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The document discusses metaphysical poetry and its key characteristics. It was pioneered by John Donne in the 17th century. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by an intellectual complexity and the violent yoking together of unconneted ideas to startle the reader into new ways of thinking. It focuses more on analyzing feelings rather than expressing them. The bold literary devices used include obliquity, irony, and paradox. T.S. Eliot helped bring attention to metaphysical poetry in the 20th century by arguing these works achieved a fusion of thought and feeling that later poets were unable to due to a "dissociation of sensibility."

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Thinking Activies 2020 1 2020 All Thinking Activities Pdf File Bhavneshkumar s Mahyavanshi [THINKING ACTIVIES] Thinking Activities.About Author, Introduction,Examples,Types,Video,Conclusion
2 Contents Endmund spenser,Ben johnson and Francis bacon ........................................................................................................... 7 1.Endmund Spenser (1552-1599) ................................................................................................................................. 7 Ben Johnson (1572-1637)............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.Francis bacon (1561-1626) ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Aristotle poetics............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Doctor Faustus thinking activity ......................................................................................................................................10 Metaphysical poetry. ......................................................................................................................................................10 Portrait of John Donne................................................................................................................................................10 Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London .......................................................................................................11 WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY ? .............................................................................................................................12 METAPHYSICAL POETS ................................................................................................................................................12 JOHN DONNE'S POEMS ...............................................................................................................................................13 "The Flea" ...............................................................................................................................................................13 Hamlet-Kenneth Branagh................................................................................................................................................14 Teacher...........................................................................................................................................................................15 Past-Time....................................................................................................................................................................16 Today's Time...............................................................................................................................................................16 PARADISE LOST...............................................................................................................................................................16 Write Critique on the Character of Eve........................................................................................................................17 Dryden-An essay of Dramatic Poesy................................................................................................................................19 DRYDEN ......................................................................................................................................................................19 Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads..........................................................................................................................20 Wordsworth................................................................................................................................................................20 Samual Coleridge-Biographia ..........................................................................................................................................21 Coleridge ....................................................................................................................................................................21 Robinson Crusoe Film Screening .....................................................................................................................................22 Robinson Crusoe.........................................................................................................................................................22 What is Literature? .........................................................................................................................................................24 Mathew Arnold-Study of Poetry......................................................................................................................................25 T.S.Eliot:Tradition and Individual Talent..........................................................................................................................26 About T.S.Eliot ............................................................................................................................................................26
3 I.A.RIchards Figurative Language.....................................................................................................................................27 I.A.Richards.................................................................................................................................................................28 Misunderstanding.. in this song...................................................................................................................................29 Northrope Frye thinking activity......................................................................................................................................29 Northrope Frye............................................................................................................................................................29 Structuralism thinking activity.........................................................................................................................................30 Structuralism ..............................................................................................................................................................30 Deconstruction-Derrida ..................................................................................................................................................31 Example......................................................................................................................................................................32 Words.............................................................................................................................................................................32 The Waste Land Thinking Activity....................................................................................................................................33 T.S.Eliot and Waste Land Task..................................................................................................................................33 OD On Oneness of Literature ..........................................................................................................................................34 Modern Poems ...............................................................................................................................................................36 Modernist Poems............................................................................................................................................................36 Modernism .................................................................................................................................................................36 Characteristics of Modernist Poems............................................................................................................................36 2.Darkness ..................................................................................................................................................................37 3."Image" by Edward storer ........................................................................................................................................38 4."In station in Metro" ................................................................................................................................................39 5."The Pool" by H.D.Hilda............................................................................................................................................39 7.Morning at the window............................................................................................................................................40 Symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................41 8.The Red Wheelbarrow..............................................................................................................................................41 ELT 1 thinking activity .....................................................................................................................................................43 To The Light House Thinking Activity...............................................................................................................................44 Image of Ideal women.................................................................................................................................................45 Fluidity v/s Masculinity................................................................................................................................................49 Vision To the lighthouse..............................................................................................................................................49 Transcendentalism and Anti-transcendentalism in Scarlett letter....................................................................................50 Transcendentalism in Scarlett letter............................................................................................................................50 Anti-transcendentalism...............................................................................................................................................50
4 Orientalism-Edward Said.................................................................................................................................................51 Edward Said:-..............................................................................................................................................................51 Orientalism:-...............................................................................................................................................................51 PAlESTINE_ISRAEL.......................................................................................................................................................52 Tharoor,Postcolonialism .................................................................................................................................................53 Shashi Tharoor:-..........................................................................................................................................................53 "An Era of Darkness"...................................................................................................................................................54 Ngugi Wa Thiongo's views...........................................................................................................................................55 Then and Now:Colonialism,Post-Colonialism,Imperialism ...............................................................................................56 Colonialism .................................................................................................................................................................56 Post-Colonialism .........................................................................................................................................................57 Imperialism.................................................................................................................................................................57 Image..........................................................................................................................................................................57 Then and Now-Introduction and Conclusion................................................................................................................58 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................59 Midnights children, Reluctant fundamentalist,The Black Prince ......................................................................................60 Midnight' Children ......................................................................................................................................................60 Reluctant fundamentalist............................................................................................................................................60 . The Black Prince........................................................................................................................................................62 Themes.......................................................................................................................................................................62 Edgar Allan Poe short stories thinking activity.................................................................................................................63 Edgar Allan Poe...........................................................................................................................................................63 Postcolonial studies Prof. Balaji Rangnathan ...................................................................................................................65 Postcolonial studies ....................................................................................................................................................65 Professor Balaji Rangnathan........................................................................................................................................66 Existentialism videos.......................................................................................................................................................67 Existentialism..............................................................................................................................................................67 Waiting for Godot...........................................................................................................................................................69 The Birthday party thinking activity.................................................................................................................................74 THe Birthday Party......................................................................................................................................................75 A Grain of Wheat ............................................................................................................................................................78 Grain of Wheat ...........................................................................................................................................................79
5 Character study of Friday in Robinson Crusoe .............................................................................................................80 Mass Media and Communication....................................................................................................................................80 Communication...........................................................................................................................................................81 Education and Technology ..............................................................................................................................................82 . ..............................................................................................................................................................................83 Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources ....................................................................................................................83 Why Do We Need to Evaluate Online Resources?........................................................................................................84 Evaluating Online Resources .......................................................................................................................................84 Authorship..................................................................................................................................................................85 Publication..................................................................................................................................................................85 First of all I would like to tell about Wikipedia as web resource. Wikipedia- Hamlet ...................................................86 Gradesaver-The White Tiger........................................................................................................................................87 One night at the call center.............................................................................................................................................88 Chetan Bhagat ............................................................................................................................................................88 The White Tiger by Arvind Adiga.....................................................................................................................................89 The white Tiger ...........................................................................................................................................................90 Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga.................................................................................................................................90 Examples of Success Story...........................................................................................................................................91 Bazaar Movie ..............................................................................................................................................................91 The Da Vinci Code-Thinking Activity ................................................................................................................................94 The Da Vinci Code .......................................................................................................................................................95 About The Author .......................................................................................................................................................95 Language lab...................................................................................................................................................................98 Group task in Language lab .......................................................................................................................................101 What is the Language lab ..........................................................................................................................................101 Using a language lab has many benefits ....................................................................................................................102 2 Students learn much faster in the language lab.....................................................................................................102 4 Use more resources and varied activities than in a traditional classroom ...............................................................102 Disadvantages:..........................................................................................................................................................103 The Web-quest Harry Potter .........................................................................................................................................103 Name of All Series.....................................................................................................................................................104 ELT SESSION BY DR.ATANU BHATTACHARYA .................................................................................................................106
6 Key-Points From DR.Atanu Bhattacharya...................................................................................................................107 William Jones............................................................................................................................................................107 How Literature Shaped Me?..........................................................................................................................................108 HOW LITERATURE SHAPED ME? ...........................................................................................................................108 Waiting for Barbarians..................................................................................................................................................111 About the Author......................................................................................................................................................111 Plot/ Summary..........................................................................................................................................................111 Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes-Thinking Activity ...................................................................................................113 About Author............................................................................................................................................................113 Journalism ....................................................................................................................................................................116 Journalism.................................................................................................................................................................117 Tips for Writing Leads ...............................................................................................................................................117 7 Types of Leads........................................................................................................................................................118 Journalism comes in several different forms: ............................................................................................................118 Reporting..................................................................................................................................................................119 Writing .....................................................................................................................................................................120 Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) .............................................................................................................120 Listening ...................................................................................................................................................................121 Speaking ...................................................................................................................................................................121 Reading.....................................................................................................................................................................121 Writing......................................................................................................................................................................122 What are Web 2.0 Tools?..........................................................................................................................................122 Advantages and Disadvantages.................................................................................................................................124
7 Endmund spenser,Ben johnson and Francis bacon 1.Endmund Spenser (1552-1599) Spenser's early life and parentage we know little, except that he was born in east Smithfield, near tower of London, and was poor. His education began at merchant tailors school in London and was continued in Cambridge, where as a poor sizar and fag for wealthy students he earned a scant living. In 1590, Spenser brought out the first three books of his most famous work, The Faerie Queene, having travelled to London to publish and promote the work, with the likely assistance of Raleigh. He was successful enough to obtain a life pension of £50 a year from the Queen. He probably hoped to secure a place at court through his poetry, but his next significant publication boldly antagonised the queen's principal secretary, Lord Burghley , through its inclusion of the satirical Mother Hubberd's Tale. He returned to Ireland. In 1594, Spenser's first wife had died, and in that year he married Elizabeth Boyle, who was much younger than him, and originated from Northamptonshire, possibly his native county. He addressed to her the sonnet sequence Amoretti. The marriage itself was celebrated in Epithalamion.They had a son named Peregrine.In 1596, Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled A View of the Present State of Ireland. This piece, in the form of a dialogue, circulated in manuscript, remaining unpublished until the mid-seventeenth century. It is probable that it was kept out of print during the author's lifetime because of its inflammatory content. The pamphlet argued that Ireland would never be totally "pacified" by the English until its indigenous language and customs had been destroyed, if necessary by violence. Spenser works - The faery queene is the great work upon which the poet's fame chiefly rests. * Complaints, Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie (entered into the Stationer's Register in 1590 includes: The Ruines of Time
8 The Teares of the Muses "Virgil's Gnat" The Faery Queene, Books 4,5,6 Ben Johnson (1572-1637) 1572-1637 Ben Jonson was an English playwright and poet best known for his satiric comedies (types of comedies that poke fun at human weaknesses). In many peoples opinion he was, next to William Shakespeare (1564–1616), the greatest dramatic genius of the English Renaissance (roughly the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries).Ben Jonson was probably born in or near London, England, about a month after the death of his father, a clergyman (someone who works for the church). His father gained his position when King Henry VIII (1491–1547) ruled England, but lost it after Queen Mary (1516–1558) took the throne.Jonson's mother then married a bricklayer. This may be why he did not continue his schooling. His stepfather made him work in the more practical business of bricklaying. Jonson also spent some time as a soldier and a traveling actor. He married sometime between 1592 and 1595.Many people thought that English literature, and particularly drama, had already reached as high as it could when Ben Jonson began his career. But Jonson helped it gain even higher goals. Jonson's special gift was his strong sense of artistic form and control. Although an accomplished scholar, he could also write in the way everyday people spoke. It was because of this skill that he was liked by both people who were well read and by people who did not have an advanced education.Jonson's first major play was Every Man in His Humour. It was performed by a theater group called the Lord Chamberlain's Men. William Shakespeare performed the lead role. This play is a model of what is called the "comedy of humors," in which each character's action is ruled by a whim or affectation.Jonson gained fame when he wrote Volpone, or the Fox in 1606. It was loved not only by the people in London but also by the scholars at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. This was a major success for Jonson. After Volpone, Jonson wrote Epicoene, or the Silent Woman , The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair .
9 2.Francis bacon (1561-1626) Francis Bacon was born on January 22, 1561 in London, England. Bacon served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, resigning amid charges of corruption. His more valuable work was philosophical. Bacon took up Aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.His mother, Lady Anne Cooke Bacon, was his father's second wife and daughter to Sir Anthony Cooke, a humanist who was Edward VI's tutor. Francis Bacon’s mother was also the sister-in-law of Lord Burghley. Notable works Essays 1st edition The Advancement and Proficience of Learning Divine and Human (1605) Essays (2nd edition – 38 essays, 1612) Novum Organum Scientiarum ('New Method', 1620) Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral (3rd/final edition – 58 essays) New Atlantis (1627) Aristotle poetics 1..I don't agree with Plato's objection, because the freedom of expression is the fundamental right for everyone , but in India ORTHODOX people don't tolerate the freedom of expression. Ex. Kamasutra :a tale of love A film was directed by Mira Nair on the ancient Hindu text "kamasutra" which was written by VATSYANA .the film was made on ancient Hindu literature, ironically ,the film was banned in India due to it's sexual content . Other films banned in India like a water, fire.etc 2..I have studied during B.a program,"Othello" follows Aristotle rules ,because Othello is tragic hero .he killed his wife 3.."harry ape "doesn't follow the Aristotle tradition, because in this play yank has no high rank.
10 4..yes ,I have studied othello during b.a programe. Othello is main protagonist in the tragedy and his Hamartia is a blind love for Desdemona . 5.."Othello" follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle Doctor Faustus thinking activity 1) The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lucifer). What does it signify? Ans: In this scene we can see that the Wings of Lucifer which signifies his power and Lucifer is a symbol of devil. 2) Is God present in the play? If yes, where and how? If No, why? Ans: I think God is not present physically but present in sense of good angel and the old man. 3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with reference to central theme of the play Dr. Faustus? Ans: This is the image of two Greek mythological characters.the father-deadalus and his son Icarus. Icarus wants to fly in the sky so his father makes waxen wings for his son and warns him to don't fly near sun. otherwise his wings will melt .but Icarus ignores his fathers warning and he fall in to the sea. 4) How do you interpret this painting? Ans: This picture is very beautiful and natural and in this picture I can see a fisherman and shepherd but they are busy in there own work. Metaphysical poetry. intellectual complexity and concentration that is displayed in the poetry of John Donne, the chief of the Metaphysicals. Others include Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, John Cleveland, and Abraham Cowley as well as, to a lesser extent, George Herbert and Richard Crashaw. Portrait of John Donne
11 John Donne, detail of an oil painting by an unknown artist, after Isaac Oliver, c. 1616; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Their work is a blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or “wit”—that is, by the sometimes violent yoking together of apparently unconnected ideas and things so that the reader is startled out of his complacency and forced to think through the argument of the poem. Metaphysical poetry is less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, with the poet exploring the recesses of his consciousness. The boldness of the literary devices used—especially obliquity, irony, and paradox—are often reinforced by a dramatic directness of language and by rhythms derived from that of living speech. Esteem for Metaphysical poetry never stood higher than in the 1930s and ’40s, largely because of T.S. Eliot’s influential essay “The Metaphysical Poets” (1921), a review of Herbert J.C. Grierson’s anthology Metaphysical Lyrics & Poems of the Seventeenth Century. In this essay Eliot argued that the works of these men embody a fusion of thought and feeling that later poets were unable to achieve because of a “dissociation of sensibility,” which resulted in works that were either intellectual or emotional but not both at once. In their own time, however, the epithet “metaphysical” was used pejoratively: in 1630 the Scottish poet William Drummond of Hawthornden objected to those of his contemporaries who attempted to “abstract poetry to metaphysical ideas and scholastic quiddities.” At the end of the century, John Dryden censured Donne for affecting “the metaphysics” and for perplexing “the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy when he should engage their hearts . . . with the softnesses of love.” Samuel Johnson, in referring to the learning that their poetry displays, also dubbed them “the metaphysical poets,” and the term has continued in use ever since. Eliot’s adoption of the label as a term of praise is arguably a better guide to his personal aspirations about his own poetry than to the Metaphysical poets themselves; his use of metaphysical underestimates these poets’ debt to lyrical and socially engaged verse. Nonetheless, the term is useful for identifying the often-intellectual character of their writing. 
12 WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY ? o Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially about love, romantic and sensual; about man's relationship with God - the eternal perspective; and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art.  Characteristics of 'Metaphysical Poetry'  METAPHYSICAL POETS o
13 JOHN DONNE'S POEMS o The Sun rising o The flea o death,be not proud o Sweetest love o The dream o The Ecstacy  "The Flea"   "The Flea" written by John donne.The poet uses biological image of the flea in order to deal with the theme of 'love'.The speaker uses the occasion of a flea hopping from himself to young lady as an excuse to argue that the two of them should make
14 a love.In the flea their blood is mixed togather,he says that they have already made as one in the body of the flea.the flea pricked her and get what it wanted without having to woo her.The flea's bite and mingling of their bloods is not considered a sin,so why should their love-making?.  In the second stanza the speaker attempt to prevent the woman from killing the flea.He argues that since the flea contains the 'life' of both her self and the speaker,she would be guilty of suicide and triple homicide in kiling it.The woman in question is obviously not convinced,for in the third stanza she has killed the flea with a fingernail.The speaker then turn this around to point out that,although the flea which contained portions of their lives is dead,neither of them is the weaker for it.If this commingling of bodily fluids can leave no lasting effect,then why does she hesitate to join with him in sexual intimacy?after all,her honor will be equally undiminished. v Hamlet-Kenneth Branagh  How faithful is the movie to the original play? o Movie is faithful to origin play because most of dialogues of origin play are same in the movie.  · After watching the movie, have your perception about play, characters or situations changed? Yes,my perception changed one point is that in this movie Gertrude is very happy but in the book Gertrude is not happy.  · Do you feel ‘aesthetic delight’ while watching the movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons? Yes,when Hamlet was died and his words were gave me aesthetic delight "The rest is Silence".It was gave me aesthetic delight.  · Do you feel ‘catharsis’ while or after watching movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons? Yes,I feel "Catharsis" in this play when claudius is become a king and his mother married with cluadius within couple of days his father's death.  · Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play? Yes, because visual memory is strongest memory so if you want better understanding for the play then I prefer movie.  · Was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime? One moment is cherish lifetime for me when Gertrude drink poisoned and that time Claudius tell to Gertrude that "Do not drink". It's cherish moment for me.  · If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’? If I am director so first of all I want to change last scene to create happy ending and Hamlet marry to Ophelia and Gertrude do not drink Poison.
15  In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you read in this? (Clue: In Book IX of 'Paradise Lost', Satan reflects on his revenge motive: "But what will not ambition and revenge; Descend to? Who aspires must down as low; As high he soared, obnoxious, first or last, To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet, Bitter ere long back on itself recoils." Is it not King Hamlet's ambition to avenge his death responsible for the downfall of his kingdom which is symbolically pictured in last scenes?) In the beginning of the movie camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle and end with similar sequence this scene symbolize the cycle life and death.  While studying the play through movie, which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why? Give reasons with illustrations. I think psychological approach is more applicable for the play because Hamlet fight with own self.  Which of the above mentioned approaches (in Pre-viewing task) appeals you more than other?Why? Give reasons. I like feminist approach because in this play Gertrude and Ophelia are victim of men and just sex object for men. Teacher  Write Something about your Favourite Teacher Give some reasons for it. o My Favourite Teacher name is Haresh Pandya because he is honest person and his teaching method is very easy and he is able to explain any topic. o He Always encourage to students for study o He is master in mathematics and my favourite subject is Maths so I like his teaching style.  How are you as Students?Think and Write o As Student I Am weak in English Subject . o I have lot of knowledge about "MAHABHARATA" and "RAMAYANA" o As Student My Favourite Topic is "Politics"  What is the difference between the education system in past and today's time?take help of your parents to write this.
16 Past-Time  It was bad condition for Education  That time Government do not provide good facilities for students.  No Computers and No Technology(GOOGLE BABA).  Government schools condition were very bad.  Most of the students were economically poor. Today's Time  Today's time education system not so good but better than Past time  Now a days Government provides good facilities for students like library,book,computer etc.  Easy to get Information. PARADISE LOST  John Milton o Born: 9 December 1608 Died: 8 November 1674 o John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost, written in blank verse.
17  Write Critique on the Character of Eve. o Eve, the mother of mankind is portrayed by Milton as of a typical womanish nature. She is frail, beautiful, clever, yet easy to be seduced. She is the one that wants freedom from her husband only to be seduced by Satan without her will. She deserves all praise for her beauty and she is the beloved wife of Adam. They are quite happy in discharge of their duties. Milton, in delineating the character of Eve,has portrayed the weaknesses of women. 2.Whose argument did you find more convincing?
18 I find that in first time eve was not accept what serpent says here I can also see that is someone was praising a lot that means that someone is something wrong “let us not then suspect our happy state left so imperfect by the Maker wise as not secure to single or combined frail is our happiness if this be so” In this argument direct said to God If I was in place of eve I would like to reply that “If God is this much why he is God and why he created all this why he created us why he gave us life and happiness” 3.How do you look at divine Perspective in the Genesis of The Holy book Bible and Human Perspective in John Milton's Paradise lost Book 9?
19  The Holy Bible and Book IX from Paradise Lost. John Milton proposed in 'Argument' to 'justify the ways of God to men'. In fact, he moves on the justify '(Hu)Man's ways in this world'.In 'Genesis', the 'Fall' is narrated from God's perspective. Obviously, God is the center of Bible. The characters of Adam and Eve are flat, lifeless and mere puppet. They do not have any emotion or feeling or voice. The Satan-Serpent tempted Eve, Eve tempted Adam and the Fall happened. God emerged and punished all three.  In Milton’s Paradise lost book 9 I find the same story told from Human Perspective.I find eve eat the apple is gain knowledge to know good and evil.To giving interntion is in favor of human rather than God. Dryden-An essay of Dramatic Poesy DRYDEN  Do you any difference between Aristotle definition of Tragedy and Dryden's Definition of Play? o Aristotle says that Tragedy is an imitation of an action while Dryden says that Play is a Lively Image of Human Nature. o According to Aristotle pity and fear are used in Tragedy to purify the emotions of mankind whereas Dryden says that passions and humour are used to delight and instruct mankind. o Aristotle definition has ended with "catharsis" while the definition of Dryden has 'delight'  If you are supposed to give your personal prediction, would be on the side of the Ancient or Modern? please give reason o The Ancient drama is superior because the Ancients closely observed Nature and Fathful represented.
20  Do you think that the arguments presented in the favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ? o No,I do not favour of French plays because English plays are represents full of entertainment and offer an element of surprise which French do not present.  What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? o I would like to go with prosaic dialogues in the play because it would be easily understand for conman reader and while poetic dialogues are very hard. Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth  What is the Basic Diffrence between the poetic creed of "classicism' and "Romanticism"? o Classicism means intellect is the guiding force and Romanticism means Imagination is the guiding source o Classicism is the Imitation or use primarily of the style and aesthetic principles of ancient greek and Roman classical art and literature the term "Neoclassicism is often use in referring to revivals of classicism. o Romanticism is movemnt in the literature that lasted from about 1750 to 1870 ,charactersed by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach freedom of thought and expression and idealization of nature.  Why does wordsworth say "what is poet? rather than who is Poet?"
21 o A poet is a man speaking to men,endowed with more lively sensibility,moreenthusiasm and tenderness , who has grater knowledge of human nature, and more comprehensive soul , who rejoice more than other men in the spirit of life, habitually impelled to creative volilions,passion and situations where he does not find them.  What is poetic diction is suggested by wordsworth in his Preface? o Poetic diction is choice of words o The language as really used by men.  What is Poetry? o Poetry is the spontanous overflow of powerful feelings, it takes its origin form emotion recollected in tranquality.  Discuss 'Daffodils'- I wandered lonely as a cloud with reference to wordsworth poetic creed. o I wandered lonely as a cloud thousan saw at a glance for off,when on my couch .I lie in vacant or in persive mood,they flash upon that inword eye. Which is the bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances with daffodils. Samual Coleridge-Biographia Coleridge  Write in your words in the diffrence between poem and prose. o Prose  Language is more natural and Grammatical.
22  The writers usually has no words limit.  Ideas are written in sentences,sentences are grouped into paragraph o Poem  Language is Rhythmical  Poets use a limited words  Ideas are written in lines;lines are grouped into stanzas  Write in your words the difference between poem and poetry o Poem  Gives pleasure  Smaller is Poem  Piece of Poetry o Poetry  Gives an aesthetic delight  longer is poetry  something higher than poem o  Give illustration to support your answer. o example of poem o smaller is poem  Robinson Crusoe Film Screening Robinson Crusoe
23  We have watched movie in our Department. So I write on Robinson Crusoe.  o Crusoe washes up on an uninhabited island on the North American coast. He lives there for twenty-eight years documenting his physical and spiritual growth in his journal. Then one day a British ship sails by the island, and he's rescued. o In the mid 17th century, Robinson Crusoe begins his career as a sailor, against the wishes of his parents, who would prefer him to go into law. o Crusoe survives a deadly shipwreck in the Caribbean and manages to set up a camp for himself on an uninhabited island. Much of the story documents the time he spent building his shelter and other things to make his life more comfortable, his gardening, goat raising, and hunting, as well as his religious reflections. o Many years after the shipwreck, Crusoe rescues a prisoner from a nearby island. He names this man Friday, converts him to Christianity, and enjoys his company. o Later, he sees a British ship sailing by. The crew has recently mutinied, but with the help of the captain he's able to take the ship. He returns to England briefly, where he has been disinherited, because his father had believed Crusoe to be dead upon his own death, but soon sets out on another adventure. o Robinson Crusoe was Defoe’s first-published full narrative and his most popular, appealing to both middle- class and aristocratic readers with its combination of a believable and very human first-person narrator, realistic detail, allusions and references to actual places and people, imagery drawn from everyday life and the natural world, and an appealing, if somewhat unstructured, narrative line. The title page of the book provides a considerable amount of information for the reader. The LIFE and Strange Surprizing ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE, of YORK. Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an u- inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’ by PIRATES. Written by Himself. That, in brief, is a plot summary. It also is evidence of the ordinariness of the narrator, a seaman from York (and therefore middle class) who is forced by circumstances to fend for himself in unfriendly surroundings, a practical man who manages to survive for twenty-eight years before his rescue. Finally, within this long title is the evidence of Defoe’s insistence on realism—the use of real place names, the statement that the book is an autobiographical narrative. That Robinson Crusoe is a Defoe character is evident from the moment he finds himself shipwrecked. He acts immediately in the interest of survival, salvaging such necessities as he can from the stricken ship and building a rude shelter. Yet Crusoe’s concern is not only for his physical well-being; he begins a journal in which he plans to record his spiritual progress as it is reflected in the daily activities that mark his sojourn on the island. For nearly two decades, Crusoe works to create a life for himself, building what he needs, improvising where he must, and ultimately replicating a little corner of England on the desert island. What he accomplishes is beyond basic survival; he fashions an English life that is dependent on the transformation of raw materials into the necessities of his culture. He plants grain that he bakes into bread, he domesticates goats so that he might have milk, and he turns a cave into a cozy fortified dwelling that boasts comfortable furniture. When Friday arrives, Crusoe’s little English empire is complete: The conqueror has mastered both the territory and its people.
24 Having survived the shipwreck, Crusoe has become strongly aware of his vulnerability as a human being, and throughout the narrative he insists that his life is proof of the workings of divine Providence. Consequently, he often reflects on the spiritual lessons to be learned not only from his experiences on the island but also from the events in his life that led to his sojourn so far from home. This reflection is typical of Defoe’s narrators, who look on life’s experiences as a series of symbolic occurrences pointing to the connections between the spiritual and the secular. Defoe has created in Robinson Crusoe a man very like himself—and very much a typical eighteenth century Englishman. Crusoe’s plebeian origins, his earnest industry, his tendency to see religious meaning in the mundane, and his talent for overcoming misfortune are all Defoe’s qualities. Like the average Englishman of his time, Crusoe is something of a bigot, and although he treats Friday well, the slave is never offered his freedom and must call Crusoe “Master.” Crusoe triumphs over his circumstances and environment, and indeed he manages to provide himself with a little paradise on earth; but he is English to the core, and with the first opportunity he returns to England and settles down to family life. Robinson Crusoe is often described as one of the major forerunners of the novel. Although written as a travel narrative, it displays many of the modern novel’s major characteristics: realism (through verisimilitude, the first-person narrator, imagery from the natural world, and copious detail), interesting and believable characters engaged in plausible adventures and activities, and an engaging story. What is Literature?  Literature is mirror of society because it gives an image, but image is not necessarily a true image.
25  The Image can be distorted in reality or perceived as distorted by society as whole literature tends to focus on subject current to societal engagement.   Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.  Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill.  The very essence of literature is the war between emotion and intellect, between life and death. When literature becomes too intellectual - when it begins to ignore the passions, the emotions - it becomes sterile, silly, and actually without substance.  So we can say that literature is mirror of world. Mathew Arnold-Study of Poetry 1. Write about the one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in our time. Ans. 'A study of poetry ' is a critical essay by Mathew Arnold. He gives definition of poetry that " Poetry is the criticism of life " . It is true that poet is critic of life and this definition is a very relevant in our time. He also discussed the idea of disinterested or detachment. .He says that the critic must be absolutely impartial without any prejudice or bias against or in favor of any particular author. Disinterested on the part of the critic implies freedom from all the prejudice, personal and historical . 2. Write about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date and irrelevant in our time. Ans. Mathew Arnold 's idea about " Touch - Stone Method " is out of date and irrelevant in our time because Arnold's touchstone method is a comparative method of criticism. This method is comparison and analysis as two primary tools for judging individual poet. Even a single line or selected quotation will serve the purpose, if the other works moves us in the same way as these lines and expression do, then it is a great work otherwise not. so it is not appropriate in present time and it is not appropriate way to passing judgement on the bases of comparison with others because time and situation always changing...
26 T.S.Eliot:Tradition and Individual Talent About T.S.Eliot T.S. Eliot, in full Thomas Stearns Eliot, (born September 26, 1888, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died January 4, 1965, London, England), American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s until late in the century. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. The publication of Four Quartets led to his recognition as the greatest living English poet and man of letters, and in 1948 he was awarded both the Order of Merit and the Nobel Prize for Literature. 1) How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of tradition? Do you agree with it? >Yes, I am agree with the concept of tradition given by Eliot in his essay in which he points out that tradition is matter of much wider significance it can not be inherited and you must obtain it by great labour. We can know what is good and useful or bad by labour. 2) What do you understand by historical sense? > "The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence". A historical sense is not just sense of history as a past but it is also an understanding of the present, the present is the unfolding of the past, As a writer one can must have the historical sense. 3) What is the relationship between "Tradition" and "Individual Talent" according to the poet T.S.Eliot? 2) Individual talent is a part of tradition, They are like two sides of one coin. A writer while writing his work not only considers literature of his time but also the classical. Individual talent is a part of tradition as like a brick and building.
27 4) Explain. ''Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum". > T.s.Eliot wants to say that this quote all writers have absorb knowledge through the wide reading of whole tradition of his own nation like Shakespeare that he was not highly educated person but he had knowledge about his surrounding and history. 5) "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry" > T.s.eliot. try to explain that the honest criticism and the appreciation by any critic is of the work art and not of the writer. If we like any work of art it is the quality of that work we like not the poet's personality. E.g now a days people Criticise Tajmahal as a creation of cruel ruler in other words, we can not judge it in terms of history or personality of maker, but we must see its art of creation. 6) How would you like to explain Eliot's theory of depersonalization? You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, platinum. > T.S.Eliot gives an example of chemical process to explain his theory of depersonalization to create Sulphur dioxide, platinum is used as a catalyst, but when it is prepared we do not see platinum any more in the solution. Similarly, to create poetry, poet's mind works as a catalyst but we do not see his mind in his poetry. 7) Explain. "Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality" > In this quote Eliot does not deny personality or emotion to the poet only, he must depersonalize his emotions there should be an extinction of his personality. This impersonality can be achieved only when poet surrenders himself completely to the work that is to be done. 8) Write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic; "Tradition is a matter of much wider significance, it can't be inherited and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour". "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry". I.A.RIchards Figurative Language
28 I.A.Richards  I.A. Richards, in full Ivor Armstrong Richards, (born Feb. 26, 1893, Sandbach, Cheshire, Eng.—died Sept. 7, 1979, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English critic, poet, and teacher who was highly influential in developing a new way of reading poetry that led to the New Criticism and that also influenced some forms of reader-response criticism Suraj Hua Maddham Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik, ... Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... Main Thehra Raha, Zameen Chalne Lagi Dhadka Yeh Dil, Saans Thamne Lagi Oh, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Ho Oh Oh, Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh, Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga Main Thehri Rahi, Zameen Chalne Lagi Dhadka Yeh Dil, Saans Thamne Lagi Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Hai Khoobsurat Yeh Pal, Sab Kuch Raha Hai Badal Sapne Haqeeqat Mein Jo Dhal Rahe Hai Kya Sadiyon Se Puraana Hai Rishtaa Yeh Hamaara Ke Jis Tarha Tumse Hum Mil Rahe Hai Yunhi Rahe…
29 Misunderstanding.. in this song Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... In reality is not Possible.. Like” Suraj hua Maddham” is not possible and “Chand Jalne laga” actually Moon never fire It is Overliterral reading and irregular Syntax. Northrope Frye thinking activity    Northrope Frye   1.Ans. Archetype is a term of narrative design, symbol, character, dream, collective images, myths, ritual and universal thing are in literature. 'Archetype of criticism' means denotes recurrent narrative design and it may that to art into images and pattern of one another character and theme type of in literature. The Archetypal critic tries to find this pattern, symbol and myth in present literary work.   2Ans. Frye's attempt to prove physics to nature and criticism to literature by giving an analogy. Basically here Frye tried to compare both as according to any physics students they mainly studies or rather learning physics instead of nature. So it can be easy that physics has structured meaning or ideas to study of nature. While on the other side of comparison. We can say
30 that criticism has same philosophy or rather strategy as it has the particular way of study literature. One can learn criticism of literature but can't learn literature   3Ans. Archetype criticism is based on philosophy and History of people. As it has been said that literature includes history as well as philosophy to convey its meaning so it displays events and ideas. History and philosophy are two important pillars of literature. History gives events and philosophy gives ideas and writer combines both and creates work of literature. Thus both are important to literature. We are not studying history or philosophy but talking only their help to understand literature   4Ans. Inductive method means something lead from specific to general. Here we take example of physics to better understanding of this method that when Physics' teacher teach students first different parts of body like Kidney, heart, eyes, brain, etc   5Ans. Deductive means from general to specific. Some are art like music moves in time and some like paintings moves in space. Music has rhythm which is temporal and painting have pattern which is spatial. But all assets may be conceived both temporally and spatially. Literature seems in between music and painting   6.ans  This song from Lagaan encapsulates the eager anticipation with which we long for the rains and how bereft we feel when those clouds dissipate without showering those cooling, nourishing drops on us. Especially true for drought hit areas, just like Bhuwan’s village in the film Structuralism thinking activity Structuralism   Think and Write: Being a structuralist critic, how would you analyse literary text or TV serial or Film? You can select any image or TV serial or film or literary text or advertisement. Apply structuralist method and post your write up on your blog. Give link of that blog-post in the comment section under this blo  Obsessive love is a condition in which one person feels an overwhelming obsessive desire to possess and protect another person toward whom one feels a strong attraction, with an inability to accept failure or rejection Examples Darr
31  Anjaam  In Anjaam and Darr both are based on same theme "Obsession for Love'.  In both film role played by Shahrukh Khan Deconstruction-Derrida Deconstruction, as applied in the criticism of literature, designates a theory and practice of reading which questions and claims to "subvert" or "undermine" the assumption that the system of language provides grounds that are adequate to establish the boundaries, the coherence or unity, and the determinate meanings of a literary text. Typically, a deconstructive reading sets out to show that conflicting forces within the text itself serve to dissipate the seeming definiteness of its structure and meanings into an indefinite array of incompatible and undecidable possibilities.
