theories of learning.ppt
- 1. Theories of learning DR RUPASI TIWARI ICAR- INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
- 2. Learning 1. A persisting change in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment” (driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9). 2. “The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” (mayer, 1982, p. 1040). 3. “An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (shuell, 1986, p. 412).
- 4. Behaviourism • Behavioral theory holds that psychological events can be described and explained in terms of observable behavior and its associations with environmental stimuli and occurrences. • Main tenet is that all behavior is caused by a corresponding external stimulus. • Behavior is determined by the environment through either association or reinforcement. • Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and will advocate a system of rewards and targets in education.
- 5. Behaviourism Confined to observable and measurable behavior Classical Conditioning - Pavlov A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits the desired response called classical conditioning. Operant Conditioning – Skinner Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment
- 6. Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov (1849- 1936) • Stimulus presented—Response Elicited • He is known for using dogs for behavioral tests. He used a bell to teach the dogs to know that food was being given and it resulted in the dogs salivating while waiting for the food. Ringing of the bell (CS) caused the dog to secrete the saliva (CR)
- 7. Behaviourism Operant Conditioning - Skinner A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, (something that happen as a result of some activity) be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
- 8. Connectionism: Thorndike (1874-1949) • Thorndike : law of effect, (which emerged from his research on how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes). • According to the law of effect, responses that are immediately followed by a satisfactory outcome become more strongly associated with the situation and are therefore more likely to occur again in the future . In his view, behaviors and responses that are rewarded will become strengthened and habitual. • Other laws: Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise
- 9. Examples •Teachers in a classroom can utilize positive reinforcement to help students better learn a concept. • Students who receive positive reinforcement are more likely to retain information moving forward, a direct result of the behaviorism theory.
- 10. Cognitivism The word cognitive is derived from “cognition”, which describes your ability to think, perceive, remember and solve problems. Cognitive learning is a learning process that results from the effective use and application of the brain. It focuses on helping you learn ways to maximise your brain's potential. When you master cognitive learning, you inculcate a habit of lifelong continuous learning. Grew in response to Behaviorism Rather than simply responding to stimuli and responding through conditioning, learners think about and analyze their responses. Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful & memorable way
- 11. Cognitivism • Cognitivists argue that a person goes from one layer of the cognitive domain to another for deeper learning. • Each domain personalizes the learning experience of an individual. • The cognitive theory looks at each individual as a separate entity with individual cognitive domains and ways of understanding to various degrees. • In this way, recalling and retention of knowledge become very important. • Propounders:
- 12. Examples Inside the classroom, cognitivism emerges via interactive activities that spark the thinking potential of students. For example, when students receive thought-provoking questions, it guides their brains to look deeper into their present knowledge to find solutions. Activities involving self-reflection and memorizing also help in building the learning potential of students. Asking students to demonstrate a concept, reciting and retaining poetry, giving them hands-on problems, and interactive discussions are some ways that enforce cognitive learning inside the classrooms.
- 13. Cognitive Learning Theory Discovery Learning: -By Jerome Bruner This popular theory encourages learners to build on past experiences and knowledge, use their intuition, imagination and creativity, and search for new information to discover facts, correlations and new truths. Subsumption Theory:-David Ausubel •A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive, non- verbatim basis. •Cognitive structures represent the residue of all learning experiences; forgetting occurs because certain details get integrated and lose their individual identity.
- 14. Constructivism Learning Theory Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas). Related to this are the processes of assimilation and accommodation. • Assimilation refers to the process of taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema. • Accommodation refers to using newly acquired information to revise and redevelop an existing schema. The essence of constructivist theory is the idea that learners must individually discover and transform complex information if they are to make it their own. Propounders: Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey
- 15. Benefits • It’s active. • It develops advanced skills such as critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and creation. • It promotes diverse viewpoints. • It encourages students to reflect, evaluate their work, and identify intermediary skills to acquire based on their needs. • It reflects our modern world’s vast access to content. • Suggests that knowledge is neither given nor absolute • Often seen as less rigorous than traditional approaches to instruction • Does not fit well with traditional age grouping and rigid terms/semesters Criticism
- 16. Example • Teachers can utilize constructivism to help understand that each student will bring their own past to the classroom every day. • Teachers in constructivist classrooms act as more of a guide to helping students create their own learning and understanding. • They help them create their own process and reality based on their own past. • This is crucial to helping many kinds of students take their own experiences and include them in their learning.
