { public class myclass { public static void func main(list args) { see "welcome" + nl see args } } } 62.4 Using Types inside Code Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype) Example: load "typehints.ring" int sum = sum(3,4) string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud") see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 62.5 Rules • To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters • To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment). The next types are defined by the library # Low Level Types char unsigned signed int short long float 62.4. Using Types inside Code 683
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.1 double void # High Level Types string list number object # Other public static abstract protected override 62.5. Rules 684