32 Example "Shutter island" In this movie hero play two characters so similarly afflicted But we all know that it's just myth. In which nothing is what it seems Words 1 Obsession Turkish- #Takinti Swedish- #besatthet 2 Beloved Italian- #Diletto Roman- #Iubit 3 Blind Spanish- #Ciego Irish- #dall 4 Stubborn French- #Tetu Germany- #Stur 5 Womanizer Russian- #Babnik Spanish- #Mujeriego
33 The Waste Land Thinking Activity T.S.Eliot and Waste Land Task 1) What are your views on the following image after reading 'The Waste Land'? Do you think that Eliot is regressive as compared to Nietzche's views? or Has Eliot achieved universality of thought by recalling mytho-historical answer to the contemporary malaise? ANs:We could find that Eliot and Nietzche both are right in thier own way.But here we could say that Eliot believe in riligious power or Supernatural power another writer Nietzche is like an antheist. T.S.Elot believe that our People could learn from our riligious books(Mythological books),upnishad,Budhism,Christanity etc.They could learn and make great future from supernatural power. Another writer Nietzche believe in human power,human being. He believe that human is the most powerful in the world. While Nietzche believe that in this world there is no God.God is dead.So we could not say that Eliot is regressive as compare to Nietzche's view. As per the my view of Nietzche could be consider as more practical and realistic because first thing is that he is an aetheist and he believes in Human power.He does not believe in supernatural things. 2.What are your views regarding these comments? Is it true that giving free vent to the repressed 'primitive instinct' lead us to happy and satisfied life? or do you agree with Eliot's view that 'salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition'?
34 Agree, It is truth that give free vent to the repressed Primitive instict could lead us to the happy satisfied and Peaceful life. 3) Write about allusions to the Indian thoughts in 'The Waste Land'. (Where, How and Why are the Indian thoughts referred?) "In the Waste Land" Eliot was presented various thoughts culture, tradition, to connect the world with one Universal thing.How sexual perversion was over power than spirituality of humanbeing. The allusion to the Indian thought.....: "Ganga was sunken, and the limps leaves waited for rain, while the black clouds gathered far distant, over Himvant The jungle crouched, humped in silence." Then Eliot gives three 'Da' 1)Datta- to give not only charity but giving oneself for some noble cause. 2) Dayadhvam- Sympathies yourself with the sorrows and suffering of others, come out of your isolation and love into others. 3)Damyata- Self control, control over one's passion and desire. We could Find This kind of Indian thought allusions in this poem. OD On Oneness of Literature  Oneness of Literature
35  Literature is a mirror of society. T. S. Eliot "The wasteland " "The joke" written by Anton Chekhov Literature is a mirror of society. Literature is not like just books but it is everything... In literature all things are connected with human life. Literature is a window of world. Its like river. It has many ways to flow but root is one. In literature so many theorist like a T.S.Eliot, Northrop Frye and others. They used similar kind of symbols, Imagination, structure etc. Northrop in his theory of Archetype criticism based on the oneness of literature. And other writer "Tradition and individual talent " that past is very important for new literature. It brings the basic things from the work of literature told by T. S. Eliot. He told that poet should know the pastness of past. Example And when we were children, staying at the archduke's, My cousin's, he took me out on a sled, Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.
36 In the mountains, there you feel free. Interpretation ... The stanza of the poem is connected with story "The joke"."The wasteland "and "The joke" both have same theme. In "wasteland" tell about hidden sexuality and in "The joke " we could find sexual perversion with same symbols. We also could find same symbols like mountains and down of sled. Only name is change Marie instead Nadiya. In this story lover so many time used word "I love you " but as sexual perversion not for pure love or true feelings. So we could say that every works have oneness and connected with all literature.. Modern Poems Modernist Poems Modernism Modernism was a movement in the arts in the first half of the twentieth century that rejected traditional values and techniques, and emphasized the importance of individual experience. Characteristics of Modernist Poems  Modern Poems.... 
37  "The Embankment"  In this poem man wants to die because he doesn't bear himself or may be he wants to hide himself. In the poem I could find some symbols. Symbols... Blankets-protection Gold heels -prostitute Street 2.Darkness " I stop to watch a star shine in the boghole, A star no longer, but a silver ribbon of light. I look at it , and pass on." My point of view is that Darkness connected with death and something happening bad. Here I could say that Speaker would feel depression. As a part of depression Speaker face mental illness so that speaker don't like to see shining of stars but likes to see light. So that I have to say that this sky may be gives the feeling of boghole. In this poem I could find some symbols like a... Darkness Boghole Silver Ribbon :- Mental illness
38 3."Image" by Edward storer We could not bound in one certain idea about any Image. But here may be the Image of Sorrowful condition and everything looks like varnished. I could say that imagine situation is become like as land of desert with full moon light.Here some symbols like a... Moon. Pyre Peat smoke
39 4."In station in Metro" This poem based on imagination As the title suggested the image of Metro-station. There are crowded people and everyone rushing. This poem has completed in only 2 lines. In the poem Faces are compared with the petal of the black and wet bough. It means that after the rain when branches becomes black. Here I found some point like as, Apparition :- Ghost, Imagery Petals :- Flowers, Black and Wet Bough 5."The Pool" by H.D.Hilda Writer has visited the river and pool. Pool is symbolically used for joined two shore of the river and rottenness . River is interpret something discovery because later on he finds something. * Sea :-Fish :- Lover * Net :- Marriage, Love * Banded :- Wings 6 " Insouciance " by Richard Aldington:-
40 * Imagination & Metaphor:- Dreary Trenches, Flock of Doves, White winged dove 7.Morning at the window. My view about this poem writer watched terrible sight out side from the window at early morning. Writer saw poor condition of his country and people Who lived on the pavement. They had not even enough food for eating and another side children played in mud. They have not good clothe.
41 Symbols Basement * Trampled edges * Damp Soul * Twisted faces 8.The Red Wheelbarrow. The most divisive poems ever written, ‘The Red Wheelbarrow’ has variously been viewed as the epitome of Imagist practice and as barely ‘poetry’ at all. It first appeared in Williams’s 1923 volume Spring and All, a book which combined free verse with pieces written in prose. Symbols.. * Red Wheelbarrow * White Chicken 9."Anecdote of Jar" First published in 1919, this is one of Stevens’s best-known short poems. It appeared in his first volume of poems and has been baffling critics and readers ever since…
42 * Jar :- Art, * Bush :- Recreation, Wilderness 10."I" by E.E.Cummings This poem appeared in 1958 in Cummings’ collection 95 Poems, so it’s really a late modernist work. Although it’s nine lines long, it only contains four words – cleverly arranged so that ‘a leaf falls’ appears parenthetically within the word ‘loneliness’. Richard S. Kennedy, Cummings’ biographer, called it ‘the most delicately beautiful literary construct that Cummings ever created’.
43 Symbols.. leaf loneliness 10.Modernist Poems Thinking Activity...... ELT 1 thinking activity 1.) What is English Language for you? Ans I would like to say that English language is second language for me. When I studied in school that time my English was very poor. Even do not have basic grammar or vocabulary knowledge. But now a days I feel better to speak with anyone... So I want to learn something more in English language. 2.) What kind of challenges you are facing and have faced while learning this language? Ans First challenge is learn English language. And mostly I have faced problem with vocabulary...So I need more words for best Fluency in English. 3.) Write in brief your understanding about any one essay. Ans Socio culture.... The Indian reality is manifested at many level organized from borrowing, Idoms, Metaphor, Symbols etc. English is mad for the fulfill the function of a second language. English used as an alternative way of expressing a culture. English use for easy to convey. For better understanding 4.) According to you which Position English Language should be given? Ans According to my view English language should be second language because in India we have so many language .For as easy to use I preferred mother tongue. But we should get basic knowledge about English language. 5.) How you see your future with English Language? Ans
44 My future with English is very bright because I have so much hunger for learn English language. I want to become English Teacher. English language...... To The Light House Thinking Activity To The Light House 1. How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said? (Key: The 'How' of the narrative technique is to be discussed along with features of Stream of Consciousness technique which helps Woolf to put in effective manner what she experienced in abstractions.) Ans-: Here we could find some Complex relationship between mother and son mother with daughter mother with their guest and the relationship husband and wife how she treat with them. And also we find that the how the fighting goes on with her daughter and son and father also, but here Virginia woolf portrait upper class family and they are visiting to the summer house its mean that it's Victorian time period story but the story portrait on upper class society that how women are struggling and one more thing is that it also there is in lower class people who live in society they also treat women as a like just body or thing. It means Virginia woolf would try to portrait women condition in our patriarchy Society and we could understand that in lower class people treat women very badly but in upper class also we could find that they also treat women very badly. 2. Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? (Key: Take some clues from the painting of Mrs Ramsay drawn by Lily Briscoe and the article by Andre Viola and Glenn Pedersen. Can we read Mrs. R in context of the idea of Ideal Indian Woman - Ans:-I am agree, the novel both critique and tribute to Mrs. Ramsay. We could criticize her perspective of feminism because she fit more in patriarchal mindset, she obeyed her husband and also gave respect to men rather than women. She did not see Lily as respected as she saw the men around her and also this novel is tribute through Lily's paintings in which Mrs. Ramsay is center of the house. Yes, we can read Mrs. Ramsay as an Ideal woman through given slok.
45 Image of Ideal women The sloka says that: A homemaker (wife) must be a good loyal worker just like a maid; a good adviser like a minister of King’s court; a caretaker like a mother; Romantic like Rambha, in bed room; a pardoner just like a goddess of earth; a beautiful like Lakshmi, the goddess of learning and wife of Brahma; and perfect duty minded one. Most important thing is to understand the in depth meaning of the sanskrit poems. Karyeshu dasi means not exactly one who works like maid.But what is the main quality we look in maid is LOYALTY. Karaneshu Mantri means one who advises during the critical times, if you look at history, Chanakya played such an important role in Chandragupta’s life. The quality we are looking here is INTELLIGENCE. Bhojeshu Mata, while feeding food who thinks like mom. A hotel owner or a chat wala (street food seller) will not give you food unless you pay money but a mother no matter what time it is if you tell her that you are hungry she cooks and feeds food to your hearts content.The quality we are looking here is UNCONDITIONAL LOVE. Shayaneshu Rambha: in hindu mythology Rambha , who is an apsara, is pictured as a very beautiful dancer damsel in indra’s (king of god’s) court. Rambha is known for her beauty and she pleases gods with her talent. The quality we are looking is who tries to cheer up, ENCOURAGE & GIVE COMFORT (even on bed). Roopeshu lakshmi. Goddess lakshmi is goddess of wealth. Despite her riches she is dedicated when Sri mahavishnu, her consort, took incarnation as srirama, she followed with him during vanavasa(exile) instead of sitting in vaikunta(luxury). Here the quality we see is the DEDICATION and HUMILITY. Kshamayeshu dharithri. While forgiving one should be like mother earth. Quality here is boundless COMPASSION. So try to understand in between lines. The author here is saying a kula dharma patni (perfect house wife) should posses the qualities like loyalty, intelligence, unconditional love, cheers for good causes, dedication, humility and boundless compassion.
46 The most wonderful thing about our ancient literature is every thing said is not time bound… its like eternal truth. Even though this sloka was written 1000+ of years back, it still holds the key to a happy family. The author here is saying these are the qualities an ideal wife should posses. The same literature says that where females are worshipped, there resides the god. Worshipping here means not literally doing pooja but RESPECTING and UNDERSTANDING. A Female is given utmost importance in indian mythology. 3. Considering symbolically, does the Lighthouse stand for Mrs. Ramsay or the narrator (Virginia Woolf herself who is categorically represented by Lily)? (Key: Take help from the presentation on Symbolism to connect Mrs. Caroline Ramsay with Lighthouse. Secondly, the narrator / author cannot fully disappear from the novel and thus the stoicism of Lily to paint and thus prove that she can paint, is symbolically presented in stoicism of Lighthouse. Read 'lighthouse' symbol from presentation slide with this insight to connect lighthouse with the narrator. Give your concluding remarks in the comment below in this blog ) Ans:-, we could interpret the symbol of lighthouse with Mrs.Ramsay who is the center in the novel and direction giver to the family like lighthouse gives the way to the bushed people,About the narrator, with biographically context, we could say that Virginia's character is more presented in Lily's character and her dilemma is Virginia Woolf's own mental dilemma. Furthermore, we can say that Virginia portrayed her character in the Lily's character because Woolf also was a stoic personality in her time as an artist so she is connected with the Lily throughout the novel. 4. In the article by Joseph Blotner, two myths are patterned together. Name the myths? How they are zeroed down to the symbols of 'Window' and 'Lighthouse'? How does the male phallic symbol represent feminine Mrs. Ramsay? (Key: The strokes of light-beams. . . ) Ans:-In this novel Virginia Woolf's concept of woman's role in life is crystallized in the character of Mrs. Ramsay, whose attributes are those of major female figures in pagan myth.The most useful myth for interpreting the novel is that of the Primordial Goddess, who "is threefold in relation to Zeus: mother (Rhea), wife (Demeter), and daughter (Persephone)." One of the major sources of the myth is the Homeric "Hymn to Demeter," in which the poet compares Rhea with her daughter Demeter, and makes it clear that Demeter and her daughter Persephone "are to be thought of as a double figure, one half of which is the ideal complement of the other." This double figure is that of the Kore, the primordial maiden, who is also a mother. Also useful in interpreting the novel is the Oedipus myth. 5. What do you understand by the German term 'Künstlerroman'? How can you justify that 'To The Lighthouse' is 'Künstlerroman' novel? An artist novel detailing the artist's growth to maturity. The künstlerroman is a type of bildungsroman—a novel where the protagonist undergoes an education—in which the writer charts the course of an artist undergoing an evolution from nascent stirrings to full artistic voice. Literally, künstlerroman translates to English as “artist” (from the German, “künstler”) and “novel” (from the French, “roman”).Where the hero often dreams of becoming a great artist but settles for being a mere useful citizen, the Künstlerroman usually ends on a note of arrogant rejection of the commonplace life 6. "... the wages of obedience is death, and the daughter that reproduces mothering to perfection, including child-bearing, already has on her cheeks the pallor of death. One reminded here of various texts by Lucy
47 Irigaray, in which she attacks mothers for being, however unwillingly, accomplices in the patriarchal system of oppression." (Viola). In light of this remark, explain briefly Lily's dilemma in 'To The Lighthouse'. Character of Lily In this novel, Lily strongly oppose to patriarchal power, she believes in feminism and freedom. She wants to be free without any kind of male company but at the end of the novel we come to know that she also wants be a like Mrs. Ramsay a married life have family and children to be enjoy the life. Ramsay. So, Lily was very confused to follow pure femininity or man company and also somewhere he attracted towards Mr. Bank. 7. You have compared the 'beginning' and the 'ending' of the novel and the film adaptation of the novel directed by Colin Gregg (you can see it again in the embedded video below this). Do you think that the novel is more poignant than the movie? If yes, do you ascribe the fact that the power of words is much greater than that of the screen / visuals? There is always difference between movie adaption and novel. Because When we read the beginning of the novel it has effective start like we enter in the mind of characters one by one and in the film it has differently begun with the introduction of the characters. At the end, the confusion of Briscoe has very well described by the narration and in the film, it has described by the visual effects of light and sound. 8. How do you interpret the last line of the novel (It was done; it was finished. Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision.) with reference to the ending of the film (After the final stroke on the canvass with finishing touch, Lily walks inside the house. As she goes ante-
48 chamber, the light and dark shade makes his face play hide-and-seek. She climbs stairs, puts her brush aside, walks through the dark and light to enter her room. Gently closes the door - speaks: "Closed doors, open windows" - lies on the bed and with some sort of satisfaction utters: "Dearest Briscoe, you are a fool".) Ans. We could see that significant that Lily briscoe in her subconscious mind she thinking about Mrs Ramsay but now finally after 10 years her painting is complete so the interpretation come that the Mrs Ramsay is bridge for family but at one time she is also barricade for family after her death the family goes to visit lighthouse and Augustine carmichael poem are also sale so in that way finally Lily briscoe get her vision and the novel will end. 9. What does the catalogue named as 'Army and Navy' signify? What does cutting of 'Refrigerator' signify? “Army and Navy” signifies the time of war and consumption. And Refrigerator symbolies the change,of technology changing and presumably improving human culture. The refrigerator is an instrument of science and it occupies the same sphere as the light house.It could be viewed as a domestic light house of sorts.According to me for the 2nd question.What does cutting ”Refrigerator signify?. It is signifies that breaks the old thoughts and accept the new things. 10. Why did Virginia give such prominence to the tale of the “Fisherman’s Wife”? In particular, why did she weave such a misogynist tale into the fabric of a book which so eloquently challenges received patriarchal notions about the roles and capabilities of women? Ans:-Prominence to the tell of the fisherman’s wife and Mrs.Ramsay both make unreasonable demands upon their husband. In this novel Virginia woolf use of the the fairytale seems to be ironic .She is the subverting the misogyny of the fairytale. Mrs.Ramsay is acting from empathy. She has much more in common with the empathetic and reasonable fisherman than with his wife. In this novel on other hand, Mr. Ramsay and Charles, despite the truth of their assertion are as an uncompromising and as an unreasonable as the fisherman’s wife. In this novel we could find that characters about the dangers of unopposed female will and desire. The red danger seems to be the male need for self assertion. So the last I would like to say that Mrs.Ramsay told such a misogynistic tale Virginia also indicting Mrs.Ramsay by showing the Mrs.Ramsay as transmitting and perpetually harmful myths about female will and desire Virginia is criticizing and attacking the way in which women are complicit in limiting their ability to full realize themselves. 11. How is India represented in 'To The Lighthouse'? Ans:-
49 India is referred 6 times in this Novel 1. India is ruled by the men-folk. 2 India is exotic place where lies great romance, adventure and happiness 3 Augustus Carmichael’s going to India is considered as some sort of achievements. 4 India is referred as place of desire. . . a desire to visit. 5 Made in India jewelry is a thing to be possessed – owned with pride 6 Some land which is far away – unknown land, the exotic land. 12.....Summaries of Articles Mythic Patterns In this novel we could find some myths like Pagan myth and Homeric Myth. We can see that in using myth as an approach to a work of literature Virginia Woolf diaries shows that she read Greeks, "On not knowing Greek " shows that she veneraled. There is no evidence that she consciously used myth in the writing of this novel. Virginia Woolf in her diary reiterated the role of her "subconscious" in Germination of a novel and noted "How tremendously important unconsciousness is when one writes ". However this preposition is susceptible of neither proof nor disproof. Virginia Woolf agnosticism appears on many pages of her diary. And criticism symbolism is quite as an appropriate for Mrs. Ramsay when the phrase "We are in the hands of Lord's ". In this novel we could find that main character Mrs.Ramsay is a symbol of the female principal in life. Fluidity v/s Masculinity In the novel Mrs.Ramsay'S daughter are presented as sporting with "Infidel Idea " In this novel lily is secondary character but Lily is statistically more present than Mrs.Ramsay. To the light house is kind of Kunstlerroman. In the lighthouse Woolf more or less consciously transferred to Lily. Phrase,"Women can not paint " introduce in scene on the beach never mention in part one. The desire to control the object the sadistic gratification as overcoming it. Women is specifically defines it self in patrilinear society, woman is specialist in unconscious, a witch, a bachchalan, taking her i an anti Apollonian, dionysian ". Virginia Woolf it must be stressed in view of the condition of her early life in Victorian England. That time patriarchal power so much dominated in society even today's time also dominating. Vision To the lighthouse "Someone had blundered " The vision of lily briscoe reveals that it was Mr.Ramsay.The novel begins with Jame's desire to go the lighthouse and ends with that desire full filled. Mr.Ramsay is villainous character in this novel. We discover that Mrs. Ramsay'S attitude towards other is determined by their attitude towards her. Virginia Woolf used the fairytale beautifully as an analogue to Mrs.Ramsay'S Dominating her husband. Mrs.Ramsay could never say that what she felt. She didn't know her unconscious feelings and unconsciously she didn't love Mr.Ramsay.Mrs.Ramsay is matriarchy of family that is dangerous things as well as patriarchal. In vision Mr.ramsay has come to fulfillment he has integrated the family. Lily's vision revealed the resolution of conflict. Lily briscoe vision is James desire, and in effect the whole family's fulfilled.
50 Transcendentalism and Anti-transcendentalism in Scarlett letter Scarlett letter Transcendentalism Anti-transcendentalism #Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction, to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. #Anti-transcendentalism Transcendentalist. The Transcendentalist were writers who supported the beauty of Nature, the kindness of Humans and a distrust in government. Transcendentalism in Scarlett letter 1.self-confidence, self-reliant, dignity In the novel Hester is confident girl. 2.Transformation innate "Human goodness ". The transformation in Hester from anger or resentment to love, is clear display of transcendentalism 3.Close to the nature In the novel Hester living on the outskirts of town with pearl surrender to nature the sea and the woods. Anti-transcendentalism 1.Human sin We know that Summerdale does not have courage to admit his sin. 2. Human as dark human emotion and conviction and devil in nature Another character chilingwort is learned person and his sin is different from demesdale and Hester. His sin resides in his persistent vindictiveness towards dimmesdal which turns him into a devil because he absolutely refuse to forgive his wife's lover
51 Orientalism-Edward Said https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/07/edward-said-on-orientalism.html Edward Said:- Edward Said, in full Edward Wadie Said, sometimes Edward William Said, (born November 1, 1935, Jerusalem— died September 25, 2003, New York, New York, U.S.), Palestinian American academic, political activist, and literary critic who examined literature in light of social and cultural politics and was an outspoken proponent of the political rights of the Palestinian people and the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Orientalism:-
52 "Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. Edward W. Said, in his groundbreaking book, Orientalism, defined it as the acceptance in the West of “the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions, and political accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, ‘mind,’ destiny and so on. According to Edward Said in Orientalism began for two reasons, one it was an immediate thing, that is to say, the Arab-Israeli War of 1973.And the second one, which has a much longer history in my own life was the constant sort of disparity I felt between what my experience of being an Arab was. He also wants to tell that If somebody, let's say in the 1850's or 1860's in Paris or London, wished to talk about or read about India or Egypt or Syria, there would be very little chance for that person to simply address the subject. Said's analysis of Orientalism isn't just a description of its content but a sustained argument for why it looks the way it does. It's an examination of the quite concrete, historical and institutional context that creates it. Napoleon's conquest of Egypt in 1798 as marking a new kind of imperial and colonial conquest, that inaugurates the project of Orientalism. PAlESTINE_ISRAEL Video We could say that Religion is the most important thing.
53 The origins to the conflict can be traced back to Jewish immigration and sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine between Jews and Arabs. It has been referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict", with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching 52 years. Simple problem is that "One Side Wants the Other side Beat" Arab-Israel war 1948-49 There was war time between Arabs and Israel . And That time Israel defeated the Arab Countries and established the new country for the Jews People. Tharoor,Postcolonialism Thinking Activity https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2018/09/shashi-tharoor-and-dark-era-of.html Shashi Tharoor:- 
54 Shashi Tharoor is an Indian politician, writer and a former career international diplomat who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, since 2009. He also serves as Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs and All India Professionals Congress "An Era of Darkness"  We can see in “An Era of Darkness” Shashi Tharoor gives all the arguments required to established that British colonial rule was terriblel experience for Indians and he does so with a consummate debater’s skill. His book is, in fact, an expanded take on British exploitation of India that famously carried the day for Tharoor in an Oxford debate not too long ago. According to Tharoor, there was nothing redeeming in British rule of our country. What India had to endure under them was humiliation on a humongous scale and sustained violence of a kind it had never experienced before. In short, British rule was, according to Tharoor, an era of darkness for India, throughout which it suffered several man made famines, wars, racism, deportation of its people to distant lands and economic exploitation on an unprecedented scale. Tharoor even demands a token restitution and public apology from the British for all the harm they had caused India. Tharoor’s debate established and wildly popular in India. Everything the British did in India, Tharoor asserts that it was for their own benefit and never for that
55 of the Indian. Ngugi Wa Thiongo's views...  The language of African literature cannot be discussed meaningfully outside the contacts of those social forces which have made it both an issue demanding our earth our attention and problem calling for a resolution. another word imperialism continues to control the economic politics and culturals of Africa.the struggles of African people to liberate their economy politics and culture from that Euro American based stranglehold to usher a new era of true communal self regulation and self determination. the choice of language and the use to which language is put is Central to a people's definition of themselves in relation to their natural and social environment. Africa is still living was a obviously economic and political despite the claims of Bible wielding diplomats but it was a also cultural. African countries as a colonies came to be defined and to define themselves in terms of language of Europe English speaking, French speaking, or Portuguese speaking, African countries. The title conference of African writers of English expression automatically excluded those who wrote in African language. The discussion on the novel The short story poetry and drama are based on extracts from works in English and hence the excluded the main body of work in Swahili ,Zulu ,yoruba Arabic, amharic and other African language. We have question that "what is African literature?" In Africa in mostly people speak English ,French ,Portuguese was assumed to be the natural language of literary and even political meditation between African people in the same Nation and between Nation in Africa and other continents. “The Language of African
56 Literature,” Ngugi deals with this relationship by returning to the colonial history by which English was substituted for indigenous Kenyan language, and particularly with respect to literature as the title of the chapter suggests. For Ngugi, the detrimental impact of colonization and imperialism extend all the way down to the very language that is used by certain authors. This is the case, says Ngugi, because of the inherent nature of language which carries within itself a whole world of references and values that are specific to the culture from which it originates. And it is for this reason that Ngũgĩ would argue for the revival of literature written in indigenous African languages since the literature of Europe is inseparable from the racist images and stereotypes that perpetuate the false ideology of European superiority over the African continent as a whole. Then and Now:Colonialism,Post-Colonialism,Imperialism Colonialism
57 Post-Colonialism Imperialism Image
58 Then and Now-Introduction and Conclusion Introduction postcolonial studies have become even more institutionalized in the Western academic .At the same time the relevance of postcolonial studies to our world continues to be questioned .the events of 11 September 2001,and the US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, questions of ‘empire’ are more urgent than ever, as advocates of the ‘new American empire’ exhort the US to learn from European imperialism, while its critics warn that the murderous history of colonialism is being whitewashed all over again. Is postcolonial studies redundant in this new world? A new conclusion to this edition of Colonialism/Postcolonialism discusses this question, situating postcolonial studies in relation to globalization and new imperial formations.postcolonial studies had already become, in the words of Stuart Hall, ‘the bearer of such powerful unconscious investments – a sign of desire for some, and equally for others, a signifier of danger’. The terms like ‘ethnic’ and ‘postcolonial’ have become shorthand for something simultaneously fashionable and marginal? It is also true that some of the landmark essays in postcolonial studies are notoriously difficult to read, and that the term ‘post colonialism’ has become so heterogeneous and diffuse that it is impossible to describe satisfactorily what its study might entail. There are certain dangers attendant upon these perspectives becoming institutionalized, especially within English departments. Ella Shohat points out one negative implication of the very acceptability of the term ‘postcolonial’ in the Western academy.
59 This book is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter discusses the different meanings of terms such as colonialism, imperialism and post colonialism, and the controversies surrounding them .This chapter will introduce readers to aspects of poststructuralist, Marxist, feminist and post-modern thought which have become important or controversial in relation to postcolonial studies. The last section of the chapter discusses the innovations as well as the problems that have been generated by the literary inception and inflection of colonial discourse studies. The second chapter considers the complexities of colonial and postcolonial subjects and identities. In the third chapter, processes of decolonization and the problems of recovering the viewpoint of colonized subjects from a ‘postcolonial’ perspective are examined. The book is written in the belief that it is worth engaging with the genuine difficulties generated by the interdisciplinary, cross-cultural nature of this field of study, precisely because there are vital issues at stake that confront us as teachers and students of literature history and culture the world over. We have big question that" Is postcolonial studies already outdated, or is it even more necessary today?" Conclusion The so-called global war on terror, and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, it is harder than ever to see our world as simply ‘postcolonial'. In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers. Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow. In conclusion we can say that ‘Globalization is just another name for submission and domination’, Nicanor Apaza, an unemployed miner, said at a demonstration this week in which Indian women … carried banners denouncing the International Monetary Fund and demanding the president’s resignation. ‘We’ve had to live with that here for 500 years, and now we want to be our own masters. One another main point is that globalization as it has been imposed upon the world by institutions like the World Bank and the IMF. As per the perspective of postcolonial study Those who do teach Western history and literature are not exempt from critique; in an earlier report, ACTA had complained not only that Shakespeare was being dropped from required courses but that Shakespeare and Renaissance classes were being polluted by a focus on social issues such as poverty and sexuality. Edward Said’s most valuable achievements in Orientalism was not simply to establish the connection between scholarship and state power in the colonial period, but to indicate its afterlife in a ‘post-colonial’ global formation with the US at its epicentre. If universities are to remain sites of dissent and free intellectual inquiry, if scholarship is not to be at the service of American or any other power, critiques of past and ongoing empires are going to be more necessary than ever.
60 Midnights children, Reluctant fundamentalist,The Black Prince Midnight' Children Midnights children movie based on Salman Rushdie' novel.it is very famous among the class audience. Movie is narrated by Saleem who is one of the main character.He also a protagonist in this movie.Another characters are shiva and Parvati. It is talked about magic realism. In this movie all three characters are born in 14 the August so they have god gifted power.In this movie we could find that how destiny change with your identity. In this movie nurse change the two boys in Hospital so we can say that Saleem becomes shiva and Shiva becomes Saleem which is symbol of Rich and poor. In this movie main theme is rewrite the history or we could say different angle to read the history.we can see that how Indira Gandhi imposed her dictatorship on Indian people." India is Indira" so we can say that popularity of power becomes the danger for democracy. Another thing which is show in the movie that War and Freedom that is another main things. In emergency time we can say that it is "The birth of new unfree India'. All promises are made to broken". In this movie Saleem is marginalized character we can say. So movie ends with hope and give new Idea of New India and also told about Democracy, Secularism and Freedom. Don't to be a more religious but should be a human being so that is main massage or thought for us.. End of the movie Parvati and shiva are died and only one character alive is Saleem who is narrator of this movie. Reluctant fundamentalist
61 This movie is directed by Mira Nair Mira Nair's thoughtful drama takes a different angle from Zero Dark Thirty on the geopolitical fall-out from 9/11. In this movie Changez is protagonist Riz Ahmed convinces as Changez, the well-born son of a Punjab poet who comes to America and is "catapulted into privilege" – an Ivy League education, then a prestigious job as a company downsizer on Wall Street. It all changes after the Twin Towers go down, when being a Muslim aftermath is a cause for suspicion – strip-searched at customs, mistakenly arrested, abused. So many times he abused by U.S or torture.The story is going to in flashback by Changez, now an academic back in Lahore, to an American journalist on the trail of a kidnapped professor. How deeply is this reluctant fundamentalist implicated in anti-American insurgency? .In this movie another character kate who is Girlfriend of Changez but behind she is cheater or she doing wrong behind the Changez. That is the suspense of this movie.One exceptional scene dramatises a crucial encounter between Changez and the head of a doomed publishing house, played, brilliantly, by Turkish theatre legend Haluk Bilginer. Not all of it is so compelling. The movie ends with good hope that do not going wrong way always believe in humanity rather than religion. Even we could find that how Muslim are marginalized in America. Changez is subaltern in this movie. So this movie is portrait a real truth of So called democratic America.
62 . The Black Prince The Black Prince Name of prince is Duleepsingh. This movie talked about that how British government ruled on us and we are helpless even the prince also controlled by British government. The prince always sitting for common life but he could not find we could also find that British government provided so many things for prince but they dominant on The prince that is the exploitation of The prince. Even day control the all the things like jewelry, clothes,palace, property etc. In this movie we could find that in Tea and dinner scene is very satirical on British government in that scene Maharani who is mother of black Prince she makes laugh on British government. "There is nothing higher than Faith" told by Maharani. In this movie we could also find that how prince always wants to know his actual I.D. The prince is stepson of lady login. According to prince that we are living in illusion. That time the prince wants to become Sikh . The prince realize that how Punjab state has been stolen by British government. So now The prince wants to retract his state from British government. In movie we could find that how Lisa people want that The prince convert his religion and accept the Sikh religion. So we can say that religion is the main theme in this movie. The prince wants leave from all the restriction. In this movie we can see that one character Charles shake hands with The prince and gathered for fight against the British government. Arus singh is friend of Duleepsingh and he went to India and he were arrested. We also find that conflict between son and father. They both are talking about Dignity. But we have question that what is meaning of Dignity? Arus Singh come to back and told to Duleepsingh that British betrayed us. We are lost so many things. End of the the Prince die. End of the movie we have questions that..."Can subultern speak?", How British government controlled us? We could say that Colonialism spread very slowly way but after they possessed all the things. Themes Colonialism
63 Post Colonialism Religion British Subaltern Power Politics Nationalism Edgar Allan Poe short stories thinking activity Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. Thinking Activity 1. Read the first Gujarati story and listen to the audio recitation of the second story. Observe how the two wordsmiths work wonders through words! (Absolute obsession of alliteration). Ans. : The story name of “MANSANGH” is written by JAYNT KHATRI. The story started very unique way. It’s horror suspense story. The language of story is 'TALPADI GUJRATI'. The Story begins with Dark night. So the Dark night is also symbol of macabre story. It’s very hard to write a horror scene rather than showing and listening. There are no any sound only words explain all expression. So it’s very difficult. But jayant KHATRI wrote very well readers feel that deep words and horror situation.There are no mention narrative name but story narrated by “ mastar”.
