The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 85 of 184
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The document describes various command line options in Ring for printing tokens, grammar rules, intermediate byte code, final byte code, and more. It provides an example of using the "-tokens" option to print all tokens in a Ring source code file without executing the code.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3
test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }
myclass func test() {
see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}
package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}
63.4 Using Types inside Code
Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
int sum = sum(3,4)
string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")
see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
63.5 Rules
• To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
The next types are defined by the library
# Low Level Types
char
unsigned
signed
int
short
long
float
63.4. Using Types inside Code 719](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/741fayedringdoc1-180328143109/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-5-3-book-Part-85-of-184-5-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.5.3 book - Part 85 of 184
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 x = 1 / 0 catch see "catching error" + nl } Output: if statement.. one for loop.. 12345678910 switch... one try catch... catching error 62.11 Using ‘put’ and ‘get’ as ‘see’ and ‘give’ We can replace the ‘see’ keyword with the ‘put’ keyword. Also we can replacew the ‘give’ keyword with the ‘get’ keyword. Example: put "Hello World" + nl put "Enter Your Name ? " Get Name Put "Hello " + Name 62.12 Using ‘case’ as ‘on’ in switch statements We can replace the ‘on’ keyword with ‘case’ keyword in the switch statement. Example (1) : for x=1 to 10 switch x case 1 put "one" + nl case 2 put "two" + nl case 3 put "thre" + nl else put "else" + nl end end Example (2) : for x=1 to 10 { switch x { case 1 put "one" + nl case 2 put "two" + nl case 3 put "thre" + nl else put "else" + nl } } 62.11. Using ‘put’ and ‘get’ as ‘see’ and ‘give’ 715
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 62.13 Using ‘def’ as ‘func’ in functions/methods definition We can use the ‘def’ keyword as the ‘func’ keyword to define functions and methods. Example: one() two() def one put "one" + nl def two put "two" + nl 62.14 Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions Example: load "stdlib.ring" import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage { class myclass { func myfunc { print("Hello, World!n") } } } 62.15 Using ‘end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions Example: import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage class myclass def myfunc put "Hello, World!" end end end 62.13. Using ‘def’ as ‘func’ in functions/methods definition 716
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 62.16 Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Pack- ages/Classes/Functions Example: import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage class myclass func myfunc see "welcome" + nl endfunc endclass endpackage 62.16. Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions 717
- 4. CHAPTER SIXTYTHREE INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPE HINTS LIBRARY In this chapter we will learn about the Type Hints Library 63.1 Why Type Hints? Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like • Code Editors • Static-Analysis Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler. 63.2 Example The next example will use the Type Hints library load "typehints.ring" see sum(3,4) + nl ; see sayHello("Mahmoud"); int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 63.3 User Types The Type Hints library is very powerful and will support user types (Classes) automatically Example: load "typehints.ring" import mypackage 718
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) } myclass func test() { see "Testing User Types!" + nl return new myclass } package mypackage { public class myclass { public static void func main(list args) { see "welcome" + nl see args } } } 63.4 Using Types inside Code Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype) Example: load "typehints.ring" int sum = sum(3,4) string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud") see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 63.5 Rules • To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters • To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment). The next types are defined by the library # Low Level Types char unsigned signed int short long float 63.4. Using Types inside Code 719
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 double void # High Level Types string list number object # Other public static abstract protected override 63.5. Rules 720
- 7. CHAPTER SIXTYFOUR DISTRIBUTING RING APPLICATIONS In this chapter we will learn about distributing Ring applications. 64.1 Distributing Applications for Microsoft Windows Step 1: Copy c:ringbin folder to be for example c:myapp Step 2: Rename c:myappring.exe to c:myappmyapp.exe Step 3: Create a file c:myappring.ring And write Load "myapp.ring" When you run myapp.exe the file ring.ring will be executed automatically So your file myapp.ring will be called and executed Or just rename myapp.ring to ring.ring It’s a fast way to distribute applications. 64.2 Protecting the Source Code Step 1: Execute the next command ring myapp.ring -go This will generate one object file (myapp.ringo) from the project files (*.ring) Step 2: Rename myapp.ringo to ring.ringo When you run the executable file (ring.exe) or (myapp.exe) the file ring.ringo will be executed. 721
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 64.3 Creating Windows Installer There are many tools that you can use to distribute your application. Check : nullsoft scriptable install system URL : http://nsis.sourceforge.net/Main_Page 64.4 Using C/C++ Compiler and Linker Another method to distribute applications is to use a C/C++ compiler. Ring can be embedded in C/C++ projects, We can create executable files using a C/C++ compiler by embedding the Ring language in our project. Check the “Embedding Ring Language in C/C++ Programs” chapter. Using this way we will avoid using ring.ring or ring.ringo files. 64.5 Distributing Applications and Games for Mobile Ring can be embedded in a Qt projects or LibSDL projects to build Mobile applications and Games. You can build the Qt project or the LibSDL project and get the Android package directly (*.apk) Check Ring distributions for Mobile development using Qt or LibSDL. 64.3. Creating Windows Installer 722
- 9. CHAPTER SIXTYFIVE COMMAND LINE OPTIONS The ring language takes source code file (.ring) or the object file (.ringo) as input to execute, also the language provide other options like Option Description -tokens Print a list of tokens in the source code file -rules Print grammar rules applied on the tokens -ic Print the intermediate byte code (before execution) -icfinal Print the final byte code (after execution) -cgi Print http response header before error messages -norun Don’t run the program after compiling -ins Print instruction operation code before execution -performance Print clock before and after program execution -go Generate Object File -w Display Warnings 65.1 Printing Tokens Example: Func Main See "Hello World" + nl for x = 1 to 10 see x + nl next test() func test see "welcome" + nl o1 = new point { x=10 y=20 z=30 } see o1 class point x y z Command: ring test.ring -tokens -norun Output: =================================================== Tokens - Generated by the Scanner =================================================== 723
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.5.3 Keyword : FUNC Identifier : main EndLine Keyword : SEE Literal : Hello World Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Keyword : FOR Identifier : x Operator : = Number : 1 Keyword : TO Number : 10 EndLine Keyword : SEE Identifier : x Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Keyword : NEXT EndLine Identifier : test Operator : ( Operator : ) EndLine Keyword : FUNC Identifier : test EndLine Keyword : SEE Literal : welcome Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Identifier : o1 Operator : = Keyword : NEW Identifier : point Operator : { Identifier : x Operator : = Number : 10 Identifier : y Operator : = Number : 20 Identifier : z Operator : = Number : 30 Operator : } EndLine Keyword : SEE Identifier : o1 EndLine Keyword : CLASS Identifier : point Identifier : x Identifier : y Identifier : z 65.1. Printing Tokens 724