Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
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Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, is a learning process where a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to produce a conditioned response (CR). Pavlov's experiments with dogs illustrated how a neutral stimulus, like a bell, could elicit salivation after being consistently paired with food. This concept is significant in understanding behaviors, treatment of phobias, and conditions like hypertension.
Theory of Learning (Classical Conditioning)
- 1. INSTITUTE:UNIVERSITY OF SINDH PK (FACULTY OF EDUCATION) ASSIGNED BY:DR AMJAD ALI ARAIN NAME:SUNENA IMTIAZ
- 3. A process by which people or animals are trained to behave in a particular way ,when particular things happen.
- 4. Proposed by: DR Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a famous Russian psychologist. He has won noble prize for this discovery. Definition: Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an un conditioned stimulus.
- 5. Actually Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dog. During his studies he noticed that his dogs, started secreting as saliva as soon as they saw the empty plate in which food was served. Ideally, Plate is not a stimuli that is sufficient to activate hunger drive and to secrete saliva. So he designed experiment to see if other neutral stimuli can also do the same job.
- 6. SETUP: Dog is kept hungry on experimental table fitted with mechanical controlled devices observer is hidden from dog but he can see the dog through mirrors. PROCEDURE: 1:Bell sound =food is produced 2:Dog=see food=salivates 3: Step 1 is repeated several times 4: Bell sound = Dog salivates
- 8. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS: Produces response without prior learning. E.g.( Food) UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE: This is not due to learning .e.g. (salivation on seeing food) CONDITIONED STIMULUS: It is that stimulus, which was previously neutral. It produces response after learning/classical conditioning has occurred. E.g. (sound of bell) CONDITIONED RESPONSE: This is due to learning. E.g. (salivation on hearing bell)
- 9. Before conditioning : US=UR ( Food )=(salivation on seeing food) During conditioning : CS+US =UR (Food + bell)=(salivation on seeing food) After conditioning : CS=CR (Bell)=(salivation on hearing bell sound)
- 10. Time relation between stimuli: Simultaneous conditioning Delayed conditioning Trace conditioning Backward conditioning(a,b,c are also called as forward conditioning)
- 12. SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING: CS and US are presented and terminated together. DELAYED CONDITIONING: CS is presented, leave it for a while present US and terminate CS and US together. This is the most effective way. TRACE CONDITIONING: CS begins and end before US is presented. BACKWARD CONDITIONING: CS is presented after US is terminated.
- 13. APETITIVE US: Automatically elicits approach responses, such as eating ,drinking , caressing etc. These response gave satisfaction on and pleasure. AVERSIVE US: Such as noise, bitter taste, electric shock ,painful injections etc are painful, harmful and elicit avoidance and escape responses.
- 14. This influences the course of both appetitive and aversive classical conditioning. More intense CS are more effective in accelerating the acquisition of CR. The more intense the CS ,the fewer are number of acquisition trials needed for conditioning.
- 15. Most fears are produced by CC. Therefore CC techniques are used to eliminate phobia. Most of the treatments for phobia are based on CC principles. CC plays an important role in hypertension as well. Research says that high blood pressure is easily conditioned to stressful events. Thus, a person who has experienced many at home/workplace ,shows high blood pressure by simply walking in to that environment.
- 16. Thank you