64 2. List out various adjectives that contribute the most in creating the "pre-established design" or effect that the author intended to create. Ans. : some adjective in this story. - - - - - - - - - - 3.Which are the phrases you find frightening? How are they placed in the text? Ans. : When I read story I found some frightening phrases like - - - - - - - - , 4. Can you find out any other lexical varieties such as figures of speech like simile, metaphor, personification etc? Briefly explain their significance in the story. Ans. : I read the story that time I could see the use of figurative language. Figurative language always gives some unique charm in story. Metaphorical language used by Jayant KHATRI in this story like a... “ . ” “ .” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 5.What is the impact of listening to the stories on your mind? Which Rasas/emotions erupt in you during and after the reading/listening sessions?
65 Ans. : Listening the story which is always better understanding. In both story I could find Bhaya. ( fear) rasa. Postcolonial studies Prof. Balaji Rangnathan Postcolonial studies Postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. Post colonialism is a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of European imperial power. The name postcolonialism is modeled on postmodernism, with which it shares certain concepts and methods, and may be thought of as a reaction to or departure from colonialism in the same way postmodernism is a reaction to modernism. The term colonialism may refer either to a system of government or to an ideology or world view underlying that system—in general postcolonialism represents an ideological response to colonialist thought, rather than simply describing a system that comes after colonialism.
66 Professor Balaji Rangnathan In this session we could learn so many things from Professor .Balaji . First thing that I would like to tell about Balaji sir that he has great knowledge about world History. His style of teaching which is very unique he is going to deep in Topic. The most remarkable thing in Professor Balaji is that he gives all basic information with Date that is the Plus point.
67 He told about so many topics like a Colonialism, Postcolonial studies, Imperial, power, Dalit, Tribal, Black people, White people, Race, Marxist theory, Democracy, Orthodox, Autocracy, Emergency, And also talked about famous writes like a Salman Rushdie, Fanon, Karl Marx, Edward said, Arundhati Roy etc. Existentialism videos Existentialism
68  10 Thoughts 1.Passion, Individuality and freedom is triangle of Existentialism. 2.An elegant suicide is the another work of art. 3.A Total absence of hope, and concious dissatisfaction. 4.We condemn old values to death 5.Life+Anxiety=God 6. 7.existentialism rejects systems which propose to have definitive answers to the questions of meaning and purpose in life. 8.In this video we could say that Existentialism term is for mature people not for small children . 9.Existentalism is way of life. It's connected with our religion, rituals, routine life etc 10.Essence A certain set of core properties that are necessary or essential for a thing to be what it is. I like 2nd video because in this talked about Elegant suicide is another work of art.. Mostly people do not like Suicide.. Even they get nagative way... but in Existentialism suicide is work of art.. Example Movie scene Ek duje k liye
69 After watching videos I get so many things and also learn that what is meaning of Existentialism Yes, my understanding is increasing after this activity. Waiting for Godot 1) What connection do you see in the setting (“A country road. A tree.Evening.”) of the play and these paintings? =>
70 In this picture two people are there. Both have desire. This picture also suggests that they are waiting for something. But In picture Longing is the theme of this painting. So Samuel Beckett inspired by this painting and then he writes "Waiting for Godot". In the painting they have desire but for which things, maybe they have desire to meet with God and to get position in Heven. So when we look towards painting we find that In painting they have desire and then when we look towards Beckett's play both waiting for something. So maybe In painting and In play both have same reason for waiting and for desire. (2) The tree is the only important ‘thing’ in the setting. What is the importance of tree in both acts? Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act II on the barren tree - The tree has four or five leaves - ? => In the play tree also becomes the symbol. Amd when we find that without leaves of tree. That picture gives some negitivity in our mind. We find that it is a symbol of something bad happens or it is a symbol of death also. And also suggests when we have no desire, no anything, it suggests death becomes ultimately we are becomes a part of life and death. So ultimately the truth is death. So In the play Estragon and Walidimir both are waiting for Godot. And both have desire to meet with Godot. They are waiting first day but that day Godot never came. But Godot send a messenger. He does not come. And then the second day he also does not come and again Godot send a messenger. So When first Godot does not come. At that time Walidimir sees a tree. On the tree new leaves grow. So it gives hope. So tree gives positivity that another day Godot definitely come. That's why they wait another day also. So tree becomes a symbol of hope. (3) In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you like to interpret this ‘coming of night and moon’ when actually they are waiting for Godot? =>
71 So In the paly day and night also invoves in the play. In the night also they are waiting. So maybe it becomes a symbol of negitivity. That nobody come. They only Weaste their time. But they have hope that one day Godot will Came. And both meets with Godot. So one day situation happens another day same situation are happens. Some miner change are found. But In the play repetition are there. But when we read the play and watch the movie we find that repetition also becomes the part of play and movie. That repetition also suggests something. So that repetition also creates new meaning. So it becomes a part of text and movie. So In another way night also gives a hope to wait for another day. And then another day also they waiting for Godot. (3) The director feels the setting with some debris. Can you read any meaning in the contours of debris in the setting of the play? => so In the movie director uses debris in the setting of the play. So In the setting deberis there. Because of deberis we cannot see the path. The route is covers with debris. That'swhy it becomes difficult to see the whole, clear route. And In between the tree is there. So the debris suggests the negitivity. But in this debris one tree is there. It suggests positivity. So every person negitivity is more than positivity. So In every person one hope that something good happens that hope is remain alive. Postivity and negitivity is connected with each other. So debris becomes the symbol of negitivity. And tree becomes the symbol of Postivity according to me. (4) The play begins with the dialogue “Nothing to be done”. How does the theme of ‘nothingness’ recurs in the play? => "Nothing to be done" this dialogue has a deep meaning. It related with our life. In the both are waiting but nobody came but they have a hope that Godot will came. But nobody came another day also. So In the paly both act looks similar. No any plot main theme is waiting but nobody came both also not sure that who is Godot, and when Godot came, In which form, they does not know the appearance of Godot. So there is no beginning and no complete end. That's why nothingness there in the play. (5) Do you agree: “The play (Waiting for Godot), we agreed, was a positive play, not negative, not pessimistic. As I saw it, with my blood and skin and eyes, the philosophy is: 'No matter what— atom bombs, hydrogen bombs, anything—life goes on. You can kill yourself, but you can't kill life." (E.G. Marshal who played Vladimir in original Broadway production 1950s)? => In the play Estragon and Vlalidimir both are talking. And both argues with each other. Both have their own point of view. That's why sometimes they becomes hiper to prove their point of view. No according to me the play is not negative but positive. Because it shows the reality of life. It is bitter but it is effective. Both are talking but in their small talk both tells the truth of life. So play is positive. (6) How are the props like hat and boots used in the play? What is the symbolical significance of these props? => Hat and Boots becomes symbol. One hat is Pozzo's hat. And Vladimir takes this hat and put on his head. Another hat gives to Estragon and then he also put Vladimir's hat on his head and his hate gives to Vladimir. And then they again and again doing that. So it becomes a symbol of master - slave relationship. One is in top
72 position so another is in bottom. And that situation constantly happens in society. One becomes poor and another becomes rich. And one becomes rich so another is in poor position. (7) Even when the master Pozzo is blind, he obediently hands the whip in his hand. Do you think that such a capacity of slavishness is unbelievable? => Sometimes in very child age some becomes slave. And that's why they becomes habituated to follow the rules of master. Whatever their master says, they does whatever their master says. They becomes completely blind they only listens whatever his master says. In childhood they treated like that. That's why when master beats slave. They can't say any word to master. They forgets their strength. They serve their master like god. (8) Who according to you is Godot? God? An object of desire? Death? Goal? Success? Or . . . => According to me Success and Death both are like Godot. Because every person wants a success in their life. For success every person does hard work and then they got a success so it becomes like godot. And death is also like godot because then everything we get wherever we need then ultimately death is becomes a last station of our life. So at the end death fufills our whole desires. Ultimately we belong to death so death is also Godot for me. According to me In the movie or in the play tee becomes Godot because tree gives hope and postivity to Vladimir. (9) “The subject of the play is not Godot but ‘Waiting’” (Esslin, A Search for the Self). Do you agree? How can you justify your answer? => yes, I agree that the subject of the play is not Godot but Waiting, because In whole play nobody came, they waiting in the beginning of the play both ate waiting and at the end of the play both are waiting so waiting becomes the theme of the play. (10) Do you think that plays like this can better be ‘read’ than ‘viewed’ as it requires a lot of thinking on the part of readers, while viewing, the torrent of dialogues does not give ample time and space to ‘think’? Or is it that the audio-visuals help in better understanding of the play? => Sometimes reading the dialogues, text becomes important because every seen does not gives deep impact but reading the text becomes necessary because when we read this play it gives a deep message, and in the movie the dialogue goes speedily that's why it becomes difficult to understand. (11) Which of the following sequence you liked the most: * Vladimir – Estragon killing time in questions and conversations whilewaiting * Pozzo – Lucky episode in both acts * Converstion of Vladimir with the boy =>
73 => I like both act first when Vladimir and Easragon killing their time at that time both arguing with each other and both tells deep philosophy of life in their conversations. And second when Pozzo and Lucky came when Pozzo whatever says Lucky follows his order. But the Lucky has a sense of thinking, he only thinks and pozzo is only gives order. When Lucky stars speaking, everybody becomes irritated. (12) Vladimir and Estragon talks about ‘hanging’ themselves and commit suicide, but they do not do so. How do you read this idea of suicide inExistentialism? => Both are ready to kill their self. Both are ready for suicide. But then they stops they thinks that both are waiting for Godot. In existentialism person believe in real existence then and then they believe, they also does not believe in any proof. They believe in real experience. So whe both are waiting for Godot, they never see Godot, they never met Godot, they never talk with Godot, they never no that Godot came in which form, they never know the appreance of Godot then still both are waiting so In existentialism it becomes meaningless.
74 (13) Can we do any political reading of the play if we see European nations represented by the 'names' of the characters (Vladimir - Russia; Estragon - France; Pozzo - Italy and Lucky - England)? What interpretation can be inferred from the play written just after World War II? Which country stands for 'Godot'? => Germany stands for Godot. Because In the play also Godot is not there physically but Godot mentally present through both the character especially Vladimir because Easragon forgets everything. And conuntry shows the ruling power on another country. And that's why In the play also Pozzo ruling over lucky. (14) So far as Pozzo and Lucky [master and slave] are concerned, we have to remember that Beckett was a disciple of Joyce and that Joyce hated England. Beckett meant Pozzo to be England, and Lucky to be Ireland." (Bert Lahr who played Estragon in Broadway production). Does this reading make any sense? Why? How? What? => pozzo rules over Lucky. Because he is slave. He has a power of thinking but still he does not rebel against his master. Because he becomes mentally blind because he only follows whatever his master says. He becomes a puppet of his master. England is powerful conuntry, England rules over many country that's why I think Beckette meant pozzo to be England. (15) The more the things change, the more it remains similar. There seems to have no change in Act I and Act II of the play. Even the conversation between Vladimir and the Boy sounds almost similar. But there is one major change. In Act I, in reply to Boy;s question, Vladimir says: "BOY: What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir? VLADIMIR: Tell him . . . (he hesitates) . . . tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you? => In the conversation with the boy and Vladimir some minor changes came. In first act Vladimir says us and In second act he says me. And In both the when he talks with boy he hesitates. And first act end he has a hope that another they surely Godot will came. But then another day also not came. And boy came again and then his tone is changing. Only he remebers everything. Boy, Easragon, pozzo, and Lucky does not remembers everything. So memory creates difficulties for Vladimir. (16) How does this conversation go in Act II? Is there any change in seeming similar situation and conversation? If so, what is it? What does it signify? => In the second act all forgets the situation and incidents of first act only Vladimir remembers everything. And Pozzo becomes blind. And Lucky becomes dumb. And the tone of Vladimir also changed. When boy came again for same news. Vladimir said to boy, "Tell him you saw me You're sure you saw me, You won't come and tell me tomorrow that you never saw me! => At the end of the play the tone of Vladimir is same. But words are different. Accordingto my interpretation when first boy came at that time he hesitates to speaks with boy because of he has enthusiasm but In second act he hesitates to speaks with boy because of he is angry The Birthday party thinking activity
75 THe Birthday Party 1) Why are two scenes of Lulu omitted from the movie? When movie starts Lulu is present. And then the very important part of the movie she is not present in the movie. When somebody rapes on her. She becomes a victims of someone. In the play she is present and she blames on Mccann. This scene is not present in the movie. Maybe director wants focus on the Stanley's character or his situation. That's why Lulu omitted from the movie. (2) Is movie successful in giving us the effect of menace? Where you able to feel it while reading the text? Yes, According to me movie is successful to give us the effect of menace. In the movie two strangers are there. Both are want to take Stanley with them. And that's why they creates a difficulty for him. They mentally touched him. When Stanley knew that both strangers came. At that time he does not like. He don't want to meet with them. And he hides himself when both are came. He feels something wrong is happens. That's why he don't want to meet with them. In the movie sounds plays very important role. Through sound we feels the situation. When both are came fear generates in Stanley's mind for these two strangers. (3) Do you feel the effect of lurking danger while viewing the movie? Where you able to feel the same while reading the text. Yes, I feel the effect of Lurking danger while viewing the movie. When Stanley knew that both strengers came. At that time he becomes upset. And he feels fear. And that's maybe he wants to hides something. That's why he feels fear. He wants hides himself when both are came. He becomes mentally upset. (4) What do you read in 'newspaper' in the movie? Petey is reading newspaper to Meg, it torn into pieces by McCain, pieces are hidden by Petey in last scene. In the movie Peter is reading the newspaper. In the movie newspaper becomes the symbol of hiding. Peter reads newspaper. He wants becomes unknown with the current incidents or situation. He knew everything but he becomes artificial. And he ignores
76 the reality, and so reading the newspaper becomes the symbol of ignoring or hiding. In the last scene Peter knew that Stanley goes with both the strengers. And then he starts reading the newspaper. Because Meg is came And when Meg asks about Stanley he becomes completely unknown and he is agree with Meg that Stanley is slipping in his bedroom. He knew that Stanley is not there in his bad room. Still he hides the reality in front of Meg. And reading newspaper. And Mccann also found with newspaper. He uses the not for the reading purpose but he uses the newspaper to removes his frustration. He cuts the newspaper in small pieces. (5) Camera is positioned over the head of McCain when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage (trap) when Stanley is playing it. What interpretations can you give to these positioning of camera? ; Camera moves is very important in a play in the movie. Because its focus on the situation. In the movie camera is positioned over the head of Mccann when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage when stanenly is playing it. It shows the trap of Monty. Maybe he is watching and all are in his trap. He is playing the game. And everybody becomes the tool of his hands. (6) "Pinter restored theater to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of one another and pretense crumbles." (Pinter, Art, Truth & Politics: Excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture). Does this happen in the movie? Yes, In the movie also happens. In the movie when Peter reading the newspaper and avoiding and hiding something. It likes a politics of him. And both the strengers forces Stanley. And both offers him many things. But still he is not ready. So they also beats him. And then he is ready and goes with them. When Meg made breakfast for Stanley. Stanley does not like and he tells Meg. It is not testy. He says truth to Meg. (7) How does viewing movie help in better understanding of the play ‘The Birthday Party’ with its typical characteristics (like painteresque, pause, silence, menace, lurking danger)?
77 Viewing movie help in better understanding of the play because When we read the play and watching the movie there is a difference is there. In the movie the atmosphere, the sound, expression of chracters creates a interest. Reading a text also useful. Because In the movie some scenes are not there. When we watching a movie it's become easy to understand, we feel fear of Stanley, and his anxiety through the movie. Through the camera angle also we understand the situation very clearly. We feel the silence is there, but within storm of fear is there. Things becomes alive, through the movie like newspaper, Drum, Glasses. We feel the pause. (8) With which of the following observations you agree: * It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory film of "The Birthday Party." * “It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Friedkin”[3]. (Ebert) I agree that It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory flim of "The Birthday Party". But it becomes possible. And this flim is very well created, all chracters performed well. They paly their role like a real chracter. Because of chracter flim and script, becomes live. And the sound also creates interest. I know some scenes are missing in the movie. But another scene also performed well by actors. Like when Stanley plays the drum arrogantly and the another scene arguments between Mccann, Goldberg, and Stanley and another scene of birthday party. (9) If you were director or screenplay writer, what sort of difference would you make in the making of movie? ; In the movie Stanley's chracter is . Amd In the text Lulu get a voice. She blames on Mccann, that he rapes on her. But in the movie these scene is not there. So, In the movie she not get the voice to speak. So This scene is necessary in the movie. So I put this scene in the movie. (10).Who would be your choice of actors to play the role of characters?
78 My choice of Actors :- 1. Stanley :- Rajkumar Rao 2. Lulu :- Katrina kaif 3. Goldberg :- Ronit Roy 4. Mccann :- Irfan khan 5. Meg :- Shabana Azmi 6. Peter :- Anupam Kher (11) Do you see any similarities among Kafka's Joseph K. (in 'The Trial'), Orwell's Winston Smith (in 'Nineteen Eighty-Four') and Pinter's Victor (in 'One for the Road')? Yes, Similarities is there. In this three work. In these we find that political pressure is there. Ans the characters are in depression, or in some fear. And some chracter has power to rule over them. And they becomes victims. And they becomes the puppet. Some bad incidents happens. And some characters feels anxiety. Power plays important role. In Nineteen - Eighty Four :- "Who controls The past Controls the Future, Who controls The present, Controls The past". Authority had power to control the people. So In this works against power character becomes helpless. A Grain of Wheat
79 Grain of Wheat
80 In this novel writer talked about many percepective like colonialism, nationalism, freedom, anti colonial, rebellion etc. In A Grain of Wheat, Britain’s colonization of Kenya is the context against which its characters are formed as well as the primary political tension of the book. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, himself a native Kenyan, uses this context and development of his characters to explore the moral aspect of colonization from both the perspective of the British and rural Kenyans. Ngugi's narrative argues that, although both the colonizer and the colonized feel morally justified in their pursuits, colonialism is ultimately an immoral and oppressive practice, justifying the colonized people’s struggle for freedom, even through violent. Character study of Friday in Robinson Crusoe Friday. In the course of time, Friday places himself in the position of Crusoe and functions as an alter ego of Robinson Crusoe. In his twenty four years of isolated life, Crusoe builds up his own world, his own kingdom with miraculous talent, hard work, and creativity. He manages to have food, gun, water, fire, shelter, and livestock−the resources quite enough for his survival. Even he keeps the Bible to get religious solace. Yet, he lacks a companion, a friend, a trusted comrade who will make his life comfortable. Later nature gifts him Friday who serves Crusoe and gradually transforms himself as the other self of Crusoe. Mass Media and Communication
81 Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture. Communication Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are: The formation of communicative motivation or reason. Message composition. Message encoding. view Mass Media and Communication is a part of life...we could say that we are living in Digital World. Technology is helpful for many things..In mass media we used T.V., Radio, Internet use for Information..so we can say that in 21st century it is easy to get Information..(Data) Stephen jobs Data is new Currency For communication we also used Fb, watsup, telegram etc.. It's very fast and Easy to use. Conclusion We could say that Massmedia and Communication is part of life. Easy to use. Technofriendly Faster than Traditional tools
82 Education and Technology Education and Technology 1st video tell about that Economic, culture identity, globalization, economic circumstances and industrial revolution they all are discussed in this video. The current system is designed and conceived for a different age. The arts are victims of this mentality. Video- 2 & 3: Sugata Mitra on SOLE and Future Learning What is the future of learning? Schools, as we know them are obsolete; schools are not broken, the education system is not broken, it's wonderfully established.
83 These are points Sugata Mitra discussed in both videos.He invented the School in the Cloud. He’s the guy who put a computer in a hole in the wall in India and he wants to get rid of teachers. SOLE: Self Organized Learning Environment The School in the Cloud brings together Self-Organised Learning Environments SOLE– groups of children wanting to learn and with access to a computer and the internet. The teacher in today’s environment is at his or her best… if they are dealing with the question to which they do not know the answer and they are finding out along with their children. What Mitra is a system which would focus on enabling children to access, understand and use knowledge, rather repeat it. Video- 4: Let's use video to reinvent education by Salman khan Salman Khan talks about why and how created the remarkable Khan Academy, a carefully structured series of educational videos. He shows the power of interactive calls and exercises for teachers to consider converting the traditional classroom notes- gives students video lectures to watch at the classroom or home. From video resources and flipped learning video resources students are using sources and they enjoyed the option to pause and repeat his lessons, thereby providing self-pacing their learning. Instantly other learners found the videos online, followed by educators. Video- 5: Audio track by Marc Prensky on Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants. In this video, Prensky talk on Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants. Both are often used to describe the digital gap in terms of the ability of technology use among people born from 1980 onward and those born before. The term digital native describes a person who has grown up in the digital age, rather than having acquired understanding with digital systems as an adult, as a digital immigrant.Digital Natives are used to receiving information really fast. They like to parallel process and multi-task. They prefer their graphics before their text rather than the opposite. They prefer random access like hypertext. They function best when networked. Video- 6,7 & 8: Influence of technology on the English language by David Crystal In these videos, David Crystal, talking about how new technologies have an effect on English today. There are new varieties of English, such as newspapers, then the development of the telephone people thought that the telephone was going to the emergency as they did not think people were going to communicate face to face anymore. New technologies developing into a new style of English. Technologies influence the English language quite specific ways obvious example are shows messaging like twitting or text messaging or Facebook or many kinds of ways. As a global language, it develops very fast and it is both studied and used everywhere in the world as an official language, a second or a foreign language. What people or children study in the classroom or at home can hardly be qualified as the language spoken by natives. The teachers of English have always taught RP English as a standard variety. ‘For the teachers, it is important to show respect to RP’ argues David Crystal (2013). The difficulties experienced by students range from pronunciation differences, vocabulary differences to grammar and cultural background issues. The existence of so many varieties will pose teaching problems, and influence the way English is taught. . Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources
84 Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources Why Do We Need to Evaluate Online Resources? Everyone and anyone can create content online. Today, it’s hard to determine whether an internet resource you find is authentic or not. Evaluating online resources is an important step in any research process. Identifying trustworthy content should be part of your research journey. If you’re looking for factual resources, search through newspaper publications, TV news, journals, official pamphlets, books, and magazines. But, nowadays people opt to search for information on the Internet. They tend to believe anything posted on the Internet without even checking for credibility. Satire and fake news sites publish erroneous data; people believe these sites because of their persuasive, believable nature. If you’re looking for a credible resource, you should avoid hoax sites as this may affect the veracity of your study. Meanwhile, many content publishers rely heavily on copying content and owning those as theirs to get decent followership. Duplicating content and passing it as if it is their own content is copyright infringement or plagiarism. In this guide, we will help you improve your knowledge and skill in evaluating online resources. We will guide you on how to check a resource for authenticity and credibility. Moreover, we will discuss skills that you will need to assess a resource such as speed reading and skimming. As an evaluator, you should be familiar with the different citation and referencing styles. Also, we will review several content issues like plagiarized content, DMCA, and copyrights, and web content accessibility. Evaluating Online Resources There are several aspects that you should look for in evaluating online resources. You should check: • who published the content (Authorship), • where was it published (Publication), • when was it published (Currency and Relevance), • the truthfulness and integrity of the facts (Accuracy), • how it is written and presented (Purpose and Objectivity), • and what references are cited within the article (Links)
85 Authorship The author of the content is a concern when considering the eligibility of the content. First of all, the author should be an expert on the subject discussed in the article. He should have the credentials to back up his knowledge of the subject matter. Usually, the information about the author can be found on the website along with the content. The name of the author can be found below the title, on the side of the article, or at the bottom. Sometimes, more information on the author is found below the article, also known as an author’s bio. An author may be credited if he is oftentimes mentioned in other authoritative websites. But, it is not easy to verify an author’s background through the Internet. Website articles and resources rarely have fact-checkers or editors for copyediting an article. Another thing to consider is that authors vary in tone and purpose. Some do it for their personal blog. Other authors are advocates of a cause, while others do it for marketing their product or service. Publication If the information about the author is not present, the publisher of the resource article can be checked for authority. Take a quick look at the website. Are you familiar with the publication name? Is the publisher reputable and credible on the subject matter? Look at the website name, its logo, the URL of the website, and other indicators that can prove its reliability on the topic. One quick look at the URL can help you determine if it’s a reliable source or not. Trustworthy websites end in .org, .edu, .gov, or any recognizable web address. Another way to check the publisher’s site is via it’s About Us and Contact Us page. These pages will contain information about the publisher. You can countercheck their details by conducting another search. Reliable websites publish content that is relevant or under the same scope as the resource page that you found. Check how often do they publish content and if they published related content as well. News and publication websites (NYTimes, BBC, The Washington Post, TIME, etc.), are authority sites for facts. Consider the resource’s credibility if the publisher has mentioned or been mentioned by authority sites Wikipedia Gradesaver LITCHARTS
86 First of all I would like to tell about Wikipedia as web resource. Wikipedia- Hamlet In this web source I was found many interesting information about Hamlet. In this web resources I could find about Author, well summary and also fruitful points about the Hamlet.
87 Gradesaver-The White Tiger In this web resource I could find about arvind Adiga's biography and more about The White Tiger summery and Specially Themes of The white Tiger. Litcharts As per the web resources litcharts which is better option for those who are going to detailed in perticular Topics...I could find short summary in very simple form.
88 One night at the call center Chetan Bhagat Chetan Bhagat is an Indian author and columnist, known for his Indian-English novels about young middle class Indians. Bhagat was included in Time magazine's list of World's 100 Most Influential People in 2010. “Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology” (Globalization) The effect of Globalization also describe in the novel through the struggle of each character‘s life. The Globalization is an economical movement. The title of the novel itself tells about the effect of globalization in call center. Thee Novel is based on the working people in Call Centre. In the call center every workers name are changed Varun Malhotra called as Victor , Shayam Mehra as Sam Mercy , Radhika as Ragima Jones, Esha Singh as Eliza. These people have to change their names for American.Through this Bhagat wants to give message to the Indians that who working in call center they just get good salary but it not give the opportunity to do something else or show their skills and creativity into their work. In the novel due to slack in software industry the call center wanted to cut down the number of employees. Its effects on the people who are working in the call center it brings all the people under burden. literally this novel talks about the anxieties, fears, and stress of call center employees. So in the novel shows the positive and negative effects of Globalization on people’s life. C.Bhagat also use the narrative structure and the make prologue and epilogue Prologue means staring of book and epilogue means ending of book. His narrative style is vey interasting because Kanhpur to Dilhi travelling, and then beautiful lady come and then she say story about one night in call center and her one condition that Bhagat write book about this story and Bhagat agree and then she say story and then last she go without introduced herself that is more interasting in novel and narrative structure.
89 First impression about this novel I saw that this novel is talked about the new values, new Ideas,new life style etc.. Chetan Bhagat who is famous writer among the young generation because he wrote about Young generation.. Chetan Bhagat always take side to youth rather than Old people...So when I read this novel I could see the family problems, Business, Globalization , Use of Technology, Samart workers etc.. As per the comment on Film adaption screenplay is very slow...and level of acting which was not so good and other thing is that Indian audience don't understand the concept of the movie because this movie is not commercial movie or we can say Entertaining masala movie that's why this film becomes flop in Indian box office. The White Tiger by Arvind Adiga
90 The white Tiger About Author Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga Aravind Adiga is a writer and journalist raised in India and Australia. He studied English literature at Columbia College and Oxford University. Before pursuing his career as a fiction writer, Adiga worked as both a correspondent for Time Magazine and a financial journalist for the Financial Times. His experience working as a business journalist caused him to mistrust business magazines and get-rich-quick literature, informing the tone with which he describes India’s economic boom in The White Tiger. He currently lives in Mumbai, India How far do you agree with India represented in the novel The White Tiger? I Agree, It can be seen that how India represented in this novel. This Novel has Multiperspective. In this movie we can see Historical background of Slums in Mumbai, About Dhanbad, Village to City, Darkness to Lightness etc. It is typical Indian Hero Novel. In Old time we could see in Amitabh Bachhans Movies like Agneepath, Deewar, Kaalia etc. These all films are based on story of Darkness to Lightness but in Wrong way. In this novel Balram who is Hero of the film who resist against the corruption in India, Poverty, Politics, Class, Caste etc. There where many symbols like Chandalier, Honda and Maruti Suzuki etc. Do you believe that Balram's story is the archetype of all stories of 'rags to riches'? According to the general archetypal pattern, all poor boy's life turns out into rich. Same is the case with Balram Halwai who grows in a very poor family. He left his schooling and started working in a tea stall. Then he learns driving and becomes the driver of rich entrepreneur Ashok Sharma. His dreams are big therefore he decided to
91 kill Mr Ashok to get his position. After killing his master he grabs his identity and become the same rich entrepreneur. Examples of Success Story Guru. Loosely based on the life of Reliance founder Dhirubhai Ambani, Mani Ratnam's Guru is a Bollywood mega-starrer with the now real-life couple Abhishek Bachch and Aishwarya Rai. Bazaar Movie In this Movie Rijwan who is came from lower class muslim family and he came in to Mumbai become Rich person but he face lots of struggle and many conspiracy happemd around him but the and of the movie he bcame the Rich peroson. In this movie Shakun Kothari roled play as Villain or We can say "Master". "Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique, deconstructive criticism aims to show that any text inevitably undermines its own claims to have a determinate meaning, and licences the reader to produce his own meanings out of it by an activity of semantic 'Freeplay' (Derrida, 1978, in Lodge, 1988, p. 108). Is it possible to do a deconstructive reading of The White Tiger? How?
92 The written phrase, in Derrida's view, relies upon its meaning via the context in which it is embedded. Both signified and signifier, though, are related in such a way that, there is, with respect to the very structure of language, no proper context to provide proof of final meanings making any claim to 'truth' an impossibility; 'truth' is both relative and plural. In the context of the White Tiger characters are portraying harsh reality of truth which is connected with the common people. Nobody can deny this kind of truth and reality. Language bears within itself the writer or author present his own way and culture dynamic language whatever they used it. The writer or author writes their own way and perceptions, his method of style and thoughts are different than the reader. It depends upon the situation and criteria. The author writes his own or another inspiration. Accordingly, the reader read his own way and meaning. One author who is published his work and reader is read then the death of the author for the reader. Reader praised his work of art, not author. With ref to a screening of select scenes of Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire in today's class: Write a blog on similarities between The White Tiger and Slumdog Millionaire. Include the following points: =). Narrative structure - Wanted Poster # KBC show The novel and the movies both are in the parallel structure of narratives. In the novel, Balram is reading wanted poster scene and another side is remembering his past and crime which he has done. In the movie we can see that the KBC show is running questioning and answering, Jamaal is recalling his past and his flashback. In this way, two stories are working parallel. =). Indianness From the text and movie, images are highly connotation and speak deeply at many levels the sensuous, the intellectual. The tapestry of modern India has a close-knitted structure. Poverty, Corruption and exploitation that is highly depicted in the movie. Begging part of the movie the train, dog, dirty images of India. People are very poor and lived in bad condition. Indianess Is highly portrayed by Dany Boyle. He is an English director and he is noticed the harsh situations of India poverty and social-political exploitation. =). List of the questions asked in the film 'Slumdog Millionaire'
93 1. Who was the star in the 1973 hit film "Zanzeer". a) Shah Rukh Khan b) Salman Khan c) Amitabh Bachhan d) Ranbir Kapoor 2. A picture of three lions is seen in the national emblem of India. What is written underneath it? a) The Truth alone triumphs b) Lies alone triumphs c) Fashion alone triumphs d) Money alone triumphs 3. In the depiction of God Rama, he is famously holding what in his right hand? a) A bow and arrow b)A sword d) A flower c) A child 4. The song " Darshan Do Ghanshyam" was written by which famous Indian poet? a) Surdas b) Tulsidas c) Mira bai d) Kabir 5. On the American One Hundred Dollar Bill, there is a portrait of which American Statesman? a) George Washington b) Franklin Roosevelt c) Benjamin Franklin d) Abraham Lincoln 6. Who invented the revolver? a) Samuel Colt b) Bruce Browning c) Dan Wesson d) James Revolver 7. Cambridge Circus is in which UK City? a) Oxford b) Leeds c) Cambridge d) London 8. Which cricketer has scored the most first-class centuries in history? a) Sachin Tendulkar b) Ricky Ponting
94 c) Michael Slater d) Jack Hobbs 9. In Alexander Dumas' book, "The Three Musketeers", two of the musketeers are called Athos and Porthos. What was the name of the third Musketeer? a) Aramis b) Cardinal Richelieu c) D' Artagnan d) Planchet 10. While the police inspector was questioning Jamal's knowledge, he asked Jamal whose picture was on the Indian 1000-rupee note, and then showed him when Jamal claimed not to know. Whose picture was it? a) Mohandas Gandhi b) Muhammad Jinnah c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Gopal Gokhale =). On what grounds can u deconstruct the film with reference to postcolonial tools/theories. The Slumdog Millinore is film directed by Danny Boyle, In this Movie we could see that how lower class people face so many problems they always leaving in fear. They exploited by Rich People. And also they are subaltern. In one scence we could see that how gangsters are used children for their business. This movie also presents that harsh Reality of Indai =). Compare with Texture and Treatment of subject content in film and novel. . Themes like corruption, poverty can be found in both. The show host, gangster, police, Salim everyone is corrupt in the film. Salim sells the autograph of Amitabh Bachhan to get money. However, it is his younger brother Jamal who get the autograph. From a very early age, Salim begins corruption. In the novel the character of the protagonist himself is corrupt. If someone did small corruption like taking more money from masters to repair a car or to get petrol, then keeping the remaining amount is also corruption. However big dealers corruption looks more problematic than workers of small hierarchy. Both present the same texture of India. The Da Vinci Code-Thinking Activity
95 The Da Vinci Code About The Author Dan Brown is the author of numerous #1 bestselling novels, including The Da Vinci Code, which has become one of the best selling novels of all time as well as the subject of intellectual debate among readers and scholars About The Novel The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown. It is Brown's second novel to include the character Robert Langdon: the first was his 2000 novel Angels & Demons. ... The book also refers to The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982) though Dan Brown has stated that it was not used as research material Post-viewing Task: The D Vinci Code 1.Brown states on his website that his books are not anti-Christian, though he is on a 'constant spiritual journey' himself, and says that his book The Da Vinci Code is simply "an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate" and suggests that the book may be used "as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration of our faith."
