The Scope of Meaning: External -Context-
- 1. The Scope of Meaning I: External Context
- 2. Meaning and Context Meaning Meaning in semantic is the message conveyed by words, sentences, and symbols in a context. Context Meaning Context Context is the part of written or spoken sentences or statements that follow a specific word and it is usually effect the meaning in the statement. Context help listener or reader to understand the meaning from one sentence or more that expressed by the speaker.
- 3. Disambiguate 01 Assign Referents 02 Determine the quantity referred to 03 Realization which the expression is intended as part of the context 04 Extract the implication 05
- 4. Example 05 04 03 02 Assign referents to the noun phrases all golfers and good clubs, who does the speaker means all golfers and it is for they is a good club? Determine the quantity referred to by some, roughly how many clubs does the speaker count as some as opposed to lots Realize that the expression is intended as part of context of the advice, and it is also an instruction for the listener to find good clubs. Extract the implication is the result from the fourth steps, so the listener also needs to find some good clubs. Someone that interested in learning to play golf as part of the context and receives an advice that “All golfers need to find some good clubs” 01 Disambiguate the noun club, the meaning club in the sentence also can be good place or recreation center to training or good organization for the golfers.
- 5. Sense and Reference Sense is the general meaning and also abstracted from its use to refer. Reference is the object to which it or the sentence refers.
- 6. The Fregean Distinction 02 Tone or Coloring It’s ‘tone’ or ‘coloring’, tone and coloring refer to the differences of register and connotation, such as the difference between the verb die and passed away. Her dad passed away last week (soften, nicer) Her dad died last week 03 Sense It’s ‘sense’ is something possessed by a name whether or not it has a reference. 01 Force It’s ‘force, force covered whether it was a statement of question from the sentence. You like her, don’t you? It’s Force (question) In the Fregean theory, Frege has no single term for “meaning”, in the sense of the knowledge needed to understand a word. Instead, he distinguished three aspects of word’s total semantic effect:
- 7. An expression’s sense is the way in which we grasp or understand its referent. It is sense which gives an expression its cognitive value or significance. The way of thinking of an expression’s sense is as the mode of presentation its refer to which referent is presented to our understanding, sense of proper names it is refer to the causal-historical theory, truth- value in Frege’s theory it is refer to the true and false of the statement. For example: - The morning star is the morning star The morning star is the evening star In mode of presentation, the sense of morning star must be something like star visible in the morning, and Venus is the evening star - Abou Ammar is Abou Ammar Abou Ammar is Yasser Arafat It is nature because Abou Ammar is the central topic of the philosophy language. His names also Yasser Arafat.
- 8. • Amber is Amber Amber is fossilized tree resin Senses not referents, form parts of our thought • Your father wants to go to Australia If you were that your father wants to go to Australia, you would be able to determine whether that was true by finding the answer.
- 9. The sense/reference distinction and Linguistic description Reference, speakers, hearers Reference is different with sense, reference is under the speaker’s control. It is not words which refer, but speakers. In Searle theory, there are two necessary conditions for accomplishing an act of reference: • there must exist one and only one object to which the speaker’s utterance of expression applies. • the hearer must be given sufficient means to identify the object from the speaker’s utterance of the expression.
- 10. Reference is usually accomplished at the phrasal, not the lexical level. Thus, in English, it is noun phrases which refer and not the individual nouns which make them up. Example: (a)If you see the man with the green hat, tell him…. (is clearly referential) (b) If you see a man with a green hat, tell him…. (may or may be not) (i) Referential: I have such a man in mind, and if you see him (ii) Non-referential: I don’t have any particular man in mind, so if you see one… (c) If you see someone with green hat there, tell him/them (is probably non referential) (d) If you see anybody with a green hat there, tell them (is least likely to refer to a specific person. Reference
- 11. Deixis Deixis is a certain type of expression and it is also called deictic or indexical expression. Deixis defines as reference that change based on the context. Person Deixis Temporal Deixis Discourse Deixis This is a great idea That was amazing car. Example: They try to hurt me, but he came to rescue. For example: Past time example, “Last week, I lost my motorcycle key” Future time example, “See you tomorrow in the meeting room”
- 12. Person Deixis expressions include personal pronoun, possessive, reflexive, in singular and plural Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflective pronoun I You (singular He She It We You (plural) They My Your/ Yours His Her Ours Theirs Myself Yourself/Yourselves Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Themselves
- 13. Dictionary and Encyclopedia Encyclopedia and Dictionary are two words that are often confused when it comes to their usage and meanings. Encyclopedia is an information bank. On the other hand, a dictionary is a lexicon that contains meanings and possibly, usages of words. For example: Frog in dictionary is a tailless amphibian with short squat body, moist smooth skin, and very long hind legs for leaping. Frog in encyclopedia has more detailed information than dictionary.
- 14. distinctions between dictionary and encyclopedia aspect of meaning Dictionary • accurately represent in order to allow the meaning to be acquired for the first time • linguistic of nature • Focused on grammatical structured of language Encyclopedia • Concern with general knowledge • Not linguistic nature • information associated with given word are relevant in any situation is decided by general pragmatic principles
- 15. Problem with dictionary and encyclopedia distinction - If all of the encyclopedic information associated with a word were part of its meaning, this would surely be too much for the brain to process. - As any comparison of dictionaries will reveal, it is very hard to determine where information stops being part of a word’s dictionary meaning and become part of the encyclopedic knowledge, we have of its denotation. Which of the pieces of information, for example, should be considered dictionary information about the meaning of the word cow, and which as fats cows which form part of the encyclopedic knowledge, we have about them? - The distinction enables an economical description of word meanings, but is often criticized: the boundary between dictionary and encyclopedia seems to be so highly permeable as to be non- existent.
- 16. Thank you