- 17. Humanist Theory • Approaches learning as a way to fulfill an individual’s potential rather than meeting specific learning targets. • Maslow’s research on the hierarchy of needs is a major concept within this theory, as it focuses on the whole person, specifically the cognitive and affective needs of the learner. • The theory holds that self-actualization is the ultimate goal of each individual. • Learners are trusted to determine their own goals, set standards, and evaluate their own work. • Thus, students are at the center of the humanist classroom. • Teachers are facilitators and coaches, recognizing the unique needs of each student and supporting their academic and social development.
- 18. Examples • Teachers can create classroom environments that help students get closer to their self-actualization. • Educators can help fulfill students’ emotional and physical needs, giving them a safe and comfortable place to learn, plenty of food, and the support they need to succeed. • This kind of environment is the most conducive to helping students learn.
- 19. Connectivism Learning Theory • Is one of the newest educational learning theories. • It focuses on the idea that people learn and grow when they form connections. • This can be connections with each other or connections with their roles and obligations in their lives. • Hobbies, goals, and people can all be connections that influence learning. • Teachers can utilize connectivism in their classrooms to help students make connections to things that excite them, helping them learn. • Teachers can use digital media to make good, positive connections to learning. • They can help create connections and relationships with their students and with their peer groups to help students feel motivated about learning.
- 20. Examples • Teachers can utilize connectivism in their classrooms to help students make connections to things that excite them, helping them learn. • Teachers can use digital media to make good, positive connections to learning. • They can help create connections and relationships with their students and with their peer groups to help students feel motivated about learning.
- 21. Transformative Learning Theory • Transformative learning theory is a great approach for adult education and young adult learning. • Also referred to as transformation learning, transformative learning theory focuses on the idea that learners can adjust their thinking based on new information. • This learning theory was founded by jack mezirow, who discovered it after doing studies on adult women who went back to school. • Works well for adult students • Overall, the theory states that our worldview is changed the more we learn, which helps us grasp new concepts and ideas
- 22. Social Learning Theory (SLT) • New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others • Learning is a cognitive process in a social context • Can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. • learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as vicarious reinforcement. • A. Bandura (1973) • SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & video game
- 23. Social Learning Theory (SLT) Modeling and underlying cognitive processes Social Learning Theory draws heavily on the concept of modeling Bandura outlined three types of modeling stimuli: 1. Live models, where a person is demonstrating the desired behavior 2. Verbal instruction, in which an individual describes the desired behavior in detail and instructs the participant in how to engage in the behavior 3. Symbolic, in which modeling occurs by means of the media, including movies, television, Internet, literature, and radio. Stimuli can be either real or fictional characters.
- 24. Experiential learning theory • Experiential learning theory focuses on learning by doing. • Using this theory, students are encouraged to learn through experiences that can help them retain information and recall facts. • Experiential learning theory, or ELT, was identified by David Kolb in 1984. • Though his influence came from other theorists such as John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget, • Kolb was able to identify four stages of ELT. 1. Concrete learning, 2. Reflective observation ( focus on grasping an experience) 3. Abstract conceptualization and 4. Active experimentation (are about transforming an experience)
- 25. Example • Some examples of this form of learning include taking students to the zoo to learn about animals instead of just reading about them or growing a garden to learn about photosynthesis instead of watching a video about it. • By creating environments where students can learn and experience at the same time, teachers offer students the opportunity to immediately apply their knowledge and get real- world experiences. • This approach also encourages teamwork and is shown to improve motivation.
- 26. Assignment Prepare a writeup on the learning Theories 1. Year 2. Propounders: Names with photos 3. Main concepts ◦ a. Specific concepts of each 4. Advantages/ Benefits 5. Criticisms 6. Examples of each theory 7. How can we use it now