96 Ans. Dan Brown asserts that his books are not anti-Christian, and it is right also because he wants to reveal the facts. He also says that he is on the spiritual journey as he portrays the characters who have faith in the religion. Through the murder mystery he unfolds the factual things about the Christianity. The painting of Leonardo Da Vinci, The Last Supper, which tells about the relation between Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Seemingly it is an entertaining story murder mystery, the puzzle, paintings of Da Vinci. As a part of spiritual discussion Dan Brown attempts to raise the issue of blind faith in religion, people like Bezu Fache, Silas, Bishop Aringarosa, who have faith in Opus dei. 2. Although it is obvious that much of what Brown presented in his novel as absolutely true and accurate is neither of those, some of that material is of course essential to the intrigue, and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman has retained the novel's core, the Grail-related material: the sacred feminine, Mary Magdalene's marriage, the Priory of Sion, certain aspects of Leonardo's art, and so on[1].” How far do you agree with this observation of Norris J. Lacy? Ans.Yes, the observation of Norris Lacy is true. We can say Akiva Goldsman has conserved the story line and it is much like novel. The grail related material, definite aspects of Leonardo's art and many things. The screen writer is successful to keep the core content through the use of all the symbols and secrets about the novel. We can find the scenes in Louvre museum so it is much realistic. Dan Brown's major materials for the novel is taken from the book 'The holy blood and the holy grail'. The idea of feminine sacredness is much live as Sophie Nevue leads to Robert Langton. 3. You have studied ‘Genesis’ (The Bible), ‘The Paradise Lost’ (John Milton) and ‘The Da Vinci Code’ (Dan Brown). Which of the narrative/s seem/s to be truthful? Whose narrative is convincing to the contemporary young mind? Ans .. Milton's narrative seems more truthful, because the novel has some evidence about the Christianity but it's somehow confusing. People keep on doubting on the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, he was known for his mirror writing, but there is nothing like that he was suffering from Dyslexia, so there is nothing like code hidden in his paintings. Dan Brown's narrative has so much lies so, Milton's narrative can be more convincing Q-4. What harm has been done to humanity by the biblical narration or that of Milton’s in The Paradise Lose? What sort of damage does narrative like ‘The Vinci Code’ do to humanity? Milton’s ‘The Paradise lost’ clearly presents that if we don’t follow the God then it will become harmful for us. Biblical narration also told that God at the center and the creator of Heaven, Earth and Hell. Milton gives voice to character of Eve and Adam. God created the Garden of Eden and told Adam and Eve that not to test the fruit of knowledge but they don’t follow this rule. First Eve tested and then Adam tested this fruit. So, here we can say that maybe they overpower the God or Satan (serpent) who intentionally convince to Eve. But rule is broken by them and God gave then punishment. Fall of Man is the damage for humanity. Because of this people believed that fall happens because of Eve. So, here Eve blamed for this fall but one question arise that Eve tempted for this fruit then why Adam also tested that fruit? This idea is the damaging for humanity.
97 Q. 5 What difference do you see in the portrayal of 'Ophelia' (Kate Winslet) in Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet, 'Elizabeth' (Helena Bonham Carter) in Kenneth Branagh's Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or 'Hester Prynne' (Demi Moore) in Roland Joffé's The Scarlet Letter' or David Yates's 'Harmione Granger' (Emma Watson) in last four Harry Potter films - and 'Sophie Neuve' (Audrey Tautau) in Ron Howard's The Da Vinci Code? How would justify your answer? Sophie's character is portrayed more powerful and intelligent and in decent manner than other women characters. Ophelia was powerless who used by his father and Hamlet. Elizabeth in Frankenstein has no power. Monster kills her though he has enmity with Frankenstein. Hester Pryne is powerful character but can't do anything in patriarchal society. Hermione is intelligent but she becomes part of male ego. Sophie is intelligent, not emotional, and she is not got insulted in any way. 6. Do novel / film lead us into critical (deconstructive) thinking about your religion? Can we think of such conspiracy theory about Hindu religious symbols / myths? Yes, these kinds of novel and film leads us into critical thinking. We can find the lose stone about religious theory, there is no proof about the relation between Jesus and Mary Magdalene as they are husband and wife. Chapel do not have code about Mary but it's deaide and the picture of music. As it is in Hindu religion also some ideas about religion which needs to critical thinking. The Ramayana is a myth so it raises the question that it actual or just myth to keep everyone's faith in the religion. 7. Have you come across any similar book/movie, which tries to deconstruct accepted notions about Hindu religion or culture and by dismantling it, attempts to reconstruct another possible interpretation of truth? Yes, we can find in films like 'OMG' and 'PK', which deconstructs the idea of God and the existence of God. 8. When we do traditional reading of the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’, Robert Langdon, Professor of Religious Symbology, Harvard University emerges as protagonist and Sir Leigh Teabing, a British Historian as antagonist. Who will claim the position of protagonist if we do atheist reading of the novel? In the case of certain actions we can say Sir Leigh Teabing's character is more powerful than Robert Langton. Leigh Teabing has certain depth and he is an intellectual. He plans everything to reveal the truth behind it rather than for the sake of money 9. Explain Ann Gray’s three propositions on ‘knowability’ with illustrations from the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’. 1) Identifying what is knowable 2) identifying and acknowledging the relationship of the knower and the known 3) What is the procedure for ‘knowing’? Firstly, i) deals with the assumption, all the characters claims that they are known something. Sophie Nevue and Robert Langton both are in search of truth. Sophie is in search of the truth of her family, her own identity. ii) Sir Leigh Teabing and Robert Langton both are in the quest for the truth of Holy Grail. Langdon and Neveu's quest for the truth is rewarded when Langdon learns the location and truth about the Holy Grail, and Sophie learns the truth about her family and heritage. iii) Sir Leigh Teabing known about the greed of Aringarosa whereas Langdon
98 and Sophie has pure intentions. So, there is matter of knowability one can not claim that whatever known is truth. Language lab Language lab
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101 Group task in Language lab Group Bhavnesh Mahyavanshi Hina Chauhan Nirali rathod Avni Dave Monika makvana What is the Language lab A language laboratory is a classroom equipped with tape recorders or computers where people can practise listening to and talking foreign languages. Drag the correct answer into the box. bail. bale. The only way to keep the boat afloat was to madly. Language labs provide practice in an entertaining and interactive way to acquire the 4 main language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. ... Complimentary: Language labs allow students to reinforce material learned in class by putting them into practice through interactive activities.As per the language Lab experience it was not good and not bad for us.The Language lab software did not work very well. Software worked very slowly and audio also not working. So we faced problems.. But there where positive points also that in language lab all quiz were interesting. Some quiz were easy and some of hard but overall it was a good experience to learn from the Language lab. Language lab is helpful to learn language andI It's easy to use. Everyday practice of language lab which is beneficial for Students those who are weak in communication.
102 Using a language lab has many benefits Language labs are becoming highly valued at. Universities because they offer students a structured eLearning environment that is successful and reliable. New technologies are increasingly more present in classrooms as they facilitate the teacher’s role in creating a more attractive learning environment for the student and can offer their students more practice hours and up-to-date exercises than can be found in language books. 1 A language lab is practical Learning a new language just by studying the theory is not enough to guarantee a successful language learning experience. Language labs provide practice in an entertaining and interactive way to acquire the 4 main language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Students learn more comprehensively through a language lab, using more class time instead to achieve these three main objectives:  Self-learning: The student progresses in a self-guided but structured and progressive training to achieve the goals and objective set by the school or educational body.  Complimentary: Language labs allow students to reinforce material learned in class by putting them into practice through interactive activities.  Monitoring and Evaluation: Teachers know the progress of each student and receive reports of strengths and weaknesses to better adapt the classroom activities. 2 Students learn much faster in the language lab Practice leads to language learning success! Language labs’ interactive courses help students learn much faster than in a regular classroom setting. The methodology of the classroom language network uses a progressive model to promote natural learning, where students learn the different concepts of language in an intuitive way. The language lab boosts the motivation of students achieving higher levels of language retention and progress. 3 The teacher takes on a more important role in the language lab There is a big fear in the education world that technology will replace the role of the teacher and the position will become obsolete entirely. The language lab debunks this myth because it provides supplementary materials that only facilitate the role of the instructor rather than compete with it. The teacher can then focus on the important parts of the course rather than waste time explaining everything. The structure of the language lab courses also facilitate the work teacher puts in when preparing lessons and allows them to prepare them in less time and with a greater volume of interactive resources. The course then collects the student information and provides instantaneous reports of the lesson’s progress against objectives; the teacher uses this information to guide the direction of the class. 4 Use more resources and varied activities than in a traditional classroom Language labs allow students to practice the language with a much wider variety of activities and exercises based on the computer. Learning occurs in a structured way, in a real context and visually attractive way that immerses the student in the language learning environment and promotes language use. The students can watch videos, practice their pronunciation through a speech recognizer, learn new vocabulary, and much more.
103 Disadvantages: Language lab software is sometime costly and not affordable by every school, college . Teachers are not skilled to handle lab software in effective way. If Students do not have sufficient knowledge of computers than it is useless for them. it seems boring sometime. The Web-quest Harry Potter Harry Potter-Web_Quest Here is Dr.DilipBarad's Blog about the Web_Quest My Web_Quest My Rubric All Movies Harry pottter is world famous literature and specially in young generation. We could see many themes like power politics, satire, Moral values, children literature ,fiction literature, fantacy literature,mystery etc.
104 Name of All Series Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) Topic  Feminist Reading of Hermione and other female characters in Harry Potter o Feminist reading of female characters of Harry Potter especially in the character of Hermione Granger. In Harry potter Hermione is much intelligent and capable than Harry and Ron. Hermione is very strong and very intellectual and also very good in magic in compare to Harry and Ron, we can see in many circumstances that Hermione teaches how to do magic to male friends. It is clear that Harry and Ron not have survived without her but it feels like she is being used more as a useful tool than a real person. We do not find deep character development of Hermione. It is hard to understand what her ambitions are. Family background of Hermione is also not depicted. She belongs to Mud Blood it means lower cast in Magical world.  Children’s Literature and Harry Potter: How far does J K Rowling transcends the canonical confines of children’s literature and claims the heights of ‘real’ literature?  Children's literature defines it as "all books written for children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books, cartoon books, and non-fiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials”. However, others would argue that comics should also be included: "Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children". 
105 It was not only a revolution in the world of fantasy novels, it also changed our childhood memories of wizards and how we fantasized their being. Young readers were introduced to a whole new dictionary of magic and fantasies. Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley became overnight sensations. Harry Potter books grabbed the attention of young readers and Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and Rowling's first of the series Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone found immense popularity among readers and became a critically acclaimed, young adult literature.Harry Potter tell abut the Friendship, break rules,love, family etc.  The theme of Choice and Chance: How does Harry Potter discusses the antithetical concepts of ‘choice’ and ‘chance’?  In Rowling's world, as in the real world, choice and chance both can affect the final outcome and results do not come in a neat pre-determined package.However, the final resolution is that Voldemort's power was destroyed by Harry's conscious self-sacrifice, and that, as Harry tells Voldemort in the end, was no "accident." Based on the words of Dumbledore and Voldemort, Rowling would also come down on the side of choice, not chance.Harry Potter novels bring to awareness two fundamental aspects of the human condition: the importance of one’s choices and the inevitability of one’s mortality It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities  Confronting reality by reading fantasy: Fantasy is a form of literary genre in which a plot cannot occur in the real world. Its plot usually involves witchcraft or magic, taking place on an undiscovered planet of an unknown world. Its overall theme and setting involve a combination of technology, architecture, and language, which sometimes resemble European medieval ages. The most interesting thing about fantasies is that their plot involves witches, sorcerers, mythical and animal creatures talking like humans, and other things that never happen in real life Potter books are not Reality, they are Fantasy. As Fantasy, they pose no threat to anyone who reads them, even to the most enthusiastic. Because the stories are just Fantasy, they will not cause anyone to actually go into Witchcraft. Adults see in Harry Potter a fairly conventional supernatural adventure story Harry is being raised by an aunt and uncle who are dumb, stiff and uncomprehending and who treat him with stingy cruelty.    The theme of Love and Death: How does Harry Potter make use of age old theme of Love of the dead as well as living as protecting armour? How does Harry Potter deal with the concept of Death as something inevitable?  Love and death are major themes in J.K.Rowling’s Harry Potter books. She herself has said in a recent interview in recent interview in The Tatler magazine that “My books are largely about death.” Love is a deep, powerful, and ineffable emotion of attachment to, and affection for, another being or beings Death is obviously big in Harry Potter. Death initiates the core conflict of the series; death escalates in each text; death creates the tool by which Harry can defeat Voldemort; and death resolves the conflict in the end, since Voldemort’s death is the end of the war itself. Death recurs throughout the series, but recurrence is not enough to constitute a theme.
106 Resources: https://www.bustle.com/articles/136244-the-5-least-feminist-moments-in-harry-potter https://www.reddit.com/r/harrypotter/comments/78aqmv/list_of_all_female_harry_potter_characters/ https://www.theodysseyonline.com/why-hermione-granger-is-feminist-icon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/12415-it-is-our-choices-harry-that-show-what-we-truly https://www.inverse.com/article/41709-harry-potter-series-and-death ELT SESSION BY DR.ATANU BHATTACHARYA ELT-ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING By Dr.Attanu Bhattacharya
107 English Language Teaching, or ELT, refers to the activity and industry of teaching English to non-native speakers. Many large editorial companies have ELT sections which publish books for English teachers and learners to use Key-Points From DR.Atanu Bhattacharya "Language is Imporrtant for Philosophy":- "Philosophy of language" refers to an area of philosophy concerned with the syntactic properties as well as the meaning and reference of linguistic expressions, the things implied or indicated by linguistic expressions and the attributes of linguistic expressions as a function of linguistic and conversational contexts William Jones Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist, a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among European and Indo-Aryan languages. Matr mater mater mother
108 pitr pater pather father  _Psychology is Important for Language Learning Proximal Development  Grammar Should Not be Taught Communicative Competence Discourse 1) Cohesion 2) Coherence  Speech Arts o Testing  Specific,Particular,Objective o Evaluation  Generalized,Objective o Assesment  Feedback How Literature Shaped Me? HOW LITERATURE SHAPED ME? Life is a tragedy, I joined the BA English course which was also tragedy first of all that I joined this course because I felt that after completing the course my English would be improved and it was a good for my career. But literature is not only about career it is learning about how to live a life. I learn from literature that "Never Give Up"
109 Let me begun with my graduation days because this journey started from there. I understood that without hard work you cannot get success, so I started reading literature and I connected some points with my personal life and society when I was "Dr.Jekyll and Mr Hyde" I was learned that every person live to lives. First is a personal life and second is social life. My second reading book was "Othello" I was a learned from this drama that without confirmation you should not do anything which is harmful for your life. " , " Is necessary for everybody. When I was studying "Ghashiram kotwal" suddenly my thinking was changed about society and power politics. I learn that without power you cannot do anything if you have a power then you survive in this Dark world. One interesting essay I was reading in B.A text which was Media -The freedom of expression. I came to know that freedom of expression is necessary for your existence. Without freedom of expression you are nothing. So I would like to say that B.A course help me to how to see the politics power, society , casteism, class struggle, literature theory, criticism in introduction way. My two years in M.A at Department of English is a turning point in my Education.Because I am studying under guide Dr.DilipBarad sir who makes me more rational and Deep thinker. "Literature make me like a fire" Example Three elements required for fire. Fire=Heat+Fuel+ Oxidizing Agent My self= Thinking +Literature +Dr.DilipBarad sir
110 In my MS course I was studying many novels and dramas. But some famous novel and drama which is an inspire me and fruitful me for my life. When I was studying "The Purpose" I came to know about deconstruction of history and myth. I want to say that "winners writes the history". We know that in myth Arjun became the hero but here Eklavya became the Hero. Here I learned that everybody should see literature with different perspective. One interesting absurd Drama "waiting for Godot" which is a telling about nothingness in life. "The old man and The Sea" which is the told about "Age doesn't matter", and "Do not give excuse". In this novel how The Old man struggle against the nature. This novel telling about that do not give excuse sometime I also give excuses for do not work that is bad habit and still I am working on make myself to being hard worker. Now I would like to you telling about my favorite novel "The white Tiger" . This novel is telling about truth and truth is….. "If you have cash than anybody can understand your language" For your existence in 21st century sometimes you should do wrong things like or not but you should do for your Existence and your survival. Balram Halwai inspired to lots of people those who are marginalized from the power and depressed by the society. He Inspired that never lose your strength, focus on your goal, make your Rules, get success in any way. I write about this Novel is that… "IF YOU ARE , DEPRESSED, LIVE WITHOUT HOPE, AIMLESS THEN YOU SHOULD READ #THEWHITETIGER" Last point about how literature shaped me is that I learn to believe in myself, know your enemies, deep thinking, thinking in different perspective, knowing the things, proof , hard work is necessary, raise your voice, make yourself rational. "My Parents gave me a birth and literature give me a voice, thought, and eyes."
111 Waiting for Barbarians About the Author Life and career Early life (Boyhood) Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to Afrikaner parents. His father, Zacharias Coetzee (1912–1988), was an occasional attorney and government employee, and his mother, Vera Coetzee (born Wehmeyer; 1904–1986), was a schoolteacher. The family mainly spoke English at home, but John spoke Afrikaans with other relatives. He is descended from early Dutch immigrants to South Africa in the 17th century on his father's side, while his mother was a descendant of Dutch, German and Polish immigrants. Coetzee spent most of his early life in Cape Town and in Worcester, a town in the Cape Province (modern-day Western Cape), as recounted in his fictionalised memoir, Boyhood (1997). The family moved to Worcester when he was eight, after his father had lost his government job.He attended St. Joseph's College, a Catholic school in the Cape Town suburb of Rondebosch, later studying mathematics and English at the University of Cape Town and receiving his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1960 and his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Mathematics in 1961 Plot/ Summary
112 The novel is set in an isolated colonial outpost managed by an unnamed, totalitarian colonial power called the Empire. The garrison is occupied by colonial representatives, including the main character and narrator, a magistrate approaching retirement. The local, native population are referred to as the “barbarians.” Colonel Joll, a high-ranking Empire man, arrives at the garrison to investigate rumors of an impending barbarian uprising. The magistrate gives him a tour, and the two debate the effectiveness of torture to elicit truthful confessions—the magistrate doubts that it is effective, while Colonel Joll is a strong proponent. A barbarian family (a young boy, his mother, and her father) has been caught on their way into the town, and though they state they only wished to see a doctor, Joll tortures them despite the magistrate’s objections. The grandfather is killed during the proceedings. The magistrate tries to distance himself from the incident, but this becomes more difficult as Joll imprisons and tortures more and more barbarians. When Joll eventually leaves for another garrison, the magistrate guiltily helps the surviving prisoners recover. One day, the magistrate encounters a blind beggar girl and eventually brings her to his house. While bathing her, he sees that she has been tortured. The magistrate is torn between his desire to help her and his desire to sleep with her, but the girl resists offers of affections, cleaning and cooking for him instead. It is winter, and the rebel barbarians do not invade, due to the cold. The barbarians inside the town drink and create trouble, something the magistrate blames on the Empire’s influence. The magistrate continues to struggle with his complex relationship with the girl. He decides she belongs with her own people and they travel south, along with four soldiers. On the trip, the girl opens up and she and the magistrate begin a sexual relationship. Along the way, the group encounters a band of barbarians ahead of them. After some internal struggle, the girl decides to join the barbarian band. As the magistrate and his soldiers return back to the garrison, they are met by a group of hostile soldiers, who escort them inside. An Empire official accuses the magistrate of conspiring with the barbarians and imprisons him. After a few days of misery and introspection, the magistrate escapes from his cell, but after seeing the ruined crops outside the garrison, knows he’ll never survive. He returns to his cell. He later watches and tries to stop the torture of some barbarians, and is himself assaulted. The magistrate is brought before Colonel Joll, who informs him that the magistrate is relieved of his duties. When the magistrate refuses to tell Joll about his interactions with the barbarians, he is tortured. The magistrate is released, surviving only because of the kindness of remaining friends. Rumors spread that the soldiers sent to subdue the invading barbarians are all dead. Settlers abandon the town. People hear that the barbarians are camped only a few miles away and barricade themselves in the town. The army departs from the garrison, pillaging goods from the locals and raping with impunity. The magistrate stays, taking up residence in his old apartment, now robbed of all his belongings. The town’s remaining inhabitants are terrified of the impending invasion. The magistrate takes charge, helping the people plant root vegetables to survive the winter. Colonel Joll arrives at the garrison to resupply on food and horses. He finds no food and no horses and is driven out of camp by the magistrate and the locals. The magistrate learns that the army was defeated by the barbarians without any violence—the barbarians simply stole all the
113 army’s horses, leaving the soldiers to die. The magistrate recovers from his torture and thinks of the girl who once lived with him. He is ashamed of what the Empire has done to this country and its people, and will never forgive himself for the role he played. When he thinks about how he would document life in the garrison, he decides he would do so according to the seasons, not chronological events, as better befits what he believes is a paradise on earth. As the first snow falls, the barbarians still have not invaded. Through the eyes of the magistrate, the reader witnesses his journey from a man cautiously indifferent to the suffering of the natives to a rebel of the colonial system, abandoned by his countrymen and determined to protect those he once considered barbarians. Coetzee uses this novel to challenge and explore notions of justice. The magistrate once considered himself a representative of Western, civilized justice, but the events of the novel radically alter his perspective. The justice system he once championed not only dehumanizes the natives, who are tortured and degraded, but dehumanizes the soldiers as well, who exploit the unequal application of justice as they pillage, rape, and murder without consequence. One of the central themes in Waiting for the Barbarians is male sexuality. Along with being a story of colonial power and imperialism, the novel is an extended examination of the magistrate's sexuality and of the nature of male sexuality in general. Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes-Thinking Activity Sense of an Ending About Author
114 Julian Patrick Barnes (born 19 January 1946) is an English writer. ... He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh. In addition to novels, Barnes has published collections of essays and short stories. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel by British author Julian Barnes. Narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, the book centers around his friendship with a young man named Adrian Finn back when he was in school, and the events that eventually tore them apart. When the past catches up with Tony, he is forced to confront the paths that he and his friends have taken in life. Exploring themes such as death, regret, and reminiscence, The Sense of an Ending is noted for its unconventional narration: both parts are narrated by Tony, but they skip back and forth between Tony’s teen years with Adrian and the arrival of a mysterious document during his twilight years. The Sense of an Ending was critically acclaimed by the majority of reviewers, although some found its bleak tone off-putting. It was short-listed for the Man Booker Prize in 2011 and nominated for the Costa Book Awards that same year. The Sense of an Ending has been adapted into a 2017 movie directed by Ritesh Batra and starring Michelle Dockery, Jim Broadbent, and Charlotte Rampling. The Sense of an Ending begins as Tony Webster reminisces, revealing certain images that have stuck with him over his long life. They are all themed around water, including steam, a drain, a river, and a bathtub. The actual story begins with his childhood in a British prep school. He describes his group of friends but focuses especially on the newest boy in their group, Adrian Finn. Adrian is a smart, clever boy who is good friends with the exacting Professor Hunt, and that makes him an asset to the other boys in Tony’s group. They befriend him hoping to get an advantage with the professor, but Tony soon strikes up a genuine friendship with Adrian. Adrian is a kind, idealistic boy, which is a contrast to the more cynical way Tony and his friends view the world. As Tony discusses this period of his life, it becomes clear that while all the other boys have troubled relationships with their parents, Adrian is close with his separated parents. Adrian believes in living a principled life, while the others believe that their society is fatally flawed. During their school years, a student named Robson commits suicide. Rumors circle that he did this after his girlfriend became pregnant, and the boy’s suicide becomes a topic of discussion among the friends. Tony and his two friends fear living a non-spectacular life more than anything else, but Adrian is content to simply be happy and live a good life, not caring whether he is remembered in stories. The boys eventually graduate and go their own ways. Adrian earns a scholarship to Cambridge, while Tony starts dating a girl named Veronica Ford. Although he and Veronica are happy for a time, they argue over his taste in music and he gets a bad impression of her family. When he visits Veronica’s house at one point, her mother vaguely warns him about her daughter. When Veronica comes to London to meet Tony’s friends, she hits it off with Adrian immediately, and the two form a close connection. Tony resents this, and it leads to a breakup. Soon afterwards, he and Veronica have casual sex, but she becomes enraged when he doesn’t want to get back together. He later receives a letter from Adrian asking for permission to date Veronica. Tony writes a harsh letter in reply, condemning Veronica’s
115 personality and accusing her of being dangerous. He never hears back from either of them after that, and his friendship with Adrian seems to be over. Tony travels to the US, where he meets a young woman named Annie and falls for her. When he returns to London, he learns that Adrian has committed suicide. He finds out from his friends that Adrian seemed happy with Veronica, but apparently rejected the gift of life. He mourns Adrian with his friends, and the group separates again. He soon meets a woman named Margaret, marries her, has a daughter, and gets divorced. This is when the book shifts to the present day. Tony is now a retired hospital library assistant when he receives a letter from the estate of Veronica’s mother, who has left him 500 pounds and two documents. The first is a letter explaining the money, and the second document wills Adrian’s diary to Tony. The diary is still with Veronica, but when he emails her to try to get the diary, she responds with the words “blood money.” She eventually sends him a page of the diary in which Adrian had been trying to turn relationships into mathematical formulas. Tony and Veronica eventually agree to a meeting. The meeting is contentious, and Veronica gives Tony the letter he had sent them. He’s shocked in hindsight at how harsh it is, and begins to blame himself for Adrian’s death. They set up another meeting at a subway station, and Veronica shows Tony a mentally ill man who seems to know Veronica by her middle name. Tony believes that this man is Adrian and Veronica’s son; it confuses him that Adrian would commit suicide knowing he had a son. Tony emails Veronica to apologize, and Veronica tells him that he has misunderstood. He follows the young, mentally ill man to the pub, and learns that while Adrian is indeed the father, the mother was actually Veronica’s mother, and that her advanced age led to Adrian’s son’s mental illness. Tony ends the book, unnerved, and states that life is full of responsibility, but even more full of unrest. Julian Barnes is a critically-acclaimed British novelist. In addition to The Sense of an Ending, he has been shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize three times, for Flaubert’s Parrot; England, England; and Arthur & George. Over a nearly forty-year career, he has written sixteen novels, three short story collections, and an array of non-fiction works ranging from memoirs to cooking journalism. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He is politically active, particularly on the issue of assisted dying, and released his latest novel in 2016. Q.The Beginning of the novel. Write a critique on the beginning of the novel. ANS.The first part begins in the 1960s with four intellectually arrogant school friends, of whom two feature in the remainder of the story: Tony, the narrator, and Adrian, the most precociously intelligent of the four. Q.. The Title – ‘The Sense of an Ending’ ANS.The Title of the novel The Sense of an Ending depicts ending of two lives Robson and Adrian and on the other hand it also suggests that this is an ending of journey of Tony too as he is very close to the ending of
116 his life. Hence At last it can be clarified that the title of the novel is absolutely appropriate though it is difficult book to evaluate but up to some extent we can say that Julian Barnes has chosen relevant title. By the time one reaches the end, it is not just the novel but the title itself that inspires the reader; not just the end of a life but how a story is told. Q.It is not about what we ‘do’, it is about how we ‘remember’ what we have done?’. Illustrate with reference to the novel ‘The Sense of an Ending’. ANS.In Sense of an Ending The memory becomes a thing of shreds and patches. It is a bit like the black box airplanes carry to record what happens in a crash. If nothing goes wrong, the tape erases itself. Therefore, if you do crash, it is obvious why you did; if you do not, and then the log of your journey is much less clear.”Similarly Tony peep out in his past. When his own construction of memory break through just one letter, preserved by Veronica. Therefore, it is true that Tony records what happens in past but not as it happens but as he saw. Hence, his narrative may rises questions about character and their life. What is really happened ? Perhaps, “yes” – this is exactly What happened. but the way it(event) is remembered, memorized and historised is questionable. How accurate are our memories of ourselves, of other, of event in our life? Like Tony, we are far from perfect. We also invent convenient lies to mask uncomfortable truths. Like him we too carry the scars of our past, trying our best to forget and forgive at times others sometimes ourselves But what necessary is we too deserve to be heard and understood our remorse as we have sympathy for Tony's Remorse. Q. Discussion on ‘History’ in school. Write a critique on the classroom scene where teacher and students discuss ‘History’. ANS.History:-The central theme of the novel is history and memory. the discourse on 'History' in this novel, takes a few deeper steps penetration to comes at worthier conclusion. Part two is all about documentation which prove the point of inadequacy of memory which construct History. Even Barnes recording his time's musicians and singers it is beautiful way to documentation of time. The two definition of history which was discussed by Adrian and later on by Tony himself seems more convenient. Because, how history comes into existence ? It comes into existence only by construction of doubtful memory. “History is that certainty produced at the point where the imperfections of memory meet the inadequacies of documentation.”“History isn’t the lies of the victors, as I once glibly assured Old Joe Hunt; I know that now. It’s more the memories of the survivors, most of whom are neither victorious nor defeated.”Thus, Barnes aptly describes the definition of history that, Self delusion of the defeated and lies Victors. Journalism
117 Lead Writing Journalism In journalism, the beginning sentences of a news story are everything. Called leads or “ledes,” they must convey essential information, set the tone and entice people to continue reading. If you’re interested in becoming an expert journalist, understanding how to write a lead is a key skill for your toolbox. Tips for Writing Leads Below are some helpful hints to keep in mind. The Five W’s and H News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. When writing a lead, it helps to think about which of these facts is the most vital for readers to know. Keep It Short A good lead provides all the information the reader requires in just a few words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and 40 words. Keep It Simple Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make sure that your lead only discusses one idea to avoid confusion. Write in Active Voice Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common exceptions including writing about fatalities (“two people were killed Thursday”) and when discussing police activity (“two people were arrested”). Passive voice is often the result of incomplete reporting. Structure Your Lead Properly Put your most crucial information at the very beginning of the sentence. Important secondary information can go in subsequent sentences. Not following this practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the end of the sentence because it is less important than the information itself. Understand the Context Keep in mind what your readers may already know about your story based on previous media coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these realities and adds relevant, useful information.
118 Be Honest Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of information with your lead, you should be ready to deliver. Once you understand these cardinal rules, you can begin to experiment with style. 7 Types of Leads Style implies a certain degree of voice and personal ownership over how a story is written. Although there are many ways to write leads, here are seven common approaches. Straight Lead Also called the “summary” lead, this is by far the most common and traditional version; it should be used in most cases. It is a brief summary, containing most of the Five W’s and H in one sentence. “The European Parliament voted Tuesday to ratify the landmark Paris climate accord, paving the way for the international plan to curb greenhouse gas emissions to become binding as soon as the end of this week.” Anecdotal Lead The anecdotal lead uses a quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The anecdote must help enhance the article’s broader point, and you must explain the connection to that point in the first few sentences following the lead. “At the dilapidated morgue in the northern Brazilian city of Natal, Director Marcos Brandao walks over the blood-smeared floor to where the corpses are kept. He points out the labels attached to the bright metal doors, counting out loud. It has not been a particularly bad night, yet there are nine shooting victims in cold storage.” Journalism comes in several different forms: I. News A. Breaking news: Telling about an event as it happens. B. Feature stories: A detailed look at something interesting that's not breaking news. C. Enterprise or Investigative stories: Stories that uncover information that few people knew. II. Opinion
119 A. Editorials: Unsigned articles that express a publication's opinion. B. Columns: Signed articles that express the writer's reporting and his conclusions. C. Reviews: Such as concert, restaurant or movie reviews. Online, journalism can come in the forms listed above, as well as: ader can add to or change. The best journalism is easy to read, and just sounds like a nice, smart person telling you something interesting. Reporting How do you get the facts for your news story? By reporting! There are three main ways to gather information for a news story or opinion piece: er printed material. The people or documents you use when reporting a story are called your "sources." In your story, you always tell your readers what sources you've used. So you must remember to get the exact spelling of all your sources' names. You want everything in your story to be accurate, including the names of the sources you quote. Often, a person's name is not enough information to identify them in a news story. Lots of people have the same name, after all. So you will also want to write down your sources' ages, their hometowns, their jobs and any other information about them that is relevant to the story. Whenever you are interviewing someone, observing something happening or reading about something, you will want to write down the answers to the "Five Ws" about that source: Who are they? What were they doing? Where were they doing it? When they do it?
120 Why did they do it? Many good reporters got their start by keeping a diary. Buy a notebook, and start jotting down anything interesting you hear, see or read each day. You might be surprised to discover how many good stories you encounter each week! Writing Here are the keys to writing good journalism: every bit of information you put in your story. Start your story with the most important thing that happened in your story. This is called your "lead." It should summarize the whole story in one sentence. From there, add details that explain or illustrate what's going on. You might need to start with some background or to "set the scene" with details of your observation. Again, write the story like you were telling it to a friend. Start with what's most important, then add background or details as needed. When you write journalism, your paragraphs will be shorter than you are used to in classroom writing. Each time you introduce a new source, you will start a new paragraph. Each time you bring up a new point, you will start a new paragraph. Again, be sure that you tell the source for each bit of information you add to the story. Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) Why are the four skills useful?
121 In-order to become a well-rounded communicator one needs to be proficient in each of the four language skills. These four skills give learners opportunities to create contexts in which to use the language for exchange of real information, evidence of their own ability (proof of learning) and, most important, confidence. Listening and reading are the receptive skills because learners do not need to produce language, they receive and understand it. These skills are sometimes known as passive skills. The productive skills are speaking and writing because learners are applying these skills in a need to produce language. They are also known as active skills. Listening Listening is a receptive language skill which learners usually find the most difficult. This often is because they feel under unnecessary pressure to understand every word. The listener has to get oriented to the listening portion and be all ears. The listener is also required to be attentive. Anticipation is a skill to be nurtured in Listening. In everyday life, the situation, the speaker, and visual clues all help us to decode oral messages. In due course of listening, be in a lookout for the sign post words. Thirdly one should be able to concentrate on understanding the message thoroughly. Listening Skills could be enhanced by focusing on making the students listen to the sounds of that particular language. This would help them with the right pronunciation of words. To equip students with training in listening, one can think about comprehending speeches of people of different backgrounds and regions. This intensive listening will ultimately help a student to understand more on the accents to be used and the exact pronunciation of words. Speaking Language is a tool for communication. We communicate with others, to express our ideas, and to know others’ ideas as well. We must take into account that the level of language input (listening) must be higher than the level of language production. In primary schools elocution and recitation are main sources to master the sounds, rhythms, and intonation of the English language through simple reproduction. The manifestations of the language in games and pair work activities are encouraging source to learn to speak the language. This assists the learners to begin to manipulate the language by presenting them with a certain amount of choice, albeit within a fairly controlled situation. This skill could be improved by understanding para-linguistic attributes such as voice quality, volume and tone, voice modulation, articulation, pronunciation etc. This could also be further enhanced with the help of debates and discussions. Reading Reading is a learning skill. It helps you improve all parts of the English language – vocabulary, spelling, grammar, and writing. It helps to develop language intuition in the corrected form. Then the brain imitates them, producing similar sentences to express the desired meaning. Using skimming or scanning technique to read quickly is highly effective. While reading underlining of key words is a must. Reading Skills help the students grasp the content and draw conclusions. The students should also make it a point to familiarize themselves with the jargons and new words by making reading a habit be it reading newspapers, articles, books, magazines etc
122 Writing Writing provides a learner with physical evidence of his achievements and he can measure his improvement. It helps to consolidate their grasp of vocabulary and structure, and complements the other language skills. It helps to understand the text and write compositions. It can foster the learner’s ability to summarize and to use the language freely. To write flawless language one should excel in the Writing Skills with the help of various methods. Importance should be given to composition and creative writing. One should also focus on coherence and cohesiveness when it comes to writing a language. With these four skills addressed equally while learning English, the learners can be assured of having good communication skills, a great necessity in today’s competitive world. EnglishMate is a chain of English Speaking Institutes by Hindustan Times that offers a range of courses to help you speak better English and get smarter L-S-R-W is the four skills of language learning, a set of four capabilities that allow an individual to comprehend and produce spoken language for proper and effective interpersonal communication. These skills are Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. What are Web 2.0 Tools? These tools are internet tools that allow the user to go beyond just receiving information through the web. The user is expected to interact and to create content with others. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are examples of Web 2.0 tools. Web tools can be used to enhance teaching and collaboration among teachers and students as well as increase professional collaboration between educators. Examples
123 Twitter is a real-time information network that connects you to the latest stories, ideas, opinions and news about what you find interesting. Simply find the accounts you find most compelling and follow the conversations. Youtube Founded in February 2005, YouTube allows billions of people to discover, watch and share originally- created videos. YouTube provides a forum for people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform for original content creators and advertisers large and small.
124 Prezi is use for Presentation you can see presentation which are related with Education. Advantages and Disadvantages ScreenShots of My Working In Web_Tools
125
126 It is good to use Web Tools for our Soft Skills. If You want to learn soft skills then we required practice without practice you can not improve . We can say that" Practice Makes Perfect". It can be say that Web Tools give opportunity to do task,quiz,watching video,practice etc. So our soft skills would be improved in specially on pronunciation and our Vocabulary would be improved when we used Web Tools for our learning Purpose .
127

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Thinking activity words pdf file

  • 1. Thinking Activies 2020 1 2020 All Thinking Activities Pdf File Bhavneshkumar s Mahyavanshi [THINKING ACTIVIES] Thinking Activities.About Author, Introduction,Examples,Types,Video,Conclusion
  • 2. 2 Contents Endmund spenser,Ben johnson and Francis bacon ........................................................................................................... 7 1.Endmund Spenser (1552-1599) ................................................................................................................................. 7 Ben Johnson (1572-1637)............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.Francis bacon (1561-1626) ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Aristotle poetics............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Doctor Faustus thinking activity ......................................................................................................................................10 Metaphysical poetry. ......................................................................................................................................................10 Portrait of John Donne................................................................................................................................................10 Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London .......................................................................................................11 WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY ? .............................................................................................................................12 METAPHYSICAL POETS ................................................................................................................................................12 JOHN DONNE'S POEMS ...............................................................................................................................................13 "The Flea" ...............................................................................................................................................................13 Hamlet-Kenneth Branagh................................................................................................................................................14 Teacher...........................................................................................................................................................................15 Past-Time....................................................................................................................................................................16 Today's Time...............................................................................................................................................................16 PARADISE LOST...............................................................................................................................................................16 Write Critique on the Character of Eve........................................................................................................................17 Dryden-An essay of Dramatic Poesy................................................................................................................................19 DRYDEN ......................................................................................................................................................................19 Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads..........................................................................................................................20 Wordsworth................................................................................................................................................................20 Samual Coleridge-Biographia ..........................................................................................................................................21 Coleridge ....................................................................................................................................................................21 Robinson Crusoe Film Screening .....................................................................................................................................22 Robinson Crusoe.........................................................................................................................................................22 What is Literature? .........................................................................................................................................................24 Mathew Arnold-Study of Poetry......................................................................................................................................25 T.S.Eliot:Tradition and Individual Talent..........................................................................................................................26 About T.S.Eliot ............................................................................................................................................................26
  • 3. 3 I.A.RIchards Figurative Language.....................................................................................................................................27 I.A.Richards.................................................................................................................................................................28 Misunderstanding.. in this song...................................................................................................................................29 Northrope Frye thinking activity......................................................................................................................................29 Northrope Frye............................................................................................................................................................29 Structuralism thinking activity.........................................................................................................................................30 Structuralism ..............................................................................................................................................................30 Deconstruction-Derrida ..................................................................................................................................................31 Example......................................................................................................................................................................32 Words.............................................................................................................................................................................32 The Waste Land Thinking Activity....................................................................................................................................33 T.S.Eliot and Waste Land Task..................................................................................................................................33 OD On Oneness of Literature ..........................................................................................................................................34 Modern Poems ...............................................................................................................................................................36 Modernist Poems............................................................................................................................................................36 Modernism .................................................................................................................................................................36 Characteristics of Modernist Poems............................................................................................................................36 2.Darkness ..................................................................................................................................................................37 3."Image" by Edward storer ........................................................................................................................................38 4."In station in Metro" ................................................................................................................................................39 5."The Pool" by H.D.Hilda............................................................................................................................................39 7.Morning at the window............................................................................................................................................40 Symbols ......................................................................................................................................................................41 8.The Red Wheelbarrow..............................................................................................................................................41 ELT 1 thinking activity .....................................................................................................................................................43 To The Light House Thinking Activity...............................................................................................................................44 Image of Ideal women.................................................................................................................................................45 Fluidity v/s Masculinity................................................................................................................................................49 Vision To the lighthouse..............................................................................................................................................49 Transcendentalism and Anti-transcendentalism in Scarlett letter....................................................................................50 Transcendentalism in Scarlett letter............................................................................................................................50 Anti-transcendentalism...............................................................................................................................................50
  • 4. 4 Orientalism-Edward Said.................................................................................................................................................51 Edward Said:-..............................................................................................................................................................51 Orientalism:-...............................................................................................................................................................51 PAlESTINE_ISRAEL.......................................................................................................................................................52 Tharoor,Postcolonialism .................................................................................................................................................53 Shashi Tharoor:-..........................................................................................................................................................53 "An Era of Darkness"...................................................................................................................................................54 Ngugi Wa Thiongo's views...........................................................................................................................................55 Then and Now:Colonialism,Post-Colonialism,Imperialism ...............................................................................................56 Colonialism .................................................................................................................................................................56 Post-Colonialism .........................................................................................................................................................57 Imperialism.................................................................................................................................................................57 Image..........................................................................................................................................................................57 Then and Now-Introduction and Conclusion................................................................................................................58 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................59 Midnights children, Reluctant fundamentalist,The Black Prince ......................................................................................60 Midnight' Children ......................................................................................................................................................60 Reluctant fundamentalist............................................................................................................................................60 . The Black Prince........................................................................................................................................................62 Themes.......................................................................................................................................................................62 Edgar Allan Poe short stories thinking activity.................................................................................................................63 Edgar Allan Poe...........................................................................................................................................................63 Postcolonial studies Prof. Balaji Rangnathan ...................................................................................................................65 Postcolonial studies ....................................................................................................................................................65 Professor Balaji Rangnathan........................................................................................................................................66 Existentialism videos.......................................................................................................................................................67 Existentialism..............................................................................................................................................................67 Waiting for Godot...........................................................................................................................................................69 The Birthday party thinking activity.................................................................................................................................74 THe Birthday Party......................................................................................................................................................75 A Grain of Wheat ............................................................................................................................................................78 Grain of Wheat ...........................................................................................................................................................79
  • 5. 5 Character study of Friday in Robinson Crusoe .............................................................................................................80 Mass Media and Communication....................................................................................................................................80 Communication...........................................................................................................................................................81 Education and Technology ..............................................................................................................................................82 . ..............................................................................................................................................................................83 Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources ....................................................................................................................83 Why Do We Need to Evaluate Online Resources?........................................................................................................84 Evaluating Online Resources .......................................................................................................................................84 Authorship..................................................................................................................................................................85 Publication..................................................................................................................................................................85 First of all I would like to tell about Wikipedia as web resource. Wikipedia- Hamlet ...................................................86 Gradesaver-The White Tiger........................................................................................................................................87 One night at the call center.............................................................................................................................................88 Chetan Bhagat ............................................................................................................................................................88 The White Tiger by Arvind Adiga.....................................................................................................................................89 The white Tiger ...........................................................................................................................................................90 Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga.................................................................................................................................90 Examples of Success Story...........................................................................................................................................91 Bazaar Movie ..............................................................................................................................................................91 The Da Vinci Code-Thinking Activity ................................................................................................................................94 The Da Vinci Code .......................................................................................................................................................95 About The Author .......................................................................................................................................................95 Language lab...................................................................................................................................................................98 Group task in Language lab .......................................................................................................................................101 What is the Language lab ..........................................................................................................................................101 Using a language lab has many benefits ....................................................................................................................102 2 Students learn much faster in the language lab.....................................................................................................102 4 Use more resources and varied activities than in a traditional classroom ...............................................................102 Disadvantages:..........................................................................................................................................................103 The Web-quest Harry Potter .........................................................................................................................................103 Name of All Series.....................................................................................................................................................104 ELT SESSION BY DR.ATANU BHATTACHARYA .................................................................................................................106
  • 6. 6 Key-Points From DR.Atanu Bhattacharya...................................................................................................................107 William Jones............................................................................................................................................................107 How Literature Shaped Me?..........................................................................................................................................108 HOW LITERATURE SHAPED ME? ...........................................................................................................................108 Waiting for Barbarians..................................................................................................................................................111 About the Author......................................................................................................................................................111 Plot/ Summary..........................................................................................................................................................111 Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes-Thinking Activity ...................................................................................................113 About Author............................................................................................................................................................113 Journalism ....................................................................................................................................................................116 Journalism.................................................................................................................................................................117 Tips for Writing Leads ...............................................................................................................................................117 7 Types of Leads........................................................................................................................................................118 Journalism comes in several different forms: ............................................................................................................118 Reporting..................................................................................................................................................................119 Writing .....................................................................................................................................................................120 Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) .............................................................................................................120 Listening ...................................................................................................................................................................121 Speaking ...................................................................................................................................................................121 Reading.....................................................................................................................................................................121 Writing......................................................................................................................................................................122 What are Web 2.0 Tools?..........................................................................................................................................122 Advantages and Disadvantages.................................................................................................................................124
  • 7. 7 Endmund spenser,Ben johnson and Francis bacon 1.Endmund Spenser (1552-1599) Spenser's early life and parentage we know little, except that he was born in east Smithfield, near tower of London, and was poor. His education began at merchant tailors school in London and was continued in Cambridge, where as a poor sizar and fag for wealthy students he earned a scant living. In 1590, Spenser brought out the first three books of his most famous work, The Faerie Queene, having travelled to London to publish and promote the work, with the likely assistance of Raleigh. He was successful enough to obtain a life pension of £50 a year from the Queen. He probably hoped to secure a place at court through his poetry, but his next significant publication boldly antagonised the queen's principal secretary, Lord Burghley , through its inclusion of the satirical Mother Hubberd's Tale. He returned to Ireland. In 1594, Spenser's first wife had died, and in that year he married Elizabeth Boyle, who was much younger than him, and originated from Northamptonshire, possibly his native county. He addressed to her the sonnet sequence Amoretti. The marriage itself was celebrated in Epithalamion.They had a son named Peregrine.In 1596, Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled A View of the Present State of Ireland. This piece, in the form of a dialogue, circulated in manuscript, remaining unpublished until the mid-seventeenth century. It is probable that it was kept out of print during the author's lifetime because of its inflammatory content. The pamphlet argued that Ireland would never be totally "pacified" by the English until its indigenous language and customs had been destroyed, if necessary by violence. Spenser works - The faery queene is the great work upon which the poet's fame chiefly rests. * Complaints, Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie (entered into the Stationer's Register in 1590 includes: The Ruines of Time
  • 8. 8 The Teares of the Muses "Virgil's Gnat" The Faery Queene, Books 4,5,6 Ben Johnson (1572-1637) 1572-1637 Ben Jonson was an English playwright and poet best known for his satiric comedies (types of comedies that poke fun at human weaknesses). In many peoples opinion he was, next to William Shakespeare (1564–1616), the greatest dramatic genius of the English Renaissance (roughly the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries).Ben Jonson was probably born in or near London, England, about a month after the death of his father, a clergyman (someone who works for the church). His father gained his position when King Henry VIII (1491–1547) ruled England, but lost it after Queen Mary (1516–1558) took the throne.Jonson's mother then married a bricklayer. This may be why he did not continue his schooling. His stepfather made him work in the more practical business of bricklaying. Jonson also spent some time as a soldier and a traveling actor. He married sometime between 1592 and 1595.Many people thought that English literature, and particularly drama, had already reached as high as it could when Ben Jonson began his career. But Jonson helped it gain even higher goals. Jonson's special gift was his strong sense of artistic form and control. Although an accomplished scholar, he could also write in the way everyday people spoke. It was because of this skill that he was liked by both people who were well read and by people who did not have an advanced education.Jonson's first major play was Every Man in His Humour. It was performed by a theater group called the Lord Chamberlain's Men. William Shakespeare performed the lead role. This play is a model of what is called the "comedy of humors," in which each character's action is ruled by a whim or affectation.Jonson gained fame when he wrote Volpone, or the Fox in 1606. It was loved not only by the people in London but also by the scholars at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. This was a major success for Jonson. After Volpone, Jonson wrote Epicoene, or the Silent Woman , The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair .
  • 9. 9 2.Francis bacon (1561-1626) Francis Bacon was born on January 22, 1561 in London, England. Bacon served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, resigning amid charges of corruption. His more valuable work was philosophical. Bacon took up Aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.His mother, Lady Anne Cooke Bacon, was his father's second wife and daughter to Sir Anthony Cooke, a humanist who was Edward VI's tutor. Francis Bacon’s mother was also the sister-in-law of Lord Burghley. Notable works Essays 1st edition The Advancement and Proficience of Learning Divine and Human (1605) Essays (2nd edition – 38 essays, 1612) Novum Organum Scientiarum ('New Method', 1620) Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral (3rd/final edition – 58 essays) New Atlantis (1627) Aristotle poetics 1..I don't agree with Plato's objection, because the freedom of expression is the fundamental right for everyone , but in India ORTHODOX people don't tolerate the freedom of expression. Ex. Kamasutra :a tale of love A film was directed by Mira Nair on the ancient Hindu text "kamasutra" which was written by VATSYANA .the film was made on ancient Hindu literature, ironically ,the film was banned in India due to it's sexual content . Other films banned in India like a water, fire.etc 2..I have studied during B.a program,"Othello" follows Aristotle rules ,because Othello is tragic hero .he killed his wife 3.."harry ape "doesn't follow the Aristotle tradition, because in this play yank has no high rank.
  • 10. 10 4..yes ,I have studied othello during b.a programe. Othello is main protagonist in the tragedy and his Hamartia is a blind love for Desdemona . 5.."Othello" follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle Doctor Faustus thinking activity 1) The play directed by Matthew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lucifer). What does it signify? Ans: In this scene we can see that the Wings of Lucifer which signifies his power and Lucifer is a symbol of devil. 2) Is God present in the play? If yes, where and how? If No, why? Ans: I think God is not present physically but present in sense of good angel and the old man. 3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image (see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with reference to central theme of the play Dr. Faustus? Ans: This is the image of two Greek mythological characters.the father-deadalus and his son Icarus. Icarus wants to fly in the sky so his father makes waxen wings for his son and warns him to don't fly near sun. otherwise his wings will melt .but Icarus ignores his fathers warning and he fall in to the sea. 4) How do you interpret this painting? Ans: This picture is very beautiful and natural and in this picture I can see a fisherman and shepherd but they are busy in there own work. Metaphysical poetry. intellectual complexity and concentration that is displayed in the poetry of John Donne, the chief of the Metaphysicals. Others include Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, John Cleveland, and Abraham Cowley as well as, to a lesser extent, George Herbert and Richard Crashaw. Portrait of John Donne
  • 11. 11 John Donne, detail of an oil painting by an unknown artist, after Isaac Oliver, c. 1616; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London Their work is a blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or “wit”—that is, by the sometimes violent yoking together of apparently unconnected ideas and things so that the reader is startled out of his complacency and forced to think through the argument of the poem. Metaphysical poetry is less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, with the poet exploring the recesses of his consciousness. The boldness of the literary devices used—especially obliquity, irony, and paradox—are often reinforced by a dramatic directness of language and by rhythms derived from that of living speech. Esteem for Metaphysical poetry never stood higher than in the 1930s and ’40s, largely because of T.S. Eliot’s influential essay “The Metaphysical Poets” (1921), a review of Herbert J.C. Grierson’s anthology Metaphysical Lyrics & Poems of the Seventeenth Century. In this essay Eliot argued that the works of these men embody a fusion of thought and feeling that later poets were unable to achieve because of a “dissociation of sensibility,” which resulted in works that were either intellectual or emotional but not both at once. In their own time, however, the epithet “metaphysical” was used pejoratively: in 1630 the Scottish poet William Drummond of Hawthornden objected to those of his contemporaries who attempted to “abstract poetry to metaphysical ideas and scholastic quiddities.” At the end of the century, John Dryden censured Donne for affecting “the metaphysics” and for perplexing “the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy when he should engage their hearts . . . with the softnesses of love.” Samuel Johnson, in referring to the learning that their poetry displays, also dubbed them “the metaphysical poets,” and the term has continued in use ever since. Eliot’s adoption of the label as a term of praise is arguably a better guide to his personal aspirations about his own poetry than to the Metaphysical poets themselves; his use of metaphysical underestimates these poets’ debt to lyrical and socially engaged verse. Nonetheless, the term is useful for identifying the often-intellectual character of their writing. 
  • 12. 12 WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY ? o Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially about love, romantic and sensual; about man's relationship with God - the eternal perspective; and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art.  Characteristics of 'Metaphysical Poetry'  METAPHYSICAL POETS o
  • 13. 13 JOHN DONNE'S POEMS o The Sun rising o The flea o death,be not proud o Sweetest love o The dream o The Ecstacy  "The Flea"   "The Flea" written by John donne.The poet uses biological image of the flea in order to deal with the theme of 'love'.The speaker uses the occasion of a flea hopping from himself to young lady as an excuse to argue that the two of them should make
  • 14. 14 a love.In the flea their blood is mixed togather,he says that they have already made as one in the body of the flea.the flea pricked her and get what it wanted without having to woo her.The flea's bite and mingling of their bloods is not considered a sin,so why should their love-making?.  In the second stanza the speaker attempt to prevent the woman from killing the flea.He argues that since the flea contains the 'life' of both her self and the speaker,she would be guilty of suicide and triple homicide in kiling it.The woman in question is obviously not convinced,for in the third stanza she has killed the flea with a fingernail.The speaker then turn this around to point out that,although the flea which contained portions of their lives is dead,neither of them is the weaker for it.If this commingling of bodily fluids can leave no lasting effect,then why does she hesitate to join with him in sexual intimacy?after all,her honor will be equally undiminished. v Hamlet-Kenneth Branagh  How faithful is the movie to the original play? o Movie is faithful to origin play because most of dialogues of origin play are same in the movie.  · After watching the movie, have your perception about play, characters or situations changed? Yes,my perception changed one point is that in this movie Gertrude is very happy but in the book Gertrude is not happy.  · Do you feel ‘aesthetic delight’ while watching the movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons? Yes,when Hamlet was died and his words were gave me aesthetic delight "The rest is Silence".It was gave me aesthetic delight.  · Do you feel ‘catharsis’ while or after watching movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons? Yes,I feel "Catharsis" in this play when claudius is become a king and his mother married with cluadius within couple of days his father's death.  · Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play? Yes, because visual memory is strongest memory so if you want better understanding for the play then I prefer movie.  · Was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime? One moment is cherish lifetime for me when Gertrude drink poisoned and that time Claudius tell to Gertrude that "Do not drink". It's cherish moment for me.  · If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’? If I am director so first of all I want to change last scene to create happy ending and Hamlet marry to Ophelia and Gertrude do not drink Poison.
  • 15. 15  In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you read in this? (Clue: In Book IX of 'Paradise Lost', Satan reflects on his revenge motive: "But what will not ambition and revenge; Descend to? Who aspires must down as low; As high he soared, obnoxious, first or last, To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet, Bitter ere long back on itself recoils." Is it not King Hamlet's ambition to avenge his death responsible for the downfall of his kingdom which is symbolically pictured in last scenes?) In the beginning of the movie camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle and end with similar sequence this scene symbolize the cycle life and death.  While studying the play through movie, which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why? Give reasons with illustrations. I think psychological approach is more applicable for the play because Hamlet fight with own self.  Which of the above mentioned approaches (in Pre-viewing task) appeals you more than other?Why? Give reasons. I like feminist approach because in this play Gertrude and Ophelia are victim of men and just sex object for men. Teacher  Write Something about your Favourite Teacher Give some reasons for it. o My Favourite Teacher name is Haresh Pandya because he is honest person and his teaching method is very easy and he is able to explain any topic. o He Always encourage to students for study o He is master in mathematics and my favourite subject is Maths so I like his teaching style.  How are you as Students?Think and Write o As Student I Am weak in English Subject . o I have lot of knowledge about "MAHABHARATA" and "RAMAYANA" o As Student My Favourite Topic is "Politics"  What is the difference between the education system in past and today's time?take help of your parents to write this.
  • 16. 16 Past-Time  It was bad condition for Education  That time Government do not provide good facilities for students.  No Computers and No Technology(GOOGLE BABA).  Government schools condition were very bad.  Most of the students were economically poor. Today's Time  Today's time education system not so good but better than Past time  Now a days Government provides good facilities for students like library,book,computer etc.  Easy to get Information. PARADISE LOST  John Milton o Born: 9 December 1608 Died: 8 November 1674 o John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost, written in blank verse.
  • 17. 17  Write Critique on the Character of Eve. o Eve, the mother of mankind is portrayed by Milton as of a typical womanish nature. She is frail, beautiful, clever, yet easy to be seduced. She is the one that wants freedom from her husband only to be seduced by Satan without her will. She deserves all praise for her beauty and she is the beloved wife of Adam. They are quite happy in discharge of their duties. Milton, in delineating the character of Eve,has portrayed the weaknesses of women. 2.Whose argument did you find more convincing?
  • 18. 18 I find that in first time eve was not accept what serpent says here I can also see that is someone was praising a lot that means that someone is something wrong “let us not then suspect our happy state left so imperfect by the Maker wise as not secure to single or combined frail is our happiness if this be so” In this argument direct said to God If I was in place of eve I would like to reply that “If God is this much why he is God and why he created all this why he created us why he gave us life and happiness” 3.How do you look at divine Perspective in the Genesis of The Holy book Bible and Human Perspective in John Milton's Paradise lost Book 9?
  • 19. 19  The Holy Bible and Book IX from Paradise Lost. John Milton proposed in 'Argument' to 'justify the ways of God to men'. In fact, he moves on the justify '(Hu)Man's ways in this world'.In 'Genesis', the 'Fall' is narrated from God's perspective. Obviously, God is the center of Bible. The characters of Adam and Eve are flat, lifeless and mere puppet. They do not have any emotion or feeling or voice. The Satan-Serpent tempted Eve, Eve tempted Adam and the Fall happened. God emerged and punished all three.  In Milton’s Paradise lost book 9 I find the same story told from Human Perspective.I find eve eat the apple is gain knowledge to know good and evil.To giving interntion is in favor of human rather than God. Dryden-An essay of Dramatic Poesy DRYDEN  Do you any difference between Aristotle definition of Tragedy and Dryden's Definition of Play? o Aristotle says that Tragedy is an imitation of an action while Dryden says that Play is a Lively Image of Human Nature. o According to Aristotle pity and fear are used in Tragedy to purify the emotions of mankind whereas Dryden says that passions and humour are used to delight and instruct mankind. o Aristotle definition has ended with "catharsis" while the definition of Dryden has 'delight'  If you are supposed to give your personal prediction, would be on the side of the Ancient or Modern? please give reason o The Ancient drama is superior because the Ancients closely observed Nature and Fathful represented.
  • 20. 20  Do you think that the arguments presented in the favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ? o No,I do not favour of French plays because English plays are represents full of entertainment and offer an element of surprise which French do not present.  What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? o I would like to go with prosaic dialogues in the play because it would be easily understand for conman reader and while poetic dialogues are very hard. Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth  What is the Basic Diffrence between the poetic creed of "classicism' and "Romanticism"? o Classicism means intellect is the guiding force and Romanticism means Imagination is the guiding source o Classicism is the Imitation or use primarily of the style and aesthetic principles of ancient greek and Roman classical art and literature the term "Neoclassicism is often use in referring to revivals of classicism. o Romanticism is movemnt in the literature that lasted from about 1750 to 1870 ,charactersed by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach freedom of thought and expression and idealization of nature.  Why does wordsworth say "what is poet? rather than who is Poet?"
  • 21. 21 o A poet is a man speaking to men,endowed with more lively sensibility,moreenthusiasm and tenderness , who has grater knowledge of human nature, and more comprehensive soul , who rejoice more than other men in the spirit of life, habitually impelled to creative volilions,passion and situations where he does not find them.  What is poetic diction is suggested by wordsworth in his Preface? o Poetic diction is choice of words o The language as really used by men.  What is Poetry? o Poetry is the spontanous overflow of powerful feelings, it takes its origin form emotion recollected in tranquality.  Discuss 'Daffodils'- I wandered lonely as a cloud with reference to wordsworth poetic creed. o I wandered lonely as a cloud thousan saw at a glance for off,when on my couch .I lie in vacant or in persive mood,they flash upon that inword eye. Which is the bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances with daffodils. Samual Coleridge-Biographia Coleridge  Write in your words in the diffrence between poem and prose. o Prose  Language is more natural and Grammatical.
  • 22. 22  The writers usually has no words limit.  Ideas are written in sentences,sentences are grouped into paragraph o Poem  Language is Rhythmical  Poets use a limited words  Ideas are written in lines;lines are grouped into stanzas  Write in your words the difference between poem and poetry o Poem  Gives pleasure  Smaller is Poem  Piece of Poetry o Poetry  Gives an aesthetic delight  longer is poetry  something higher than poem o  Give illustration to support your answer. o example of poem o smaller is poem  Robinson Crusoe Film Screening Robinson Crusoe
  • 23. 23  We have watched movie in our Department. So I write on Robinson Crusoe.  o Crusoe washes up on an uninhabited island on the North American coast. He lives there for twenty-eight years documenting his physical and spiritual growth in his journal. Then one day a British ship sails by the island, and he's rescued. o In the mid 17th century, Robinson Crusoe begins his career as a sailor, against the wishes of his parents, who would prefer him to go into law. o Crusoe survives a deadly shipwreck in the Caribbean and manages to set up a camp for himself on an uninhabited island. Much of the story documents the time he spent building his shelter and other things to make his life more comfortable, his gardening, goat raising, and hunting, as well as his religious reflections. o Many years after the shipwreck, Crusoe rescues a prisoner from a nearby island. He names this man Friday, converts him to Christianity, and enjoys his company. o Later, he sees a British ship sailing by. The crew has recently mutinied, but with the help of the captain he's able to take the ship. He returns to England briefly, where he has been disinherited, because his father had believed Crusoe to be dead upon his own death, but soon sets out on another adventure. o Robinson Crusoe was Defoe’s first-published full narrative and his most popular, appealing to both middle- class and aristocratic readers with its combination of a believable and very human first-person narrator, realistic detail, allusions and references to actual places and people, imagery drawn from everyday life and the natural world, and an appealing, if somewhat unstructured, narrative line. The title page of the book provides a considerable amount of information for the reader. The LIFE and Strange Surprizing ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE, of YORK. Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an u- inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’ by PIRATES. Written by Himself. That, in brief, is a plot summary. It also is evidence of the ordinariness of the narrator, a seaman from York (and therefore middle class) who is forced by circumstances to fend for himself in unfriendly surroundings, a practical man who manages to survive for twenty-eight years before his rescue. Finally, within this long title is the evidence of Defoe’s insistence on realism—the use of real place names, the statement that the book is an autobiographical narrative. That Robinson Crusoe is a Defoe character is evident from the moment he finds himself shipwrecked. He acts immediately in the interest of survival, salvaging such necessities as he can from the stricken ship and building a rude shelter. Yet Crusoe’s concern is not only for his physical well-being; he begins a journal in which he plans to record his spiritual progress as it is reflected in the daily activities that mark his sojourn on the island. For nearly two decades, Crusoe works to create a life for himself, building what he needs, improvising where he must, and ultimately replicating a little corner of England on the desert island. What he accomplishes is beyond basic survival; he fashions an English life that is dependent on the transformation of raw materials into the necessities of his culture. He plants grain that he bakes into bread, he domesticates goats so that he might have milk, and he turns a cave into a cozy fortified dwelling that boasts comfortable furniture. When Friday arrives, Crusoe’s little English empire is complete: The conqueror has mastered both the territory and its people.
  • 24. 24 Having survived the shipwreck, Crusoe has become strongly aware of his vulnerability as a human being, and throughout the narrative he insists that his life is proof of the workings of divine Providence. Consequently, he often reflects on the spiritual lessons to be learned not only from his experiences on the island but also from the events in his life that led to his sojourn so far from home. This reflection is typical of Defoe’s narrators, who look on life’s experiences as a series of symbolic occurrences pointing to the connections between the spiritual and the secular. Defoe has created in Robinson Crusoe a man very like himself—and very much a typical eighteenth century Englishman. Crusoe’s plebeian origins, his earnest industry, his tendency to see religious meaning in the mundane, and his talent for overcoming misfortune are all Defoe’s qualities. Like the average Englishman of his time, Crusoe is something of a bigot, and although he treats Friday well, the slave is never offered his freedom and must call Crusoe “Master.” Crusoe triumphs over his circumstances and environment, and indeed he manages to provide himself with a little paradise on earth; but he is English to the core, and with the first opportunity he returns to England and settles down to family life. Robinson Crusoe is often described as one of the major forerunners of the novel. Although written as a travel narrative, it displays many of the modern novel’s major characteristics: realism (through verisimilitude, the first-person narrator, imagery from the natural world, and copious detail), interesting and believable characters engaged in plausible adventures and activities, and an engaging story. What is Literature?  Literature is mirror of society because it gives an image, but image is not necessarily a true image.
  • 25. 25  The Image can be distorted in reality or perceived as distorted by society as whole literature tends to focus on subject current to societal engagement.   Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.  Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill.  The very essence of literature is the war between emotion and intellect, between life and death. When literature becomes too intellectual - when it begins to ignore the passions, the emotions - it becomes sterile, silly, and actually without substance.  So we can say that literature is mirror of world. Mathew Arnold-Study of Poetry 1. Write about the one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in our time. Ans. 'A study of poetry ' is a critical essay by Mathew Arnold. He gives definition of poetry that " Poetry is the criticism of life " . It is true that poet is critic of life and this definition is a very relevant in our time. He also discussed the idea of disinterested or detachment. .He says that the critic must be absolutely impartial without any prejudice or bias against or in favor of any particular author. Disinterested on the part of the critic implies freedom from all the prejudice, personal and historical . 2. Write about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date and irrelevant in our time. Ans. Mathew Arnold 's idea about " Touch - Stone Method " is out of date and irrelevant in our time because Arnold's touchstone method is a comparative method of criticism. This method is comparison and analysis as two primary tools for judging individual poet. Even a single line or selected quotation will serve the purpose, if the other works moves us in the same way as these lines and expression do, then it is a great work otherwise not. so it is not appropriate in present time and it is not appropriate way to passing judgement on the bases of comparison with others because time and situation always changing...
  • 26. 26 T.S.Eliot:Tradition and Individual Talent About T.S.Eliot T.S. Eliot, in full Thomas Stearns Eliot, (born September 26, 1888, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died January 4, 1965, London, England), American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s until late in the century. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. The publication of Four Quartets led to his recognition as the greatest living English poet and man of letters, and in 1948 he was awarded both the Order of Merit and the Nobel Prize for Literature. 1) How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of tradition? Do you agree with it? >Yes, I am agree with the concept of tradition given by Eliot in his essay in which he points out that tradition is matter of much wider significance it can not be inherited and you must obtain it by great labour. We can know what is good and useful or bad by labour. 2) What do you understand by historical sense? > "The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence". A historical sense is not just sense of history as a past but it is also an understanding of the present, the present is the unfolding of the past, As a writer one can must have the historical sense. 3) What is the relationship between "Tradition" and "Individual Talent" according to the poet T.S.Eliot? 2) Individual talent is a part of tradition, They are like two sides of one coin. A writer while writing his work not only considers literature of his time but also the classical. Individual talent is a part of tradition as like a brick and building.
  • 27. 27 4) Explain. ''Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum". > T.s.Eliot wants to say that this quote all writers have absorb knowledge through the wide reading of whole tradition of his own nation like Shakespeare that he was not highly educated person but he had knowledge about his surrounding and history. 5) "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry" > T.s.eliot. try to explain that the honest criticism and the appreciation by any critic is of the work art and not of the writer. If we like any work of art it is the quality of that work we like not the poet's personality. E.g now a days people Criticise Tajmahal as a creation of cruel ruler in other words, we can not judge it in terms of history or personality of maker, but we must see its art of creation. 6) How would you like to explain Eliot's theory of depersonalization? You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, platinum. > T.S.Eliot gives an example of chemical process to explain his theory of depersonalization to create Sulphur dioxide, platinum is used as a catalyst, but when it is prepared we do not see platinum any more in the solution. Similarly, to create poetry, poet's mind works as a catalyst but we do not see his mind in his poetry. 7) Explain. "Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality" > In this quote Eliot does not deny personality or emotion to the poet only, he must depersonalize his emotions there should be an extinction of his personality. This impersonality can be achieved only when poet surrenders himself completely to the work that is to be done. 8) Write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic; "Tradition is a matter of much wider significance, it can't be inherited and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour". "Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry". I.A.RIchards Figurative Language
  • 28. 28 I.A.Richards  I.A. Richards, in full Ivor Armstrong Richards, (born Feb. 26, 1893, Sandbach, Cheshire, Eng.—died Sept. 7, 1979, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English critic, poet, and teacher who was highly influential in developing a new way of reading poetry that led to the New Criticism and that also influenced some forms of reader-response criticism Suraj Hua Maddham Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik, ... Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... Main Thehra Raha, Zameen Chalne Lagi Dhadka Yeh Dil, Saans Thamne Lagi Oh, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Ho Oh Oh, Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh, Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga Main Thehri Rahi, Zameen Chalne Lagi Dhadka Yeh Dil, Saans Thamne Lagi Haan, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Sajna, Kya Yeh Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar Hai Hai Khoobsurat Yeh Pal, Sab Kuch Raha Hai Badal Sapne Haqeeqat Mein Jo Dhal Rahe Hai Kya Sadiyon Se Puraana Hai Rishtaa Yeh Hamaara Ke Jis Tarha Tumse Hum Mil Rahe Hai Yunhi Rahe…
  • 29. 29 Misunderstanding.. in this song Suraj Hua Maddham, Chaand Jalne Laga Aasmaan Yeh Haai Kyoon Pighalne Laga... In reality is not Possible.. Like” Suraj hua Maddham” is not possible and “Chand Jalne laga” actually Moon never fire It is Overliterral reading and irregular Syntax. Northrope Frye thinking activity    Northrope Frye   1.Ans. Archetype is a term of narrative design, symbol, character, dream, collective images, myths, ritual and universal thing are in literature. 'Archetype of criticism' means denotes recurrent narrative design and it may that to art into images and pattern of one another character and theme type of in literature. The Archetypal critic tries to find this pattern, symbol and myth in present literary work.   2Ans. Frye's attempt to prove physics to nature and criticism to literature by giving an analogy. Basically here Frye tried to compare both as according to any physics students they mainly studies or rather learning physics instead of nature. So it can be easy that physics has structured meaning or ideas to study of nature. While on the other side of comparison. We can say
  • 30. 30 that criticism has same philosophy or rather strategy as it has the particular way of study literature. One can learn criticism of literature but can't learn literature   3Ans. Archetype criticism is based on philosophy and History of people. As it has been said that literature includes history as well as philosophy to convey its meaning so it displays events and ideas. History and philosophy are two important pillars of literature. History gives events and philosophy gives ideas and writer combines both and creates work of literature. Thus both are important to literature. We are not studying history or philosophy but talking only their help to understand literature   4Ans. Inductive method means something lead from specific to general. Here we take example of physics to better understanding of this method that when Physics' teacher teach students first different parts of body like Kidney, heart, eyes, brain, etc   5Ans. Deductive means from general to specific. Some are art like music moves in time and some like paintings moves in space. Music has rhythm which is temporal and painting have pattern which is spatial. But all assets may be conceived both temporally and spatially. Literature seems in between music and painting   6.ans  This song from Lagaan encapsulates the eager anticipation with which we long for the rains and how bereft we feel when those clouds dissipate without showering those cooling, nourishing drops on us. Especially true for drought hit areas, just like Bhuwan’s village in the film Structuralism thinking activity Structuralism   Think and Write: Being a structuralist critic, how would you analyse literary text or TV serial or Film? You can select any image or TV serial or film or literary text or advertisement. Apply structuralist method and post your write up on your blog. Give link of that blog-post in the comment section under this blo  Obsessive love is a condition in which one person feels an overwhelming obsessive desire to possess and protect another person toward whom one feels a strong attraction, with an inability to accept failure or rejection Examples Darr
  • 31. 31  Anjaam  In Anjaam and Darr both are based on same theme "Obsession for Love'.  In both film role played by Shahrukh Khan Deconstruction-Derrida Deconstruction, as applied in the criticism of literature, designates a theory and practice of reading which questions and claims to "subvert" or "undermine" the assumption that the system of language provides grounds that are adequate to establish the boundaries, the coherence or unity, and the determinate meanings of a literary text. Typically, a deconstructive reading sets out to show that conflicting forces within the text itself serve to dissipate the seeming definiteness of its structure and meanings into an indefinite array of incompatible and undecidable possibilities.
  • 32. 32 Example "Shutter island" In this movie hero play two characters so similarly afflicted But we all know that it's just myth. In which nothing is what it seems Words 1 Obsession Turkish- #Takinti Swedish- #besatthet 2 Beloved Italian- #Diletto Roman- #Iubit 3 Blind Spanish- #Ciego Irish- #dall 4 Stubborn French- #Tetu Germany- #Stur 5 Womanizer Russian- #Babnik Spanish- #Mujeriego
  • 33. 33 The Waste Land Thinking Activity T.S.Eliot and Waste Land Task 1) What are your views on the following image after reading 'The Waste Land'? Do you think that Eliot is regressive as compared to Nietzche's views? or Has Eliot achieved universality of thought by recalling mytho-historical answer to the contemporary malaise? ANs:We could find that Eliot and Nietzche both are right in thier own way.But here we could say that Eliot believe in riligious power or Supernatural power another writer Nietzche is like an antheist. T.S.Elot believe that our People could learn from our riligious books(Mythological books),upnishad,Budhism,Christanity etc.They could learn and make great future from supernatural power. Another writer Nietzche believe in human power,human being. He believe that human is the most powerful in the world. While Nietzche believe that in this world there is no God.God is dead.So we could not say that Eliot is regressive as compare to Nietzche's view. As per the my view of Nietzche could be consider as more practical and realistic because first thing is that he is an aetheist and he believes in Human power.He does not believe in supernatural things. 2.What are your views regarding these comments? Is it true that giving free vent to the repressed 'primitive instinct' lead us to happy and satisfied life? or do you agree with Eliot's view that 'salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition'?
  • 34. 34 Agree, It is truth that give free vent to the repressed Primitive instict could lead us to the happy satisfied and Peaceful life. 3) Write about allusions to the Indian thoughts in 'The Waste Land'. (Where, How and Why are the Indian thoughts referred?) "In the Waste Land" Eliot was presented various thoughts culture, tradition, to connect the world with one Universal thing.How sexual perversion was over power than spirituality of humanbeing. The allusion to the Indian thought.....: "Ganga was sunken, and the limps leaves waited for rain, while the black clouds gathered far distant, over Himvant The jungle crouched, humped in silence." Then Eliot gives three 'Da' 1)Datta- to give not only charity but giving oneself for some noble cause. 2) Dayadhvam- Sympathies yourself with the sorrows and suffering of others, come out of your isolation and love into others. 3)Damyata- Self control, control over one's passion and desire. We could Find This kind of Indian thought allusions in this poem. OD On Oneness of Literature  Oneness of Literature
  • 35. 35  Literature is a mirror of society. T. S. Eliot "The wasteland " "The joke" written by Anton Chekhov Literature is a mirror of society. Literature is not like just books but it is everything... In literature all things are connected with human life. Literature is a window of world. Its like river. It has many ways to flow but root is one. In literature so many theorist like a T.S.Eliot, Northrop Frye and others. They used similar kind of symbols, Imagination, structure etc. Northrop in his theory of Archetype criticism based on the oneness of literature. And other writer "Tradition and individual talent " that past is very important for new literature. It brings the basic things from the work of literature told by T. S. Eliot. He told that poet should know the pastness of past. Example And when we were children, staying at the archduke's, My cousin's, he took me out on a sled, Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.
  • 36. 36 In the mountains, there you feel free. Interpretation ... The stanza of the poem is connected with story "The joke"."The wasteland "and "The joke" both have same theme. In "wasteland" tell about hidden sexuality and in "The joke " we could find sexual perversion with same symbols. We also could find same symbols like mountains and down of sled. Only name is change Marie instead Nadiya. In this story lover so many time used word "I love you " but as sexual perversion not for pure love or true feelings. So we could say that every works have oneness and connected with all literature.. Modern Poems Modernist Poems Modernism Modernism was a movement in the arts in the first half of the twentieth century that rejected traditional values and techniques, and emphasized the importance of individual experience. Characteristics of Modernist Poems  Modern Poems.... 
  • 37. 37  "The Embankment"  In this poem man wants to die because he doesn't bear himself or may be he wants to hide himself. In the poem I could find some symbols. Symbols... Blankets-protection Gold heels -prostitute Street 2.Darkness " I stop to watch a star shine in the boghole, A star no longer, but a silver ribbon of light. I look at it , and pass on." My point of view is that Darkness connected with death and something happening bad. Here I could say that Speaker would feel depression. As a part of depression Speaker face mental illness so that speaker don't like to see shining of stars but likes to see light. So that I have to say that this sky may be gives the feeling of boghole. In this poem I could find some symbols like a... Darkness Boghole Silver Ribbon :- Mental illness
  • 38. 38 3."Image" by Edward storer We could not bound in one certain idea about any Image. But here may be the Image of Sorrowful condition and everything looks like varnished. I could say that imagine situation is become like as land of desert with full moon light.Here some symbols like a... Moon. Pyre Peat smoke
  • 39. 39 4."In station in Metro" This poem based on imagination As the title suggested the image of Metro-station. There are crowded people and everyone rushing. This poem has completed in only 2 lines. In the poem Faces are compared with the petal of the black and wet bough. It means that after the rain when branches becomes black. Here I found some point like as, Apparition :- Ghost, Imagery Petals :- Flowers, Black and Wet Bough 5."The Pool" by H.D.Hilda Writer has visited the river and pool. Pool is symbolically used for joined two shore of the river and rottenness . River is interpret something discovery because later on he finds something. * Sea :-Fish :- Lover * Net :- Marriage, Love * Banded :- Wings 6 " Insouciance " by Richard Aldington:-
  • 40. 40 * Imagination & Metaphor:- Dreary Trenches, Flock of Doves, White winged dove 7.Morning at the window. My view about this poem writer watched terrible sight out side from the window at early morning. Writer saw poor condition of his country and people Who lived on the pavement. They had not even enough food for eating and another side children played in mud. They have not good clothe.
  • 41. 41 Symbols Basement * Trampled edges * Damp Soul * Twisted faces 8.The Red Wheelbarrow. The most divisive poems ever written, ‘The Red Wheelbarrow’ has variously been viewed as the epitome of Imagist practice and as barely ‘poetry’ at all. It first appeared in Williams’s 1923 volume Spring and All, a book which combined free verse with pieces written in prose. Symbols.. * Red Wheelbarrow * White Chicken 9."Anecdote of Jar" First published in 1919, this is one of Stevens’s best-known short poems. It appeared in his first volume of poems and has been baffling critics and readers ever since…
  • 42. 42 * Jar :- Art, * Bush :- Recreation, Wilderness 10."I" by E.E.Cummings This poem appeared in 1958 in Cummings’ collection 95 Poems, so it’s really a late modernist work. Although it’s nine lines long, it only contains four words – cleverly arranged so that ‘a leaf falls’ appears parenthetically within the word ‘loneliness’. Richard S. Kennedy, Cummings’ biographer, called it ‘the most delicately beautiful literary construct that Cummings ever created’.
  • 43. 43 Symbols.. leaf loneliness 10.Modernist Poems Thinking Activity...... ELT 1 thinking activity 1.) What is English Language for you? Ans I would like to say that English language is second language for me. When I studied in school that time my English was very poor. Even do not have basic grammar or vocabulary knowledge. But now a days I feel better to speak with anyone... So I want to learn something more in English language. 2.) What kind of challenges you are facing and have faced while learning this language? Ans First challenge is learn English language. And mostly I have faced problem with vocabulary...So I need more words for best Fluency in English. 3.) Write in brief your understanding about any one essay. Ans Socio culture.... The Indian reality is manifested at many level organized from borrowing, Idoms, Metaphor, Symbols etc. English is mad for the fulfill the function of a second language. English used as an alternative way of expressing a culture. English use for easy to convey. For better understanding 4.) According to you which Position English Language should be given? Ans According to my view English language should be second language because in India we have so many language .For as easy to use I preferred mother tongue. But we should get basic knowledge about English language. 5.) How you see your future with English Language? Ans
  • 44. 44 My future with English is very bright because I have so much hunger for learn English language. I want to become English Teacher. English language...... To The Light House Thinking Activity To The Light House 1. How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said? (Key: The 'How' of the narrative technique is to be discussed along with features of Stream of Consciousness technique which helps Woolf to put in effective manner what she experienced in abstractions.) Ans-: Here we could find some Complex relationship between mother and son mother with daughter mother with their guest and the relationship husband and wife how she treat with them. And also we find that the how the fighting goes on with her daughter and son and father also, but here Virginia woolf portrait upper class family and they are visiting to the summer house its mean that it's Victorian time period story but the story portrait on upper class society that how women are struggling and one more thing is that it also there is in lower class people who live in society they also treat women as a like just body or thing. It means Virginia woolf would try to portrait women condition in our patriarchy Society and we could understand that in lower class people treat women very badly but in upper class also we could find that they also treat women very badly. 2. Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? (Key: Take some clues from the painting of Mrs Ramsay drawn by Lily Briscoe and the article by Andre Viola and Glenn Pedersen. Can we read Mrs. R in context of the idea of Ideal Indian Woman - Ans:-I am agree, the novel both critique and tribute to Mrs. Ramsay. We could criticize her perspective of feminism because she fit more in patriarchal mindset, she obeyed her husband and also gave respect to men rather than women. She did not see Lily as respected as she saw the men around her and also this novel is tribute through Lily's paintings in which Mrs. Ramsay is center of the house. Yes, we can read Mrs. Ramsay as an Ideal woman through given slok.
  • 45. 45 Image of Ideal women The sloka says that: A homemaker (wife) must be a good loyal worker just like a maid; a good adviser like a minister of King’s court; a caretaker like a mother; Romantic like Rambha, in bed room; a pardoner just like a goddess of earth; a beautiful like Lakshmi, the goddess of learning and wife of Brahma; and perfect duty minded one. Most important thing is to understand the in depth meaning of the sanskrit poems. Karyeshu dasi means not exactly one who works like maid.But what is the main quality we look in maid is LOYALTY. Karaneshu Mantri means one who advises during the critical times, if you look at history, Chanakya played such an important role in Chandragupta’s life. The quality we are looking here is INTELLIGENCE. Bhojeshu Mata, while feeding food who thinks like mom. A hotel owner or a chat wala (street food seller) will not give you food unless you pay money but a mother no matter what time it is if you tell her that you are hungry she cooks and feeds food to your hearts content.The quality we are looking here is UNCONDITIONAL LOVE. Shayaneshu Rambha: in hindu mythology Rambha , who is an apsara, is pictured as a very beautiful dancer damsel in indra’s (king of god’s) court. Rambha is known for her beauty and she pleases gods with her talent. The quality we are looking is who tries to cheer up, ENCOURAGE & GIVE COMFORT (even on bed). Roopeshu lakshmi. Goddess lakshmi is goddess of wealth. Despite her riches she is dedicated when Sri mahavishnu, her consort, took incarnation as srirama, she followed with him during vanavasa(exile) instead of sitting in vaikunta(luxury). Here the quality we see is the DEDICATION and HUMILITY. Kshamayeshu dharithri. While forgiving one should be like mother earth. Quality here is boundless COMPASSION. So try to understand in between lines. The author here is saying a kula dharma patni (perfect house wife) should posses the qualities like loyalty, intelligence, unconditional love, cheers for good causes, dedication, humility and boundless compassion.
  • 46. 46 The most wonderful thing about our ancient literature is every thing said is not time bound… its like eternal truth. Even though this sloka was written 1000+ of years back, it still holds the key to a happy family. The author here is saying these are the qualities an ideal wife should posses. The same literature says that where females are worshipped, there resides the god. Worshipping here means not literally doing pooja but RESPECTING and UNDERSTANDING. A Female is given utmost importance in indian mythology. 3. Considering symbolically, does the Lighthouse stand for Mrs. Ramsay or the narrator (Virginia Woolf herself who is categorically represented by Lily)? (Key: Take help from the presentation on Symbolism to connect Mrs. Caroline Ramsay with Lighthouse. Secondly, the narrator / author cannot fully disappear from the novel and thus the stoicism of Lily to paint and thus prove that she can paint, is symbolically presented in stoicism of Lighthouse. Read 'lighthouse' symbol from presentation slide with this insight to connect lighthouse with the narrator. Give your concluding remarks in the comment below in this blog ) Ans:-, we could interpret the symbol of lighthouse with Mrs.Ramsay who is the center in the novel and direction giver to the family like lighthouse gives the way to the bushed people,About the narrator, with biographically context, we could say that Virginia's character is more presented in Lily's character and her dilemma is Virginia Woolf's own mental dilemma. Furthermore, we can say that Virginia portrayed her character in the Lily's character because Woolf also was a stoic personality in her time as an artist so she is connected with the Lily throughout the novel. 4. In the article by Joseph Blotner, two myths are patterned together. Name the myths? How they are zeroed down to the symbols of 'Window' and 'Lighthouse'? How does the male phallic symbol represent feminine Mrs. Ramsay? (Key: The strokes of light-beams. . . ) Ans:-In this novel Virginia Woolf's concept of woman's role in life is crystallized in the character of Mrs. Ramsay, whose attributes are those of major female figures in pagan myth.The most useful myth for interpreting the novel is that of the Primordial Goddess, who "is threefold in relation to Zeus: mother (Rhea), wife (Demeter), and daughter (Persephone)." One of the major sources of the myth is the Homeric "Hymn to Demeter," in which the poet compares Rhea with her daughter Demeter, and makes it clear that Demeter and her daughter Persephone "are to be thought of as a double figure, one half of which is the ideal complement of the other." This double figure is that of the Kore, the primordial maiden, who is also a mother. Also useful in interpreting the novel is the Oedipus myth. 5. What do you understand by the German term 'Künstlerroman'? How can you justify that 'To The Lighthouse' is 'Künstlerroman' novel? An artist novel detailing the artist's growth to maturity. The künstlerroman is a type of bildungsroman—a novel where the protagonist undergoes an education—in which the writer charts the course of an artist undergoing an evolution from nascent stirrings to full artistic voice. Literally, künstlerroman translates to English as “artist” (from the German, “künstler”) and “novel” (from the French, “roman”).Where the hero often dreams of becoming a great artist but settles for being a mere useful citizen, the Künstlerroman usually ends on a note of arrogant rejection of the commonplace life 6. "... the wages of obedience is death, and the daughter that reproduces mothering to perfection, including child-bearing, already has on her cheeks the pallor of death. One reminded here of various texts by Lucy
  • 47. 47 Irigaray, in which she attacks mothers for being, however unwillingly, accomplices in the patriarchal system of oppression." (Viola). In light of this remark, explain briefly Lily's dilemma in 'To The Lighthouse'. Character of Lily In this novel, Lily strongly oppose to patriarchal power, she believes in feminism and freedom. She wants to be free without any kind of male company but at the end of the novel we come to know that she also wants be a like Mrs. Ramsay a married life have family and children to be enjoy the life. Ramsay. So, Lily was very confused to follow pure femininity or man company and also somewhere he attracted towards Mr. Bank. 7. You have compared the 'beginning' and the 'ending' of the novel and the film adaptation of the novel directed by Colin Gregg (you can see it again in the embedded video below this). Do you think that the novel is more poignant than the movie? If yes, do you ascribe the fact that the power of words is much greater than that of the screen / visuals? There is always difference between movie adaption and novel. Because When we read the beginning of the novel it has effective start like we enter in the mind of characters one by one and in the film it has differently begun with the introduction of the characters. At the end, the confusion of Briscoe has very well described by the narration and in the film, it has described by the visual effects of light and sound. 8. How do you interpret the last line of the novel (It was done; it was finished. Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision.) with reference to the ending of the film (After the final stroke on the canvass with finishing touch, Lily walks inside the house. As she goes ante-
  • 48. 48 chamber, the light and dark shade makes his face play hide-and-seek. She climbs stairs, puts her brush aside, walks through the dark and light to enter her room. Gently closes the door - speaks: "Closed doors, open windows" - lies on the bed and with some sort of satisfaction utters: "Dearest Briscoe, you are a fool".) Ans. We could see that significant that Lily briscoe in her subconscious mind she thinking about Mrs Ramsay but now finally after 10 years her painting is complete so the interpretation come that the Mrs Ramsay is bridge for family but at one time she is also barricade for family after her death the family goes to visit lighthouse and Augustine carmichael poem are also sale so in that way finally Lily briscoe get her vision and the novel will end. 9. What does the catalogue named as 'Army and Navy' signify? What does cutting of 'Refrigerator' signify? “Army and Navy” signifies the time of war and consumption. And Refrigerator symbolies the change,of technology changing and presumably improving human culture. The refrigerator is an instrument of science and it occupies the same sphere as the light house.It could be viewed as a domestic light house of sorts.According to me for the 2nd question.What does cutting ”Refrigerator signify?. It is signifies that breaks the old thoughts and accept the new things. 10. Why did Virginia give such prominence to the tale of the “Fisherman’s Wife”? In particular, why did she weave such a misogynist tale into the fabric of a book which so eloquently challenges received patriarchal notions about the roles and capabilities of women? Ans:-Prominence to the tell of the fisherman’s wife and Mrs.Ramsay both make unreasonable demands upon their husband. In this novel Virginia woolf use of the the fairytale seems to be ironic .She is the subverting the misogyny of the fairytale. Mrs.Ramsay is acting from empathy. She has much more in common with the empathetic and reasonable fisherman than with his wife. In this novel on other hand, Mr. Ramsay and Charles, despite the truth of their assertion are as an uncompromising and as an unreasonable as the fisherman’s wife. In this novel we could find that characters about the dangers of unopposed female will and desire. The red danger seems to be the male need for self assertion. So the last I would like to say that Mrs.Ramsay told such a misogynistic tale Virginia also indicting Mrs.Ramsay by showing the Mrs.Ramsay as transmitting and perpetually harmful myths about female will and desire Virginia is criticizing and attacking the way in which women are complicit in limiting their ability to full realize themselves. 11. How is India represented in 'To The Lighthouse'? Ans:-
  • 49. 49 India is referred 6 times in this Novel 1. India is ruled by the men-folk. 2 India is exotic place where lies great romance, adventure and happiness 3 Augustus Carmichael’s going to India is considered as some sort of achievements. 4 India is referred as place of desire. . . a desire to visit. 5 Made in India jewelry is a thing to be possessed – owned with pride 6 Some land which is far away – unknown land, the exotic land. 12.....Summaries of Articles Mythic Patterns In this novel we could find some myths like Pagan myth and Homeric Myth. We can see that in using myth as an approach to a work of literature Virginia Woolf diaries shows that she read Greeks, "On not knowing Greek " shows that she veneraled. There is no evidence that she consciously used myth in the writing of this novel. Virginia Woolf in her diary reiterated the role of her "subconscious" in Germination of a novel and noted "How tremendously important unconsciousness is when one writes ". However this preposition is susceptible of neither proof nor disproof. Virginia Woolf agnosticism appears on many pages of her diary. And criticism symbolism is quite as an appropriate for Mrs. Ramsay when the phrase "We are in the hands of Lord's ". In this novel we could find that main character Mrs.Ramsay is a symbol of the female principal in life. Fluidity v/s Masculinity In the novel Mrs.Ramsay'S daughter are presented as sporting with "Infidel Idea " In this novel lily is secondary character but Lily is statistically more present than Mrs.Ramsay. To the light house is kind of Kunstlerroman. In the lighthouse Woolf more or less consciously transferred to Lily. Phrase,"Women can not paint " introduce in scene on the beach never mention in part one. The desire to control the object the sadistic gratification as overcoming it. Women is specifically defines it self in patrilinear society, woman is specialist in unconscious, a witch, a bachchalan, taking her i an anti Apollonian, dionysian ". Virginia Woolf it must be stressed in view of the condition of her early life in Victorian England. That time patriarchal power so much dominated in society even today's time also dominating. Vision To the lighthouse "Someone had blundered " The vision of lily briscoe reveals that it was Mr.Ramsay.The novel begins with Jame's desire to go the lighthouse and ends with that desire full filled. Mr.Ramsay is villainous character in this novel. We discover that Mrs. Ramsay'S attitude towards other is determined by their attitude towards her. Virginia Woolf used the fairytale beautifully as an analogue to Mrs.Ramsay'S Dominating her husband. Mrs.Ramsay could never say that what she felt. She didn't know her unconscious feelings and unconsciously she didn't love Mr.Ramsay.Mrs.Ramsay is matriarchy of family that is dangerous things as well as patriarchal. In vision Mr.ramsay has come to fulfillment he has integrated the family. Lily's vision revealed the resolution of conflict. Lily briscoe vision is James desire, and in effect the whole family's fulfilled.
  • 50. 50 Transcendentalism and Anti-transcendentalism in Scarlett letter Scarlett letter Transcendentalism Anti-transcendentalism #Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction, to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. #Anti-transcendentalism Transcendentalist. The Transcendentalist were writers who supported the beauty of Nature, the kindness of Humans and a distrust in government. Transcendentalism in Scarlett letter 1.self-confidence, self-reliant, dignity In the novel Hester is confident girl. 2.Transformation innate "Human goodness ". The transformation in Hester from anger or resentment to love, is clear display of transcendentalism 3.Close to the nature In the novel Hester living on the outskirts of town with pearl surrender to nature the sea and the woods. Anti-transcendentalism 1.Human sin We know that Summerdale does not have courage to admit his sin. 2. Human as dark human emotion and conviction and devil in nature Another character chilingwort is learned person and his sin is different from demesdale and Hester. His sin resides in his persistent vindictiveness towards dimmesdal which turns him into a devil because he absolutely refuse to forgive his wife's lover
  • 51. 51 Orientalism-Edward Said https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/07/edward-said-on-orientalism.html Edward Said:- Edward Said, in full Edward Wadie Said, sometimes Edward William Said, (born November 1, 1935, Jerusalem— died September 25, 2003, New York, New York, U.S.), Palestinian American academic, political activist, and literary critic who examined literature in light of social and cultural politics and was an outspoken proponent of the political rights of the Palestinian people and the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Orientalism:-
  • 52. 52 "Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. Edward W. Said, in his groundbreaking book, Orientalism, defined it as the acceptance in the West of “the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions, and political accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, ‘mind,’ destiny and so on. According to Edward Said in Orientalism began for two reasons, one it was an immediate thing, that is to say, the Arab-Israeli War of 1973.And the second one, which has a much longer history in my own life was the constant sort of disparity I felt between what my experience of being an Arab was. He also wants to tell that If somebody, let's say in the 1850's or 1860's in Paris or London, wished to talk about or read about India or Egypt or Syria, there would be very little chance for that person to simply address the subject. Said's analysis of Orientalism isn't just a description of its content but a sustained argument for why it looks the way it does. It's an examination of the quite concrete, historical and institutional context that creates it. Napoleon's conquest of Egypt in 1798 as marking a new kind of imperial and colonial conquest, that inaugurates the project of Orientalism. PAlESTINE_ISRAEL Video We could say that Religion is the most important thing.
  • 53. 53 The origins to the conflict can be traced back to Jewish immigration and sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine between Jews and Arabs. It has been referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict", with the ongoing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip reaching 52 years. Simple problem is that "One Side Wants the Other side Beat" Arab-Israel war 1948-49 There was war time between Arabs and Israel . And That time Israel defeated the Arab Countries and established the new country for the Jews People. Tharoor,Postcolonialism Thinking Activity https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2018/09/shashi-tharoor-and-dark-era-of.html Shashi Tharoor:- 
  • 54. 54 Shashi Tharoor is an Indian politician, writer and a former career international diplomat who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, since 2009. He also serves as Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs and All India Professionals Congress "An Era of Darkness"  We can see in “An Era of Darkness” Shashi Tharoor gives all the arguments required to established that British colonial rule was terriblel experience for Indians and he does so with a consummate debater’s skill. His book is, in fact, an expanded take on British exploitation of India that famously carried the day for Tharoor in an Oxford debate not too long ago. According to Tharoor, there was nothing redeeming in British rule of our country. What India had to endure under them was humiliation on a humongous scale and sustained violence of a kind it had never experienced before. In short, British rule was, according to Tharoor, an era of darkness for India, throughout which it suffered several man made famines, wars, racism, deportation of its people to distant lands and economic exploitation on an unprecedented scale. Tharoor even demands a token restitution and public apology from the British for all the harm they had caused India. Tharoor’s debate established and wildly popular in India. Everything the British did in India, Tharoor asserts that it was for their own benefit and never for that
  • 55. 55 of the Indian. Ngugi Wa Thiongo's views...  The language of African literature cannot be discussed meaningfully outside the contacts of those social forces which have made it both an issue demanding our earth our attention and problem calling for a resolution. another word imperialism continues to control the economic politics and culturals of Africa.the struggles of African people to liberate their economy politics and culture from that Euro American based stranglehold to usher a new era of true communal self regulation and self determination. the choice of language and the use to which language is put is Central to a people's definition of themselves in relation to their natural and social environment. Africa is still living was a obviously economic and political despite the claims of Bible wielding diplomats but it was a also cultural. African countries as a colonies came to be defined and to define themselves in terms of language of Europe English speaking, French speaking, or Portuguese speaking, African countries. The title conference of African writers of English expression automatically excluded those who wrote in African language. The discussion on the novel The short story poetry and drama are based on extracts from works in English and hence the excluded the main body of work in Swahili ,Zulu ,yoruba Arabic, amharic and other African language. We have question that "what is African literature?" In Africa in mostly people speak English ,French ,Portuguese was assumed to be the natural language of literary and even political meditation between African people in the same Nation and between Nation in Africa and other continents. “The Language of African
  • 56. 56 Literature,” Ngugi deals with this relationship by returning to the colonial history by which English was substituted for indigenous Kenyan language, and particularly with respect to literature as the title of the chapter suggests. For Ngugi, the detrimental impact of colonization and imperialism extend all the way down to the very language that is used by certain authors. This is the case, says Ngugi, because of the inherent nature of language which carries within itself a whole world of references and values that are specific to the culture from which it originates. And it is for this reason that Ngũgĩ would argue for the revival of literature written in indigenous African languages since the literature of Europe is inseparable from the racist images and stereotypes that perpetuate the false ideology of European superiority over the African continent as a whole. Then and Now:Colonialism,Post-Colonialism,Imperialism Colonialism
  • 58. 58 Then and Now-Introduction and Conclusion Introduction postcolonial studies have become even more institutionalized in the Western academic .At the same time the relevance of postcolonial studies to our world continues to be questioned .the events of 11 September 2001,and the US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, questions of ‘empire’ are more urgent than ever, as advocates of the ‘new American empire’ exhort the US to learn from European imperialism, while its critics warn that the murderous history of colonialism is being whitewashed all over again. Is postcolonial studies redundant in this new world? A new conclusion to this edition of Colonialism/Postcolonialism discusses this question, situating postcolonial studies in relation to globalization and new imperial formations.postcolonial studies had already become, in the words of Stuart Hall, ‘the bearer of such powerful unconscious investments – a sign of desire for some, and equally for others, a signifier of danger’. The terms like ‘ethnic’ and ‘postcolonial’ have become shorthand for something simultaneously fashionable and marginal? It is also true that some of the landmark essays in postcolonial studies are notoriously difficult to read, and that the term ‘post colonialism’ has become so heterogeneous and diffuse that it is impossible to describe satisfactorily what its study might entail. There are certain dangers attendant upon these perspectives becoming institutionalized, especially within English departments. Ella Shohat points out one negative implication of the very acceptability of the term ‘postcolonial’ in the Western academy.
  • 59. 59 This book is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter discusses the different meanings of terms such as colonialism, imperialism and post colonialism, and the controversies surrounding them .This chapter will introduce readers to aspects of poststructuralist, Marxist, feminist and post-modern thought which have become important or controversial in relation to postcolonial studies. The last section of the chapter discusses the innovations as well as the problems that have been generated by the literary inception and inflection of colonial discourse studies. The second chapter considers the complexities of colonial and postcolonial subjects and identities. In the third chapter, processes of decolonization and the problems of recovering the viewpoint of colonized subjects from a ‘postcolonial’ perspective are examined. The book is written in the belief that it is worth engaging with the genuine difficulties generated by the interdisciplinary, cross-cultural nature of this field of study, precisely because there are vital issues at stake that confront us as teachers and students of literature history and culture the world over. We have big question that" Is postcolonial studies already outdated, or is it even more necessary today?" Conclusion The so-called global war on terror, and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, it is harder than ever to see our world as simply ‘postcolonial'. In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers. Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow. In conclusion we can say that ‘Globalization is just another name for submission and domination’, Nicanor Apaza, an unemployed miner, said at a demonstration this week in which Indian women … carried banners denouncing the International Monetary Fund and demanding the president’s resignation. ‘We’ve had to live with that here for 500 years, and now we want to be our own masters. One another main point is that globalization as it has been imposed upon the world by institutions like the World Bank and the IMF. As per the perspective of postcolonial study Those who do teach Western history and literature are not exempt from critique; in an earlier report, ACTA had complained not only that Shakespeare was being dropped from required courses but that Shakespeare and Renaissance classes were being polluted by a focus on social issues such as poverty and sexuality. Edward Said’s most valuable achievements in Orientalism was not simply to establish the connection between scholarship and state power in the colonial period, but to indicate its afterlife in a ‘post-colonial’ global formation with the US at its epicentre. If universities are to remain sites of dissent and free intellectual inquiry, if scholarship is not to be at the service of American or any other power, critiques of past and ongoing empires are going to be more necessary than ever.
  • 60. 60 Midnights children, Reluctant fundamentalist,The Black Prince Midnight' Children Midnights children movie based on Salman Rushdie' novel.it is very famous among the class audience. Movie is narrated by Saleem who is one of the main character.He also a protagonist in this movie.Another characters are shiva and Parvati. It is talked about magic realism. In this movie all three characters are born in 14 the August so they have god gifted power.In this movie we could find that how destiny change with your identity. In this movie nurse change the two boys in Hospital so we can say that Saleem becomes shiva and Shiva becomes Saleem which is symbol of Rich and poor. In this movie main theme is rewrite the history or we could say different angle to read the history.we can see that how Indira Gandhi imposed her dictatorship on Indian people." India is Indira" so we can say that popularity of power becomes the danger for democracy. Another thing which is show in the movie that War and Freedom that is another main things. In emergency time we can say that it is "The birth of new unfree India'. All promises are made to broken". In this movie Saleem is marginalized character we can say. So movie ends with hope and give new Idea of New India and also told about Democracy, Secularism and Freedom. Don't to be a more religious but should be a human being so that is main massage or thought for us.. End of the movie Parvati and shiva are died and only one character alive is Saleem who is narrator of this movie. Reluctant fundamentalist
  • 61. 61 This movie is directed by Mira Nair Mira Nair's thoughtful drama takes a different angle from Zero Dark Thirty on the geopolitical fall-out from 9/11. In this movie Changez is protagonist Riz Ahmed convinces as Changez, the well-born son of a Punjab poet who comes to America and is "catapulted into privilege" – an Ivy League education, then a prestigious job as a company downsizer on Wall Street. It all changes after the Twin Towers go down, when being a Muslim aftermath is a cause for suspicion – strip-searched at customs, mistakenly arrested, abused. So many times he abused by U.S or torture.The story is going to in flashback by Changez, now an academic back in Lahore, to an American journalist on the trail of a kidnapped professor. How deeply is this reluctant fundamentalist implicated in anti-American insurgency? .In this movie another character kate who is Girlfriend of Changez but behind she is cheater or she doing wrong behind the Changez. That is the suspense of this movie.One exceptional scene dramatises a crucial encounter between Changez and the head of a doomed publishing house, played, brilliantly, by Turkish theatre legend Haluk Bilginer. Not all of it is so compelling. The movie ends with good hope that do not going wrong way always believe in humanity rather than religion. Even we could find that how Muslim are marginalized in America. Changez is subaltern in this movie. So this movie is portrait a real truth of So called democratic America.
  • 62. 62 . The Black Prince The Black Prince Name of prince is Duleepsingh. This movie talked about that how British government ruled on us and we are helpless even the prince also controlled by British government. The prince always sitting for common life but he could not find we could also find that British government provided so many things for prince but they dominant on The prince that is the exploitation of The prince. Even day control the all the things like jewelry, clothes,palace, property etc. In this movie we could find that in Tea and dinner scene is very satirical on British government in that scene Maharani who is mother of black Prince she makes laugh on British government. "There is nothing higher than Faith" told by Maharani. In this movie we could also find that how prince always wants to know his actual I.D. The prince is stepson of lady login. According to prince that we are living in illusion. That time the prince wants to become Sikh . The prince realize that how Punjab state has been stolen by British government. So now The prince wants to retract his state from British government. In movie we could find that how Lisa people want that The prince convert his religion and accept the Sikh religion. So we can say that religion is the main theme in this movie. The prince wants leave from all the restriction. In this movie we can see that one character Charles shake hands with The prince and gathered for fight against the British government. Arus singh is friend of Duleepsingh and he went to India and he were arrested. We also find that conflict between son and father. They both are talking about Dignity. But we have question that what is meaning of Dignity? Arus Singh come to back and told to Duleepsingh that British betrayed us. We are lost so many things. End of the the Prince die. End of the movie we have questions that..."Can subultern speak?", How British government controlled us? We could say that Colonialism spread very slowly way but after they possessed all the things. Themes Colonialism
  • 63. 63 Post Colonialism Religion British Subaltern Power Politics Nationalism Edgar Allan Poe short stories thinking activity Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. Thinking Activity 1. Read the first Gujarati story and listen to the audio recitation of the second story. Observe how the two wordsmiths work wonders through words! (Absolute obsession of alliteration). Ans. : The story name of “MANSANGH” is written by JAYNT KHATRI. The story started very unique way. It’s horror suspense story. The language of story is 'TALPADI GUJRATI'. The Story begins with Dark night. So the Dark night is also symbol of macabre story. It’s very hard to write a horror scene rather than showing and listening. There are no any sound only words explain all expression. So it’s very difficult. But jayant KHATRI wrote very well readers feel that deep words and horror situation.There are no mention narrative name but story narrated by “ mastar”.
  • 64. 64 2. List out various adjectives that contribute the most in creating the "pre-established design" or effect that the author intended to create. Ans. : some adjective in this story. - - - - - - - - - - 3.Which are the phrases you find frightening? How are they placed in the text? Ans. : When I read story I found some frightening phrases like - - - - - - - - , 4. Can you find out any other lexical varieties such as figures of speech like simile, metaphor, personification etc? Briefly explain their significance in the story. Ans. : I read the story that time I could see the use of figurative language. Figurative language always gives some unique charm in story. Metaphorical language used by Jayant KHATRI in this story like a... “ . ” “ .” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 5.What is the impact of listening to the stories on your mind? Which Rasas/emotions erupt in you during and after the reading/listening sessions?
  • 65. 65 Ans. : Listening the story which is always better understanding. In both story I could find Bhaya. ( fear) rasa. Postcolonial studies Prof. Balaji Rangnathan Postcolonial studies Postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. Post colonialism is a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of European imperial power. The name postcolonialism is modeled on postmodernism, with which it shares certain concepts and methods, and may be thought of as a reaction to or departure from colonialism in the same way postmodernism is a reaction to modernism. The term colonialism may refer either to a system of government or to an ideology or world view underlying that system—in general postcolonialism represents an ideological response to colonialist thought, rather than simply describing a system that comes after colonialism.
  • 66. 66 Professor Balaji Rangnathan In this session we could learn so many things from Professor .Balaji . First thing that I would like to tell about Balaji sir that he has great knowledge about world History. His style of teaching which is very unique he is going to deep in Topic. The most remarkable thing in Professor Balaji is that he gives all basic information with Date that is the Plus point.
  • 67. 67 He told about so many topics like a Colonialism, Postcolonial studies, Imperial, power, Dalit, Tribal, Black people, White people, Race, Marxist theory, Democracy, Orthodox, Autocracy, Emergency, And also talked about famous writes like a Salman Rushdie, Fanon, Karl Marx, Edward said, Arundhati Roy etc. Existentialism videos Existentialism
  • 68. 68  10 Thoughts 1.Passion, Individuality and freedom is triangle of Existentialism. 2.An elegant suicide is the another work of art. 3.A Total absence of hope, and concious dissatisfaction. 4.We condemn old values to death 5.Life+Anxiety=God 6. 7.existentialism rejects systems which propose to have definitive answers to the questions of meaning and purpose in life. 8.In this video we could say that Existentialism term is for mature people not for small children . 9.Existentalism is way of life. It's connected with our religion, rituals, routine life etc 10.Essence A certain set of core properties that are necessary or essential for a thing to be what it is. I like 2nd video because in this talked about Elegant suicide is another work of art.. Mostly people do not like Suicide.. Even they get nagative way... but in Existentialism suicide is work of art.. Example Movie scene Ek duje k liye
  • 69. 69 After watching videos I get so many things and also learn that what is meaning of Existentialism Yes, my understanding is increasing after this activity. Waiting for Godot 1) What connection do you see in the setting (“A country road. A tree.Evening.”) of the play and these paintings? =>
  • 70. 70 In this picture two people are there. Both have desire. This picture also suggests that they are waiting for something. But In picture Longing is the theme of this painting. So Samuel Beckett inspired by this painting and then he writes "Waiting for Godot". In the painting they have desire but for which things, maybe they have desire to meet with God and to get position in Heven. So when we look towards painting we find that In painting they have desire and then when we look towards Beckett's play both waiting for something. So maybe In painting and In play both have same reason for waiting and for desire. (2) The tree is the only important ‘thing’ in the setting. What is the importance of tree in both acts? Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act II on the barren tree - The tree has four or five leaves - ? => In the play tree also becomes the symbol. Amd when we find that without leaves of tree. That picture gives some negitivity in our mind. We find that it is a symbol of something bad happens or it is a symbol of death also. And also suggests when we have no desire, no anything, it suggests death becomes ultimately we are becomes a part of life and death. So ultimately the truth is death. So In the play Estragon and Walidimir both are waiting for Godot. And both have desire to meet with Godot. They are waiting first day but that day Godot never came. But Godot send a messenger. He does not come. And then the second day he also does not come and again Godot send a messenger. So When first Godot does not come. At that time Walidimir sees a tree. On the tree new leaves grow. So it gives hope. So tree gives positivity that another day Godot definitely come. That's why they wait another day also. So tree becomes a symbol of hope. (3) In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you like to interpret this ‘coming of night and moon’ when actually they are waiting for Godot? =>
  • 71. 71 So In the paly day and night also invoves in the play. In the night also they are waiting. So maybe it becomes a symbol of negitivity. That nobody come. They only Weaste their time. But they have hope that one day Godot will Came. And both meets with Godot. So one day situation happens another day same situation are happens. Some miner change are found. But In the play repetition are there. But when we read the play and watch the movie we find that repetition also becomes the part of play and movie. That repetition also suggests something. So that repetition also creates new meaning. So it becomes a part of text and movie. So In another way night also gives a hope to wait for another day. And then another day also they waiting for Godot. (3) The director feels the setting with some debris. Can you read any meaning in the contours of debris in the setting of the play? => so In the movie director uses debris in the setting of the play. So In the setting deberis there. Because of deberis we cannot see the path. The route is covers with debris. That'swhy it becomes difficult to see the whole, clear route. And In between the tree is there. So the debris suggests the negitivity. But in this debris one tree is there. It suggests positivity. So every person negitivity is more than positivity. So In every person one hope that something good happens that hope is remain alive. Postivity and negitivity is connected with each other. So debris becomes the symbol of negitivity. And tree becomes the symbol of Postivity according to me. (4) The play begins with the dialogue “Nothing to be done”. How does the theme of ‘nothingness’ recurs in the play? => "Nothing to be done" this dialogue has a deep meaning. It related with our life. In the both are waiting but nobody came but they have a hope that Godot will came. But nobody came another day also. So In the paly both act looks similar. No any plot main theme is waiting but nobody came both also not sure that who is Godot, and when Godot came, In which form, they does not know the appearance of Godot. So there is no beginning and no complete end. That's why nothingness there in the play. (5) Do you agree: “The play (Waiting for Godot), we agreed, was a positive play, not negative, not pessimistic. As I saw it, with my blood and skin and eyes, the philosophy is: 'No matter what— atom bombs, hydrogen bombs, anything—life goes on. You can kill yourself, but you can't kill life." (E.G. Marshal who played Vladimir in original Broadway production 1950s)? => In the play Estragon and Vlalidimir both are talking. And both argues with each other. Both have their own point of view. That's why sometimes they becomes hiper to prove their point of view. No according to me the play is not negative but positive. Because it shows the reality of life. It is bitter but it is effective. Both are talking but in their small talk both tells the truth of life. So play is positive. (6) How are the props like hat and boots used in the play? What is the symbolical significance of these props? => Hat and Boots becomes symbol. One hat is Pozzo's hat. And Vladimir takes this hat and put on his head. Another hat gives to Estragon and then he also put Vladimir's hat on his head and his hate gives to Vladimir. And then they again and again doing that. So it becomes a symbol of master - slave relationship. One is in top
  • 72. 72 position so another is in bottom. And that situation constantly happens in society. One becomes poor and another becomes rich. And one becomes rich so another is in poor position. (7) Even when the master Pozzo is blind, he obediently hands the whip in his hand. Do you think that such a capacity of slavishness is unbelievable? => Sometimes in very child age some becomes slave. And that's why they becomes habituated to follow the rules of master. Whatever their master says, they does whatever their master says. They becomes completely blind they only listens whatever his master says. In childhood they treated like that. That's why when master beats slave. They can't say any word to master. They forgets their strength. They serve their master like god. (8) Who according to you is Godot? God? An object of desire? Death? Goal? Success? Or . . . => According to me Success and Death both are like Godot. Because every person wants a success in their life. For success every person does hard work and then they got a success so it becomes like godot. And death is also like godot because then everything we get wherever we need then ultimately death is becomes a last station of our life. So at the end death fufills our whole desires. Ultimately we belong to death so death is also Godot for me. According to me In the movie or in the play tee becomes Godot because tree gives hope and postivity to Vladimir. (9) “The subject of the play is not Godot but ‘Waiting’” (Esslin, A Search for the Self). Do you agree? How can you justify your answer? => yes, I agree that the subject of the play is not Godot but Waiting, because In whole play nobody came, they waiting in the beginning of the play both ate waiting and at the end of the play both are waiting so waiting becomes the theme of the play. (10) Do you think that plays like this can better be ‘read’ than ‘viewed’ as it requires a lot of thinking on the part of readers, while viewing, the torrent of dialogues does not give ample time and space to ‘think’? Or is it that the audio-visuals help in better understanding of the play? => Sometimes reading the dialogues, text becomes important because every seen does not gives deep impact but reading the text becomes necessary because when we read this play it gives a deep message, and in the movie the dialogue goes speedily that's why it becomes difficult to understand. (11) Which of the following sequence you liked the most: * Vladimir – Estragon killing time in questions and conversations whilewaiting * Pozzo – Lucky episode in both acts * Converstion of Vladimir with the boy =>
  • 73. 73 => I like both act first when Vladimir and Easragon killing their time at that time both arguing with each other and both tells deep philosophy of life in their conversations. And second when Pozzo and Lucky came when Pozzo whatever says Lucky follows his order. But the Lucky has a sense of thinking, he only thinks and pozzo is only gives order. When Lucky stars speaking, everybody becomes irritated. (12) Vladimir and Estragon talks about ‘hanging’ themselves and commit suicide, but they do not do so. How do you read this idea of suicide inExistentialism? => Both are ready to kill their self. Both are ready for suicide. But then they stops they thinks that both are waiting for Godot. In existentialism person believe in real existence then and then they believe, they also does not believe in any proof. They believe in real experience. So whe both are waiting for Godot, they never see Godot, they never met Godot, they never talk with Godot, they never no that Godot came in which form, they never know the appreance of Godot then still both are waiting so In existentialism it becomes meaningless.
  • 74. 74 (13) Can we do any political reading of the play if we see European nations represented by the 'names' of the characters (Vladimir - Russia; Estragon - France; Pozzo - Italy and Lucky - England)? What interpretation can be inferred from the play written just after World War II? Which country stands for 'Godot'? => Germany stands for Godot. Because In the play also Godot is not there physically but Godot mentally present through both the character especially Vladimir because Easragon forgets everything. And conuntry shows the ruling power on another country. And that's why In the play also Pozzo ruling over lucky. (14) So far as Pozzo and Lucky [master and slave] are concerned, we have to remember that Beckett was a disciple of Joyce and that Joyce hated England. Beckett meant Pozzo to be England, and Lucky to be Ireland." (Bert Lahr who played Estragon in Broadway production). Does this reading make any sense? Why? How? What? => pozzo rules over Lucky. Because he is slave. He has a power of thinking but still he does not rebel against his master. Because he becomes mentally blind because he only follows whatever his master says. He becomes a puppet of his master. England is powerful conuntry, England rules over many country that's why I think Beckette meant pozzo to be England. (15) The more the things change, the more it remains similar. There seems to have no change in Act I and Act II of the play. Even the conversation between Vladimir and the Boy sounds almost similar. But there is one major change. In Act I, in reply to Boy;s question, Vladimir says: "BOY: What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir? VLADIMIR: Tell him . . . (he hesitates) . . . tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you? => In the conversation with the boy and Vladimir some minor changes came. In first act Vladimir says us and In second act he says me. And In both the when he talks with boy he hesitates. And first act end he has a hope that another they surely Godot will came. But then another day also not came. And boy came again and then his tone is changing. Only he remebers everything. Boy, Easragon, pozzo, and Lucky does not remembers everything. So memory creates difficulties for Vladimir. (16) How does this conversation go in Act II? Is there any change in seeming similar situation and conversation? If so, what is it? What does it signify? => In the second act all forgets the situation and incidents of first act only Vladimir remembers everything. And Pozzo becomes blind. And Lucky becomes dumb. And the tone of Vladimir also changed. When boy came again for same news. Vladimir said to boy, "Tell him you saw me You're sure you saw me, You won't come and tell me tomorrow that you never saw me! => At the end of the play the tone of Vladimir is same. But words are different. Accordingto my interpretation when first boy came at that time he hesitates to speaks with boy because of he has enthusiasm but In second act he hesitates to speaks with boy because of he is angry The Birthday party thinking activity
  • 75. 75 THe Birthday Party 1) Why are two scenes of Lulu omitted from the movie? When movie starts Lulu is present. And then the very important part of the movie she is not present in the movie. When somebody rapes on her. She becomes a victims of someone. In the play she is present and she blames on Mccann. This scene is not present in the movie. Maybe director wants focus on the Stanley's character or his situation. That's why Lulu omitted from the movie. (2) Is movie successful in giving us the effect of menace? Where you able to feel it while reading the text? Yes, According to me movie is successful to give us the effect of menace. In the movie two strangers are there. Both are want to take Stanley with them. And that's why they creates a difficulty for him. They mentally touched him. When Stanley knew that both strangers came. At that time he does not like. He don't want to meet with them. And he hides himself when both are came. He feels something wrong is happens. That's why he don't want to meet with them. In the movie sounds plays very important role. Through sound we feels the situation. When both are came fear generates in Stanley's mind for these two strangers. (3) Do you feel the effect of lurking danger while viewing the movie? Where you able to feel the same while reading the text. Yes, I feel the effect of Lurking danger while viewing the movie. When Stanley knew that both strengers came. At that time he becomes upset. And he feels fear. And that's maybe he wants to hides something. That's why he feels fear. He wants hides himself when both are came. He becomes mentally upset. (4) What do you read in 'newspaper' in the movie? Petey is reading newspaper to Meg, it torn into pieces by McCain, pieces are hidden by Petey in last scene. In the movie Peter is reading the newspaper. In the movie newspaper becomes the symbol of hiding. Peter reads newspaper. He wants becomes unknown with the current incidents or situation. He knew everything but he becomes artificial. And he ignores
  • 76. 76 the reality, and so reading the newspaper becomes the symbol of ignoring or hiding. In the last scene Peter knew that Stanley goes with both the strengers. And then he starts reading the newspaper. Because Meg is came And when Meg asks about Stanley he becomes completely unknown and he is agree with Meg that Stanley is slipping in his bedroom. He knew that Stanley is not there in his bad room. Still he hides the reality in front of Meg. And reading newspaper. And Mccann also found with newspaper. He uses the not for the reading purpose but he uses the newspaper to removes his frustration. He cuts the newspaper in small pieces. (5) Camera is positioned over the head of McCain when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage (trap) when Stanley is playing it. What interpretations can you give to these positioning of camera? ; Camera moves is very important in a play in the movie. Because its focus on the situation. In the movie camera is positioned over the head of Mccann when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage when stanenly is playing it. It shows the trap of Monty. Maybe he is watching and all are in his trap. He is playing the game. And everybody becomes the tool of his hands. (6) "Pinter restored theater to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of one another and pretense crumbles." (Pinter, Art, Truth & Politics: Excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture). Does this happen in the movie? Yes, In the movie also happens. In the movie when Peter reading the newspaper and avoiding and hiding something. It likes a politics of him. And both the strengers forces Stanley. And both offers him many things. But still he is not ready. So they also beats him. And then he is ready and goes with them. When Meg made breakfast for Stanley. Stanley does not like and he tells Meg. It is not testy. He says truth to Meg. (7) How does viewing movie help in better understanding of the play ‘The Birthday Party’ with its typical characteristics (like painteresque, pause, silence, menace, lurking danger)?
  • 77. 77 Viewing movie help in better understanding of the play because When we read the play and watching the movie there is a difference is there. In the movie the atmosphere, the sound, expression of chracters creates a interest. Reading a text also useful. Because In the movie some scenes are not there. When we watching a movie it's become easy to understand, we feel fear of Stanley, and his anxiety through the movie. Through the camera angle also we understand the situation very clearly. We feel the silence is there, but within storm of fear is there. Things becomes alive, through the movie like newspaper, Drum, Glasses. We feel the pause. (8) With which of the following observations you agree: * It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory film of "The Birthday Party." * “It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Friedkin”[3]. (Ebert) I agree that It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory flim of "The Birthday Party". But it becomes possible. And this flim is very well created, all chracters performed well. They paly their role like a real chracter. Because of chracter flim and script, becomes live. And the sound also creates interest. I know some scenes are missing in the movie. But another scene also performed well by actors. Like when Stanley plays the drum arrogantly and the another scene arguments between Mccann, Goldberg, and Stanley and another scene of birthday party. (9) If you were director or screenplay writer, what sort of difference would you make in the making of movie? ; In the movie Stanley's chracter is . Amd In the text Lulu get a voice. She blames on Mccann, that he rapes on her. But in the movie these scene is not there. So, In the movie she not get the voice to speak. So This scene is necessary in the movie. So I put this scene in the movie. (10).Who would be your choice of actors to play the role of characters?
  • 78. 78 My choice of Actors :- 1. Stanley :- Rajkumar Rao 2. Lulu :- Katrina kaif 3. Goldberg :- Ronit Roy 4. Mccann :- Irfan khan 5. Meg :- Shabana Azmi 6. Peter :- Anupam Kher (11) Do you see any similarities among Kafka's Joseph K. (in 'The Trial'), Orwell's Winston Smith (in 'Nineteen Eighty-Four') and Pinter's Victor (in 'One for the Road')? Yes, Similarities is there. In this three work. In these we find that political pressure is there. Ans the characters are in depression, or in some fear. And some chracter has power to rule over them. And they becomes victims. And they becomes the puppet. Some bad incidents happens. And some characters feels anxiety. Power plays important role. In Nineteen - Eighty Four :- "Who controls The past Controls the Future, Who controls The present, Controls The past". Authority had power to control the people. So In this works against power character becomes helpless. A Grain of Wheat
  • 80. 80 In this novel writer talked about many percepective like colonialism, nationalism, freedom, anti colonial, rebellion etc. In A Grain of Wheat, Britain’s colonization of Kenya is the context against which its characters are formed as well as the primary political tension of the book. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, himself a native Kenyan, uses this context and development of his characters to explore the moral aspect of colonization from both the perspective of the British and rural Kenyans. Ngugi's narrative argues that, although both the colonizer and the colonized feel morally justified in their pursuits, colonialism is ultimately an immoral and oppressive practice, justifying the colonized people’s struggle for freedom, even through violent. Character study of Friday in Robinson Crusoe Friday. In the course of time, Friday places himself in the position of Crusoe and functions as an alter ego of Robinson Crusoe. In his twenty four years of isolated life, Crusoe builds up his own world, his own kingdom with miraculous talent, hard work, and creativity. He manages to have food, gun, water, fire, shelter, and livestock−the resources quite enough for his survival. Even he keeps the Bible to get religious solace. Yet, he lacks a companion, a friend, a trusted comrade who will make his life comfortable. Later nature gifts him Friday who serves Crusoe and gradually transforms himself as the other self of Crusoe. Mass Media and Communication
  • 81. 81 Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. The general public typically relies on the mass media to provide information regarding political issues, social issues, entertainment, and news in pop culture. Communication Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are: The formation of communicative motivation or reason. Message composition. Message encoding. view Mass Media and Communication is a part of life...we could say that we are living in Digital World. Technology is helpful for many things..In mass media we used T.V., Radio, Internet use for Information..so we can say that in 21st century it is easy to get Information..(Data) Stephen jobs Data is new Currency For communication we also used Fb, watsup, telegram etc.. It's very fast and Easy to use. Conclusion We could say that Massmedia and Communication is part of life. Easy to use. Technofriendly Faster than Traditional tools
  • 82. 82 Education and Technology Education and Technology 1st video tell about that Economic, culture identity, globalization, economic circumstances and industrial revolution they all are discussed in this video. The current system is designed and conceived for a different age. The arts are victims of this mentality. Video- 2 & 3: Sugata Mitra on SOLE and Future Learning What is the future of learning? Schools, as we know them are obsolete; schools are not broken, the education system is not broken, it's wonderfully established.
  • 83. 83 These are points Sugata Mitra discussed in both videos.He invented the School in the Cloud. He’s the guy who put a computer in a hole in the wall in India and he wants to get rid of teachers. SOLE: Self Organized Learning Environment The School in the Cloud brings together Self-Organised Learning Environments SOLE– groups of children wanting to learn and with access to a computer and the internet. The teacher in today’s environment is at his or her best… if they are dealing with the question to which they do not know the answer and they are finding out along with their children. What Mitra is a system which would focus on enabling children to access, understand and use knowledge, rather repeat it. Video- 4: Let's use video to reinvent education by Salman khan Salman Khan talks about why and how created the remarkable Khan Academy, a carefully structured series of educational videos. He shows the power of interactive calls and exercises for teachers to consider converting the traditional classroom notes- gives students video lectures to watch at the classroom or home. From video resources and flipped learning video resources students are using sources and they enjoyed the option to pause and repeat his lessons, thereby providing self-pacing their learning. Instantly other learners found the videos online, followed by educators. Video- 5: Audio track by Marc Prensky on Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants. In this video, Prensky talk on Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants. Both are often used to describe the digital gap in terms of the ability of technology use among people born from 1980 onward and those born before. The term digital native describes a person who has grown up in the digital age, rather than having acquired understanding with digital systems as an adult, as a digital immigrant.Digital Natives are used to receiving information really fast. They like to parallel process and multi-task. They prefer their graphics before their text rather than the opposite. They prefer random access like hypertext. They function best when networked. Video- 6,7 & 8: Influence of technology on the English language by David Crystal In these videos, David Crystal, talking about how new technologies have an effect on English today. There are new varieties of English, such as newspapers, then the development of the telephone people thought that the telephone was going to the emergency as they did not think people were going to communicate face to face anymore. New technologies developing into a new style of English. Technologies influence the English language quite specific ways obvious example are shows messaging like twitting or text messaging or Facebook or many kinds of ways. As a global language, it develops very fast and it is both studied and used everywhere in the world as an official language, a second or a foreign language. What people or children study in the classroom or at home can hardly be qualified as the language spoken by natives. The teachers of English have always taught RP English as a standard variety. ‘For the teachers, it is important to show respect to RP’ argues David Crystal (2013). The difficulties experienced by students range from pronunciation differences, vocabulary differences to grammar and cultural background issues. The existence of so many varieties will pose teaching problems, and influence the way English is taught. . Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources
  • 84. 84 Quality and Authenticity of Web Resources Why Do We Need to Evaluate Online Resources? Everyone and anyone can create content online. Today, it’s hard to determine whether an internet resource you find is authentic or not. Evaluating online resources is an important step in any research process. Identifying trustworthy content should be part of your research journey. If you’re looking for factual resources, search through newspaper publications, TV news, journals, official pamphlets, books, and magazines. But, nowadays people opt to search for information on the Internet. They tend to believe anything posted on the Internet without even checking for credibility. Satire and fake news sites publish erroneous data; people believe these sites because of their persuasive, believable nature. If you’re looking for a credible resource, you should avoid hoax sites as this may affect the veracity of your study. Meanwhile, many content publishers rely heavily on copying content and owning those as theirs to get decent followership. Duplicating content and passing it as if it is their own content is copyright infringement or plagiarism. In this guide, we will help you improve your knowledge and skill in evaluating online resources. We will guide you on how to check a resource for authenticity and credibility. Moreover, we will discuss skills that you will need to assess a resource such as speed reading and skimming. As an evaluator, you should be familiar with the different citation and referencing styles. Also, we will review several content issues like plagiarized content, DMCA, and copyrights, and web content accessibility. Evaluating Online Resources There are several aspects that you should look for in evaluating online resources. You should check: • who published the content (Authorship), • where was it published (Publication), • when was it published (Currency and Relevance), • the truthfulness and integrity of the facts (Accuracy), • how it is written and presented (Purpose and Objectivity), • and what references are cited within the article (Links)
  • 85. 85 Authorship The author of the content is a concern when considering the eligibility of the content. First of all, the author should be an expert on the subject discussed in the article. He should have the credentials to back up his knowledge of the subject matter. Usually, the information about the author can be found on the website along with the content. The name of the author can be found below the title, on the side of the article, or at the bottom. Sometimes, more information on the author is found below the article, also known as an author’s bio. An author may be credited if he is oftentimes mentioned in other authoritative websites. But, it is not easy to verify an author’s background through the Internet. Website articles and resources rarely have fact-checkers or editors for copyediting an article. Another thing to consider is that authors vary in tone and purpose. Some do it for their personal blog. Other authors are advocates of a cause, while others do it for marketing their product or service. Publication If the information about the author is not present, the publisher of the resource article can be checked for authority. Take a quick look at the website. Are you familiar with the publication name? Is the publisher reputable and credible on the subject matter? Look at the website name, its logo, the URL of the website, and other indicators that can prove its reliability on the topic. One quick look at the URL can help you determine if it’s a reliable source or not. Trustworthy websites end in .org, .edu, .gov, or any recognizable web address. Another way to check the publisher’s site is via it’s About Us and Contact Us page. These pages will contain information about the publisher. You can countercheck their details by conducting another search. Reliable websites publish content that is relevant or under the same scope as the resource page that you found. Check how often do they publish content and if they published related content as well. News and publication websites (NYTimes, BBC, The Washington Post, TIME, etc.), are authority sites for facts. Consider the resource’s credibility if the publisher has mentioned or been mentioned by authority sites Wikipedia Gradesaver LITCHARTS
  • 86. 86 First of all I would like to tell about Wikipedia as web resource. Wikipedia- Hamlet In this web source I was found many interesting information about Hamlet. In this web resources I could find about Author, well summary and also fruitful points about the Hamlet.
  • 87. 87 Gradesaver-The White Tiger In this web resource I could find about arvind Adiga's biography and more about The White Tiger summery and Specially Themes of The white Tiger. Litcharts As per the web resources litcharts which is better option for those who are going to detailed in perticular Topics...I could find short summary in very simple form.
  • 88. 88 One night at the call center Chetan Bhagat Chetan Bhagat is an Indian author and columnist, known for his Indian-English novels about young middle class Indians. Bhagat was included in Time magazine's list of World's 100 Most Influential People in 2010. “Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology” (Globalization) The effect of Globalization also describe in the novel through the struggle of each character‘s life. The Globalization is an economical movement. The title of the novel itself tells about the effect of globalization in call center. Thee Novel is based on the working people in Call Centre. In the call center every workers name are changed Varun Malhotra called as Victor , Shayam Mehra as Sam Mercy , Radhika as Ragima Jones, Esha Singh as Eliza. These people have to change their names for American.Through this Bhagat wants to give message to the Indians that who working in call center they just get good salary but it not give the opportunity to do something else or show their skills and creativity into their work. In the novel due to slack in software industry the call center wanted to cut down the number of employees. Its effects on the people who are working in the call center it brings all the people under burden. literally this novel talks about the anxieties, fears, and stress of call center employees. So in the novel shows the positive and negative effects of Globalization on people’s life. C.Bhagat also use the narrative structure and the make prologue and epilogue Prologue means staring of book and epilogue means ending of book. His narrative style is vey interasting because Kanhpur to Dilhi travelling, and then beautiful lady come and then she say story about one night in call center and her one condition that Bhagat write book about this story and Bhagat agree and then she say story and then last she go without introduced herself that is more interasting in novel and narrative structure.
  • 89. 89 First impression about this novel I saw that this novel is talked about the new values, new Ideas,new life style etc.. Chetan Bhagat who is famous writer among the young generation because he wrote about Young generation.. Chetan Bhagat always take side to youth rather than Old people...So when I read this novel I could see the family problems, Business, Globalization , Use of Technology, Samart workers etc.. As per the comment on Film adaption screenplay is very slow...and level of acting which was not so good and other thing is that Indian audience don't understand the concept of the movie because this movie is not commercial movie or we can say Entertaining masala movie that's why this film becomes flop in Indian box office. The White Tiger by Arvind Adiga
  • 90. 90 The white Tiger About Author Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga Brief Biography of Aravind Adiga Aravind Adiga is a writer and journalist raised in India and Australia. He studied English literature at Columbia College and Oxford University. Before pursuing his career as a fiction writer, Adiga worked as both a correspondent for Time Magazine and a financial journalist for the Financial Times. His experience working as a business journalist caused him to mistrust business magazines and get-rich-quick literature, informing the tone with which he describes India’s economic boom in The White Tiger. He currently lives in Mumbai, India How far do you agree with India represented in the novel The White Tiger? I Agree, It can be seen that how India represented in this novel. This Novel has Multiperspective. In this movie we can see Historical background of Slums in Mumbai, About Dhanbad, Village to City, Darkness to Lightness etc. It is typical Indian Hero Novel. In Old time we could see in Amitabh Bachhans Movies like Agneepath, Deewar, Kaalia etc. These all films are based on story of Darkness to Lightness but in Wrong way. In this novel Balram who is Hero of the film who resist against the corruption in India, Poverty, Politics, Class, Caste etc. There where many symbols like Chandalier, Honda and Maruti Suzuki etc. Do you believe that Balram's story is the archetype of all stories of 'rags to riches'? According to the general archetypal pattern, all poor boy's life turns out into rich. Same is the case with Balram Halwai who grows in a very poor family. He left his schooling and started working in a tea stall. Then he learns driving and becomes the driver of rich entrepreneur Ashok Sharma. His dreams are big therefore he decided to
  • 91. 91 kill Mr Ashok to get his position. After killing his master he grabs his identity and become the same rich entrepreneur. Examples of Success Story Guru. Loosely based on the life of Reliance founder Dhirubhai Ambani, Mani Ratnam's Guru is a Bollywood mega-starrer with the now real-life couple Abhishek Bachch and Aishwarya Rai. Bazaar Movie In this Movie Rijwan who is came from lower class muslim family and he came in to Mumbai become Rich person but he face lots of struggle and many conspiracy happemd around him but the and of the movie he bcame the Rich peroson. In this movie Shakun Kothari roled play as Villain or We can say "Master". "Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique, deconstructive criticism aims to show that any text inevitably undermines its own claims to have a determinate meaning, and licences the reader to produce his own meanings out of it by an activity of semantic 'Freeplay' (Derrida, 1978, in Lodge, 1988, p. 108). Is it possible to do a deconstructive reading of The White Tiger? How?
  • 92. 92 The written phrase, in Derrida's view, relies upon its meaning via the context in which it is embedded. Both signified and signifier, though, are related in such a way that, there is, with respect to the very structure of language, no proper context to provide proof of final meanings making any claim to 'truth' an impossibility; 'truth' is both relative and plural. In the context of the White Tiger characters are portraying harsh reality of truth which is connected with the common people. Nobody can deny this kind of truth and reality. Language bears within itself the writer or author present his own way and culture dynamic language whatever they used it. The writer or author writes their own way and perceptions, his method of style and thoughts are different than the reader. It depends upon the situation and criteria. The author writes his own or another inspiration. Accordingly, the reader read his own way and meaning. One author who is published his work and reader is read then the death of the author for the reader. Reader praised his work of art, not author. With ref to a screening of select scenes of Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire in today's class: Write a blog on similarities between The White Tiger and Slumdog Millionaire. Include the following points: =). Narrative structure - Wanted Poster # KBC show The novel and the movies both are in the parallel structure of narratives. In the novel, Balram is reading wanted poster scene and another side is remembering his past and crime which he has done. In the movie we can see that the KBC show is running questioning and answering, Jamaal is recalling his past and his flashback. In this way, two stories are working parallel. =). Indianness From the text and movie, images are highly connotation and speak deeply at many levels the sensuous, the intellectual. The tapestry of modern India has a close-knitted structure. Poverty, Corruption and exploitation that is highly depicted in the movie. Begging part of the movie the train, dog, dirty images of India. People are very poor and lived in bad condition. Indianess Is highly portrayed by Dany Boyle. He is an English director and he is noticed the harsh situations of India poverty and social-political exploitation. =). List of the questions asked in the film 'Slumdog Millionaire'
  • 93. 93 1. Who was the star in the 1973 hit film "Zanzeer". a) Shah Rukh Khan b) Salman Khan c) Amitabh Bachhan d) Ranbir Kapoor 2. A picture of three lions is seen in the national emblem of India. What is written underneath it? a) The Truth alone triumphs b) Lies alone triumphs c) Fashion alone triumphs d) Money alone triumphs 3. In the depiction of God Rama, he is famously holding what in his right hand? a) A bow and arrow b)A sword d) A flower c) A child 4. The song " Darshan Do Ghanshyam" was written by which famous Indian poet? a) Surdas b) Tulsidas c) Mira bai d) Kabir 5. On the American One Hundred Dollar Bill, there is a portrait of which American Statesman? a) George Washington b) Franklin Roosevelt c) Benjamin Franklin d) Abraham Lincoln 6. Who invented the revolver? a) Samuel Colt b) Bruce Browning c) Dan Wesson d) James Revolver 7. Cambridge Circus is in which UK City? a) Oxford b) Leeds c) Cambridge d) London 8. Which cricketer has scored the most first-class centuries in history? a) Sachin Tendulkar b) Ricky Ponting
  • 94. 94 c) Michael Slater d) Jack Hobbs 9. In Alexander Dumas' book, "The Three Musketeers", two of the musketeers are called Athos and Porthos. What was the name of the third Musketeer? a) Aramis b) Cardinal Richelieu c) D' Artagnan d) Planchet 10. While the police inspector was questioning Jamal's knowledge, he asked Jamal whose picture was on the Indian 1000-rupee note, and then showed him when Jamal claimed not to know. Whose picture was it? a) Mohandas Gandhi b) Muhammad Jinnah c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Gopal Gokhale =). On what grounds can u deconstruct the film with reference to postcolonial tools/theories. The Slumdog Millinore is film directed by Danny Boyle, In this Movie we could see that how lower class people face so many problems they always leaving in fear. They exploited by Rich People. And also they are subaltern. In one scence we could see that how gangsters are used children for their business. This movie also presents that harsh Reality of Indai =). Compare with Texture and Treatment of subject content in film and novel. . Themes like corruption, poverty can be found in both. The show host, gangster, police, Salim everyone is corrupt in the film. Salim sells the autograph of Amitabh Bachhan to get money. However, it is his younger brother Jamal who get the autograph. From a very early age, Salim begins corruption. In the novel the character of the protagonist himself is corrupt. If someone did small corruption like taking more money from masters to repair a car or to get petrol, then keeping the remaining amount is also corruption. However big dealers corruption looks more problematic than workers of small hierarchy. Both present the same texture of India. The Da Vinci Code-Thinking Activity
  • 95. 95 The Da Vinci Code About The Author Dan Brown is the author of numerous #1 bestselling novels, including The Da Vinci Code, which has become one of the best selling novels of all time as well as the subject of intellectual debate among readers and scholars About The Novel The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown. It is Brown's second novel to include the character Robert Langdon: the first was his 2000 novel Angels & Demons. ... The book also refers to The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982) though Dan Brown has stated that it was not used as research material Post-viewing Task: The D Vinci Code 1.Brown states on his website that his books are not anti-Christian, though he is on a 'constant spiritual journey' himself, and says that his book The Da Vinci Code is simply "an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate" and suggests that the book may be used "as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration of our faith."
  • 96. 96 Ans. Dan Brown asserts that his books are not anti-Christian, and it is right also because he wants to reveal the facts. He also says that he is on the spiritual journey as he portrays the characters who have faith in the religion. Through the murder mystery he unfolds the factual things about the Christianity. The painting of Leonardo Da Vinci, The Last Supper, which tells about the relation between Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Seemingly it is an entertaining story murder mystery, the puzzle, paintings of Da Vinci. As a part of spiritual discussion Dan Brown attempts to raise the issue of blind faith in religion, people like Bezu Fache, Silas, Bishop Aringarosa, who have faith in Opus dei. 2. Although it is obvious that much of what Brown presented in his novel as absolutely true and accurate is neither of those, some of that material is of course essential to the intrigue, and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman has retained the novel's core, the Grail-related material: the sacred feminine, Mary Magdalene's marriage, the Priory of Sion, certain aspects of Leonardo's art, and so on[1].” How far do you agree with this observation of Norris J. Lacy? Ans.Yes, the observation of Norris Lacy is true. We can say Akiva Goldsman has conserved the story line and it is much like novel. The grail related material, definite aspects of Leonardo's art and many things. The screen writer is successful to keep the core content through the use of all the symbols and secrets about the novel. We can find the scenes in Louvre museum so it is much realistic. Dan Brown's major materials for the novel is taken from the book 'The holy blood and the holy grail'. The idea of feminine sacredness is much live as Sophie Nevue leads to Robert Langton. 3. You have studied ‘Genesis’ (The Bible), ‘The Paradise Lost’ (John Milton) and ‘The Da Vinci Code’ (Dan Brown). Which of the narrative/s seem/s to be truthful? Whose narrative is convincing to the contemporary young mind? Ans .. Milton's narrative seems more truthful, because the novel has some evidence about the Christianity but it's somehow confusing. People keep on doubting on the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, he was known for his mirror writing, but there is nothing like that he was suffering from Dyslexia, so there is nothing like code hidden in his paintings. Dan Brown's narrative has so much lies so, Milton's narrative can be more convincing Q-4. What harm has been done to humanity by the biblical narration or that of Milton’s in The Paradise Lose? What sort of damage does narrative like ‘The Vinci Code’ do to humanity? Milton’s ‘The Paradise lost’ clearly presents that if we don’t follow the God then it will become harmful for us. Biblical narration also told that God at the center and the creator of Heaven, Earth and Hell. Milton gives voice to character of Eve and Adam. God created the Garden of Eden and told Adam and Eve that not to test the fruit of knowledge but they don’t follow this rule. First Eve tested and then Adam tested this fruit. So, here we can say that maybe they overpower the God or Satan (serpent) who intentionally convince to Eve. But rule is broken by them and God gave then punishment. Fall of Man is the damage for humanity. Because of this people believed that fall happens because of Eve. So, here Eve blamed for this fall but one question arise that Eve tempted for this fruit then why Adam also tested that fruit? This idea is the damaging for humanity.
  • 97. 97 Q. 5 What difference do you see in the portrayal of 'Ophelia' (Kate Winslet) in Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet, 'Elizabeth' (Helena Bonham Carter) in Kenneth Branagh's Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or 'Hester Prynne' (Demi Moore) in Roland Joffé's The Scarlet Letter' or David Yates's 'Harmione Granger' (Emma Watson) in last four Harry Potter films - and 'Sophie Neuve' (Audrey Tautau) in Ron Howard's The Da Vinci Code? How would justify your answer? Sophie's character is portrayed more powerful and intelligent and in decent manner than other women characters. Ophelia was powerless who used by his father and Hamlet. Elizabeth in Frankenstein has no power. Monster kills her though he has enmity with Frankenstein. Hester Pryne is powerful character but can't do anything in patriarchal society. Hermione is intelligent but she becomes part of male ego. Sophie is intelligent, not emotional, and she is not got insulted in any way. 6. Do novel / film lead us into critical (deconstructive) thinking about your religion? Can we think of such conspiracy theory about Hindu religious symbols / myths? Yes, these kinds of novel and film leads us into critical thinking. We can find the lose stone about religious theory, there is no proof about the relation between Jesus and Mary Magdalene as they are husband and wife. Chapel do not have code about Mary but it's deaide and the picture of music. As it is in Hindu religion also some ideas about religion which needs to critical thinking. The Ramayana is a myth so it raises the question that it actual or just myth to keep everyone's faith in the religion. 7. Have you come across any similar book/movie, which tries to deconstruct accepted notions about Hindu religion or culture and by dismantling it, attempts to reconstruct another possible interpretation of truth? Yes, we can find in films like 'OMG' and 'PK', which deconstructs the idea of God and the existence of God. 8. When we do traditional reading of the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’, Robert Langdon, Professor of Religious Symbology, Harvard University emerges as protagonist and Sir Leigh Teabing, a British Historian as antagonist. Who will claim the position of protagonist if we do atheist reading of the novel? In the case of certain actions we can say Sir Leigh Teabing's character is more powerful than Robert Langton. Leigh Teabing has certain depth and he is an intellectual. He plans everything to reveal the truth behind it rather than for the sake of money 9. Explain Ann Gray’s three propositions on ‘knowability’ with illustrations from the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’. 1) Identifying what is knowable 2) identifying and acknowledging the relationship of the knower and the known 3) What is the procedure for ‘knowing’? Firstly, i) deals with the assumption, all the characters claims that they are known something. Sophie Nevue and Robert Langton both are in search of truth. Sophie is in search of the truth of her family, her own identity. ii) Sir Leigh Teabing and Robert Langton both are in the quest for the truth of Holy Grail. Langdon and Neveu's quest for the truth is rewarded when Langdon learns the location and truth about the Holy Grail, and Sophie learns the truth about her family and heritage. iii) Sir Leigh Teabing known about the greed of Aringarosa whereas Langdon
  • 98. 98 and Sophie has pure intentions. So, there is matter of knowability one can not claim that whatever known is truth. Language lab Language lab
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  • 101. 101 Group task in Language lab Group Bhavnesh Mahyavanshi Hina Chauhan Nirali rathod Avni Dave Monika makvana What is the Language lab A language laboratory is a classroom equipped with tape recorders or computers where people can practise listening to and talking foreign languages. Drag the correct answer into the box. bail. bale. The only way to keep the boat afloat was to madly. Language labs provide practice in an entertaining and interactive way to acquire the 4 main language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. ... Complimentary: Language labs allow students to reinforce material learned in class by putting them into practice through interactive activities.As per the language Lab experience it was not good and not bad for us.The Language lab software did not work very well. Software worked very slowly and audio also not working. So we faced problems.. But there where positive points also that in language lab all quiz were interesting. Some quiz were easy and some of hard but overall it was a good experience to learn from the Language lab. Language lab is helpful to learn language andI It's easy to use. Everyday practice of language lab which is beneficial for Students those who are weak in communication.
  • 102. 102 Using a language lab has many benefits Language labs are becoming highly valued at. Universities because they offer students a structured eLearning environment that is successful and reliable. New technologies are increasingly more present in classrooms as they facilitate the teacher’s role in creating a more attractive learning environment for the student and can offer their students more practice hours and up-to-date exercises than can be found in language books. 1 A language lab is practical Learning a new language just by studying the theory is not enough to guarantee a successful language learning experience. Language labs provide practice in an entertaining and interactive way to acquire the 4 main language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Students learn more comprehensively through a language lab, using more class time instead to achieve these three main objectives:  Self-learning: The student progresses in a self-guided but structured and progressive training to achieve the goals and objective set by the school or educational body.  Complimentary: Language labs allow students to reinforce material learned in class by putting them into practice through interactive activities.  Monitoring and Evaluation: Teachers know the progress of each student and receive reports of strengths and weaknesses to better adapt the classroom activities. 2 Students learn much faster in the language lab Practice leads to language learning success! Language labs’ interactive courses help students learn much faster than in a regular classroom setting. The methodology of the classroom language network uses a progressive model to promote natural learning, where students learn the different concepts of language in an intuitive way. The language lab boosts the motivation of students achieving higher levels of language retention and progress. 3 The teacher takes on a more important role in the language lab There is a big fear in the education world that technology will replace the role of the teacher and the position will become obsolete entirely. The language lab debunks this myth because it provides supplementary materials that only facilitate the role of the instructor rather than compete with it. The teacher can then focus on the important parts of the course rather than waste time explaining everything. The structure of the language lab courses also facilitate the work teacher puts in when preparing lessons and allows them to prepare them in less time and with a greater volume of interactive resources. The course then collects the student information and provides instantaneous reports of the lesson’s progress against objectives; the teacher uses this information to guide the direction of the class. 4 Use more resources and varied activities than in a traditional classroom Language labs allow students to practice the language with a much wider variety of activities and exercises based on the computer. Learning occurs in a structured way, in a real context and visually attractive way that immerses the student in the language learning environment and promotes language use. The students can watch videos, practice their pronunciation through a speech recognizer, learn new vocabulary, and much more.
  • 103. 103 Disadvantages: Language lab software is sometime costly and not affordable by every school, college . Teachers are not skilled to handle lab software in effective way. If Students do not have sufficient knowledge of computers than it is useless for them. it seems boring sometime. The Web-quest Harry Potter Harry Potter-Web_Quest Here is Dr.DilipBarad's Blog about the Web_Quest My Web_Quest My Rubric All Movies Harry pottter is world famous literature and specially in young generation. We could see many themes like power politics, satire, Moral values, children literature ,fiction literature, fantacy literature,mystery etc.
  • 104. 104 Name of All Series Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) Topic  Feminist Reading of Hermione and other female characters in Harry Potter o Feminist reading of female characters of Harry Potter especially in the character of Hermione Granger. In Harry potter Hermione is much intelligent and capable than Harry and Ron. Hermione is very strong and very intellectual and also very good in magic in compare to Harry and Ron, we can see in many circumstances that Hermione teaches how to do magic to male friends. It is clear that Harry and Ron not have survived without her but it feels like she is being used more as a useful tool than a real person. We do not find deep character development of Hermione. It is hard to understand what her ambitions are. Family background of Hermione is also not depicted. She belongs to Mud Blood it means lower cast in Magical world.  Children’s Literature and Harry Potter: How far does J K Rowling transcends the canonical confines of children’s literature and claims the heights of ‘real’ literature?  Children's literature defines it as "all books written for children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books, cartoon books, and non-fiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials”. However, others would argue that comics should also be included: "Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children". 
  • 105. 105 It was not only a revolution in the world of fantasy novels, it also changed our childhood memories of wizards and how we fantasized their being. Young readers were introduced to a whole new dictionary of magic and fantasies. Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley became overnight sensations. Harry Potter books grabbed the attention of young readers and Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and Rowling's first of the series Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone found immense popularity among readers and became a critically acclaimed, young adult literature.Harry Potter tell abut the Friendship, break rules,love, family etc.  The theme of Choice and Chance: How does Harry Potter discusses the antithetical concepts of ‘choice’ and ‘chance’?  In Rowling's world, as in the real world, choice and chance both can affect the final outcome and results do not come in a neat pre-determined package.However, the final resolution is that Voldemort's power was destroyed by Harry's conscious self-sacrifice, and that, as Harry tells Voldemort in the end, was no "accident." Based on the words of Dumbledore and Voldemort, Rowling would also come down on the side of choice, not chance.Harry Potter novels bring to awareness two fundamental aspects of the human condition: the importance of one’s choices and the inevitability of one’s mortality It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities  Confronting reality by reading fantasy: Fantasy is a form of literary genre in which a plot cannot occur in the real world. Its plot usually involves witchcraft or magic, taking place on an undiscovered planet of an unknown world. Its overall theme and setting involve a combination of technology, architecture, and language, which sometimes resemble European medieval ages. The most interesting thing about fantasies is that their plot involves witches, sorcerers, mythical and animal creatures talking like humans, and other things that never happen in real life Potter books are not Reality, they are Fantasy. As Fantasy, they pose no threat to anyone who reads them, even to the most enthusiastic. Because the stories are just Fantasy, they will not cause anyone to actually go into Witchcraft. Adults see in Harry Potter a fairly conventional supernatural adventure story Harry is being raised by an aunt and uncle who are dumb, stiff and uncomprehending and who treat him with stingy cruelty.    The theme of Love and Death: How does Harry Potter make use of age old theme of Love of the dead as well as living as protecting armour? How does Harry Potter deal with the concept of Death as something inevitable?  Love and death are major themes in J.K.Rowling’s Harry Potter books. She herself has said in a recent interview in recent interview in The Tatler magazine that “My books are largely about death.” Love is a deep, powerful, and ineffable emotion of attachment to, and affection for, another being or beings Death is obviously big in Harry Potter. Death initiates the core conflict of the series; death escalates in each text; death creates the tool by which Harry can defeat Voldemort; and death resolves the conflict in the end, since Voldemort’s death is the end of the war itself. Death recurs throughout the series, but recurrence is not enough to constitute a theme.
  • 107. 107 English Language Teaching, or ELT, refers to the activity and industry of teaching English to non-native speakers. Many large editorial companies have ELT sections which publish books for English teachers and learners to use Key-Points From DR.Atanu Bhattacharya "Language is Imporrtant for Philosophy":- "Philosophy of language" refers to an area of philosophy concerned with the syntactic properties as well as the meaning and reference of linguistic expressions, the things implied or indicated by linguistic expressions and the attributes of linguistic expressions as a function of linguistic and conversational contexts William Jones Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist, a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among European and Indo-Aryan languages. Matr mater mater mother
  • 108. 108 pitr pater pather father  _Psychology is Important for Language Learning Proximal Development  Grammar Should Not be Taught Communicative Competence Discourse 1) Cohesion 2) Coherence  Speech Arts o Testing  Specific,Particular,Objective o Evaluation  Generalized,Objective o Assesment  Feedback How Literature Shaped Me? HOW LITERATURE SHAPED ME? Life is a tragedy, I joined the BA English course which was also tragedy first of all that I joined this course because I felt that after completing the course my English would be improved and it was a good for my career. But literature is not only about career it is learning about how to live a life. I learn from literature that "Never Give Up"
  • 109. 109 Let me begun with my graduation days because this journey started from there. I understood that without hard work you cannot get success, so I started reading literature and I connected some points with my personal life and society when I was "Dr.Jekyll and Mr Hyde" I was learned that every person live to lives. First is a personal life and second is social life. My second reading book was "Othello" I was a learned from this drama that without confirmation you should not do anything which is harmful for your life. " , " Is necessary for everybody. When I was studying "Ghashiram kotwal" suddenly my thinking was changed about society and power politics. I learn that without power you cannot do anything if you have a power then you survive in this Dark world. One interesting essay I was reading in B.A text which was Media -The freedom of expression. I came to know that freedom of expression is necessary for your existence. Without freedom of expression you are nothing. So I would like to say that B.A course help me to how to see the politics power, society , casteism, class struggle, literature theory, criticism in introduction way. My two years in M.A at Department of English is a turning point in my Education.Because I am studying under guide Dr.DilipBarad sir who makes me more rational and Deep thinker. "Literature make me like a fire" Example Three elements required for fire. Fire=Heat+Fuel+ Oxidizing Agent My self= Thinking +Literature +Dr.DilipBarad sir
  • 110. 110 In my MS course I was studying many novels and dramas. But some famous novel and drama which is an inspire me and fruitful me for my life. When I was studying "The Purpose" I came to know about deconstruction of history and myth. I want to say that "winners writes the history". We know that in myth Arjun became the hero but here Eklavya became the Hero. Here I learned that everybody should see literature with different perspective. One interesting absurd Drama "waiting for Godot" which is a telling about nothingness in life. "The old man and The Sea" which is the told about "Age doesn't matter", and "Do not give excuse". In this novel how The Old man struggle against the nature. This novel telling about that do not give excuse sometime I also give excuses for do not work that is bad habit and still I am working on make myself to being hard worker. Now I would like to you telling about my favorite novel "The white Tiger" . This novel is telling about truth and truth is….. "If you have cash than anybody can understand your language" For your existence in 21st century sometimes you should do wrong things like or not but you should do for your Existence and your survival. Balram Halwai inspired to lots of people those who are marginalized from the power and depressed by the society. He Inspired that never lose your strength, focus on your goal, make your Rules, get success in any way. I write about this Novel is that… "IF YOU ARE , DEPRESSED, LIVE WITHOUT HOPE, AIMLESS THEN YOU SHOULD READ #THEWHITETIGER" Last point about how literature shaped me is that I learn to believe in myself, know your enemies, deep thinking, thinking in different perspective, knowing the things, proof , hard work is necessary, raise your voice, make yourself rational. "My Parents gave me a birth and literature give me a voice, thought, and eyes."
  • 111. 111 Waiting for Barbarians About the Author Life and career Early life (Boyhood) Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to Afrikaner parents. His father, Zacharias Coetzee (1912–1988), was an occasional attorney and government employee, and his mother, Vera Coetzee (born Wehmeyer; 1904–1986), was a schoolteacher. The family mainly spoke English at home, but John spoke Afrikaans with other relatives. He is descended from early Dutch immigrants to South Africa in the 17th century on his father's side, while his mother was a descendant of Dutch, German and Polish immigrants. Coetzee spent most of his early life in Cape Town and in Worcester, a town in the Cape Province (modern-day Western Cape), as recounted in his fictionalised memoir, Boyhood (1997). The family moved to Worcester when he was eight, after his father had lost his government job.He attended St. Joseph's College, a Catholic school in the Cape Town suburb of Rondebosch, later studying mathematics and English at the University of Cape Town and receiving his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1960 and his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Mathematics in 1961 Plot/ Summary
  • 112. 112 The novel is set in an isolated colonial outpost managed by an unnamed, totalitarian colonial power called the Empire. The garrison is occupied by colonial representatives, including the main character and narrator, a magistrate approaching retirement. The local, native population are referred to as the “barbarians.” Colonel Joll, a high-ranking Empire man, arrives at the garrison to investigate rumors of an impending barbarian uprising. The magistrate gives him a tour, and the two debate the effectiveness of torture to elicit truthful confessions—the magistrate doubts that it is effective, while Colonel Joll is a strong proponent. A barbarian family (a young boy, his mother, and her father) has been caught on their way into the town, and though they state they only wished to see a doctor, Joll tortures them despite the magistrate’s objections. The grandfather is killed during the proceedings. The magistrate tries to distance himself from the incident, but this becomes more difficult as Joll imprisons and tortures more and more barbarians. When Joll eventually leaves for another garrison, the magistrate guiltily helps the surviving prisoners recover. One day, the magistrate encounters a blind beggar girl and eventually brings her to his house. While bathing her, he sees that she has been tortured. The magistrate is torn between his desire to help her and his desire to sleep with her, but the girl resists offers of affections, cleaning and cooking for him instead. It is winter, and the rebel barbarians do not invade, due to the cold. The barbarians inside the town drink and create trouble, something the magistrate blames on the Empire’s influence. The magistrate continues to struggle with his complex relationship with the girl. He decides she belongs with her own people and they travel south, along with four soldiers. On the trip, the girl opens up and she and the magistrate begin a sexual relationship. Along the way, the group encounters a band of barbarians ahead of them. After some internal struggle, the girl decides to join the barbarian band. As the magistrate and his soldiers return back to the garrison, they are met by a group of hostile soldiers, who escort them inside. An Empire official accuses the magistrate of conspiring with the barbarians and imprisons him. After a few days of misery and introspection, the magistrate escapes from his cell, but after seeing the ruined crops outside the garrison, knows he’ll never survive. He returns to his cell. He later watches and tries to stop the torture of some barbarians, and is himself assaulted. The magistrate is brought before Colonel Joll, who informs him that the magistrate is relieved of his duties. When the magistrate refuses to tell Joll about his interactions with the barbarians, he is tortured. The magistrate is released, surviving only because of the kindness of remaining friends. Rumors spread that the soldiers sent to subdue the invading barbarians are all dead. Settlers abandon the town. People hear that the barbarians are camped only a few miles away and barricade themselves in the town. The army departs from the garrison, pillaging goods from the locals and raping with impunity. The magistrate stays, taking up residence in his old apartment, now robbed of all his belongings. The town’s remaining inhabitants are terrified of the impending invasion. The magistrate takes charge, helping the people plant root vegetables to survive the winter. Colonel Joll arrives at the garrison to resupply on food and horses. He finds no food and no horses and is driven out of camp by the magistrate and the locals. The magistrate learns that the army was defeated by the barbarians without any violence—the barbarians simply stole all the
  • 113. 113 army’s horses, leaving the soldiers to die. The magistrate recovers from his torture and thinks of the girl who once lived with him. He is ashamed of what the Empire has done to this country and its people, and will never forgive himself for the role he played. When he thinks about how he would document life in the garrison, he decides he would do so according to the seasons, not chronological events, as better befits what he believes is a paradise on earth. As the first snow falls, the barbarians still have not invaded. Through the eyes of the magistrate, the reader witnesses his journey from a man cautiously indifferent to the suffering of the natives to a rebel of the colonial system, abandoned by his countrymen and determined to protect those he once considered barbarians. Coetzee uses this novel to challenge and explore notions of justice. The magistrate once considered himself a representative of Western, civilized justice, but the events of the novel radically alter his perspective. The justice system he once championed not only dehumanizes the natives, who are tortured and degraded, but dehumanizes the soldiers as well, who exploit the unequal application of justice as they pillage, rape, and murder without consequence. One of the central themes in Waiting for the Barbarians is male sexuality. Along with being a story of colonial power and imperialism, the novel is an extended examination of the magistrate's sexuality and of the nature of male sexuality in general. Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes-Thinking Activity Sense of an Ending About Author
  • 114. 114 Julian Patrick Barnes (born 19 January 1946) is an English writer. ... He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh. In addition to novels, Barnes has published collections of essays and short stories. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel by British author Julian Barnes. Narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, the book centers around his friendship with a young man named Adrian Finn back when he was in school, and the events that eventually tore them apart. When the past catches up with Tony, he is forced to confront the paths that he and his friends have taken in life. Exploring themes such as death, regret, and reminiscence, The Sense of an Ending is noted for its unconventional narration: both parts are narrated by Tony, but they skip back and forth between Tony’s teen years with Adrian and the arrival of a mysterious document during his twilight years. The Sense of an Ending was critically acclaimed by the majority of reviewers, although some found its bleak tone off-putting. It was short-listed for the Man Booker Prize in 2011 and nominated for the Costa Book Awards that same year. The Sense of an Ending has been adapted into a 2017 movie directed by Ritesh Batra and starring Michelle Dockery, Jim Broadbent, and Charlotte Rampling. The Sense of an Ending begins as Tony Webster reminisces, revealing certain images that have stuck with him over his long life. They are all themed around water, including steam, a drain, a river, and a bathtub. The actual story begins with his childhood in a British prep school. He describes his group of friends but focuses especially on the newest boy in their group, Adrian Finn. Adrian is a smart, clever boy who is good friends with the exacting Professor Hunt, and that makes him an asset to the other boys in Tony’s group. They befriend him hoping to get an advantage with the professor, but Tony soon strikes up a genuine friendship with Adrian. Adrian is a kind, idealistic boy, which is a contrast to the more cynical way Tony and his friends view the world. As Tony discusses this period of his life, it becomes clear that while all the other boys have troubled relationships with their parents, Adrian is close with his separated parents. Adrian believes in living a principled life, while the others believe that their society is fatally flawed. During their school years, a student named Robson commits suicide. Rumors circle that he did this after his girlfriend became pregnant, and the boy’s suicide becomes a topic of discussion among the friends. Tony and his two friends fear living a non-spectacular life more than anything else, but Adrian is content to simply be happy and live a good life, not caring whether he is remembered in stories. The boys eventually graduate and go their own ways. Adrian earns a scholarship to Cambridge, while Tony starts dating a girl named Veronica Ford. Although he and Veronica are happy for a time, they argue over his taste in music and he gets a bad impression of her family. When he visits Veronica’s house at one point, her mother vaguely warns him about her daughter. When Veronica comes to London to meet Tony’s friends, she hits it off with Adrian immediately, and the two form a close connection. Tony resents this, and it leads to a breakup. Soon afterwards, he and Veronica have casual sex, but she becomes enraged when he doesn’t want to get back together. He later receives a letter from Adrian asking for permission to date Veronica. Tony writes a harsh letter in reply, condemning Veronica’s
  • 115. 115 personality and accusing her of being dangerous. He never hears back from either of them after that, and his friendship with Adrian seems to be over. Tony travels to the US, where he meets a young woman named Annie and falls for her. When he returns to London, he learns that Adrian has committed suicide. He finds out from his friends that Adrian seemed happy with Veronica, but apparently rejected the gift of life. He mourns Adrian with his friends, and the group separates again. He soon meets a woman named Margaret, marries her, has a daughter, and gets divorced. This is when the book shifts to the present day. Tony is now a retired hospital library assistant when he receives a letter from the estate of Veronica’s mother, who has left him 500 pounds and two documents. The first is a letter explaining the money, and the second document wills Adrian’s diary to Tony. The diary is still with Veronica, but when he emails her to try to get the diary, she responds with the words “blood money.” She eventually sends him a page of the diary in which Adrian had been trying to turn relationships into mathematical formulas. Tony and Veronica eventually agree to a meeting. The meeting is contentious, and Veronica gives Tony the letter he had sent them. He’s shocked in hindsight at how harsh it is, and begins to blame himself for Adrian’s death. They set up another meeting at a subway station, and Veronica shows Tony a mentally ill man who seems to know Veronica by her middle name. Tony believes that this man is Adrian and Veronica’s son; it confuses him that Adrian would commit suicide knowing he had a son. Tony emails Veronica to apologize, and Veronica tells him that he has misunderstood. He follows the young, mentally ill man to the pub, and learns that while Adrian is indeed the father, the mother was actually Veronica’s mother, and that her advanced age led to Adrian’s son’s mental illness. Tony ends the book, unnerved, and states that life is full of responsibility, but even more full of unrest. Julian Barnes is a critically-acclaimed British novelist. In addition to The Sense of an Ending, he has been shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize three times, for Flaubert’s Parrot; England, England; and Arthur & George. Over a nearly forty-year career, he has written sixteen novels, three short story collections, and an array of non-fiction works ranging from memoirs to cooking journalism. In 2004 he became a Commandeur of L’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He is politically active, particularly on the issue of assisted dying, and released his latest novel in 2016. Q.The Beginning of the novel. Write a critique on the beginning of the novel. ANS.The first part begins in the 1960s with four intellectually arrogant school friends, of whom two feature in the remainder of the story: Tony, the narrator, and Adrian, the most precociously intelligent of the four. Q.. The Title – ‘The Sense of an Ending’ ANS.The Title of the novel The Sense of an Ending depicts ending of two lives Robson and Adrian and on the other hand it also suggests that this is an ending of journey of Tony too as he is very close to the ending of
  • 116. 116 his life. Hence At last it can be clarified that the title of the novel is absolutely appropriate though it is difficult book to evaluate but up to some extent we can say that Julian Barnes has chosen relevant title. By the time one reaches the end, it is not just the novel but the title itself that inspires the reader; not just the end of a life but how a story is told. Q.It is not about what we ‘do’, it is about how we ‘remember’ what we have done?’. Illustrate with reference to the novel ‘The Sense of an Ending’. ANS.In Sense of an Ending The memory becomes a thing of shreds and patches. It is a bit like the black box airplanes carry to record what happens in a crash. If nothing goes wrong, the tape erases itself. Therefore, if you do crash, it is obvious why you did; if you do not, and then the log of your journey is much less clear.”Similarly Tony peep out in his past. When his own construction of memory break through just one letter, preserved by Veronica. Therefore, it is true that Tony records what happens in past but not as it happens but as he saw. Hence, his narrative may rises questions about character and their life. What is really happened ? Perhaps, “yes” – this is exactly What happened. but the way it(event) is remembered, memorized and historised is questionable. How accurate are our memories of ourselves, of other, of event in our life? Like Tony, we are far from perfect. We also invent convenient lies to mask uncomfortable truths. Like him we too carry the scars of our past, trying our best to forget and forgive at times others sometimes ourselves But what necessary is we too deserve to be heard and understood our remorse as we have sympathy for Tony's Remorse. Q. Discussion on ‘History’ in school. Write a critique on the classroom scene where teacher and students discuss ‘History’. ANS.History:-The central theme of the novel is history and memory. the discourse on 'History' in this novel, takes a few deeper steps penetration to comes at worthier conclusion. Part two is all about documentation which prove the point of inadequacy of memory which construct History. Even Barnes recording his time's musicians and singers it is beautiful way to documentation of time. The two definition of history which was discussed by Adrian and later on by Tony himself seems more convenient. Because, how history comes into existence ? It comes into existence only by construction of doubtful memory. “History is that certainty produced at the point where the imperfections of memory meet the inadequacies of documentation.”“History isn’t the lies of the victors, as I once glibly assured Old Joe Hunt; I know that now. It’s more the memories of the survivors, most of whom are neither victorious nor defeated.”Thus, Barnes aptly describes the definition of history that, Self delusion of the defeated and lies Victors. Journalism
  • 117. 117 Lead Writing Journalism In journalism, the beginning sentences of a news story are everything. Called leads or “ledes,” they must convey essential information, set the tone and entice people to continue reading. If you’re interested in becoming an expert journalist, understanding how to write a lead is a key skill for your toolbox. Tips for Writing Leads Below are some helpful hints to keep in mind. The Five W’s and H News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads answer as many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. When writing a lead, it helps to think about which of these facts is the most vital for readers to know. Keep It Short A good lead provides all the information the reader requires in just a few words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and 40 words. Keep It Simple Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make sure that your lead only discusses one idea to avoid confusion. Write in Active Voice Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common exceptions including writing about fatalities (“two people were killed Thursday”) and when discussing police activity (“two people were arrested”). Passive voice is often the result of incomplete reporting. Structure Your Lead Properly Put your most crucial information at the very beginning of the sentence. Important secondary information can go in subsequent sentences. Not following this practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need attribution in your lead, make sure it goes toward the end of the sentence because it is less important than the information itself. Understand the Context Keep in mind what your readers may already know about your story based on previous media coverage. Write in a way that speaks to these realities and adds relevant, useful information.
  • 118. 118 Be Honest Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of information with your lead, you should be ready to deliver. Once you understand these cardinal rules, you can begin to experiment with style. 7 Types of Leads Style implies a certain degree of voice and personal ownership over how a story is written. Although there are many ways to write leads, here are seven common approaches. Straight Lead Also called the “summary” lead, this is by far the most common and traditional version; it should be used in most cases. It is a brief summary, containing most of the Five W’s and H in one sentence. “The European Parliament voted Tuesday to ratify the landmark Paris climate accord, paving the way for the international plan to curb greenhouse gas emissions to become binding as soon as the end of this week.” Anecdotal Lead The anecdotal lead uses a quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The anecdote must help enhance the article’s broader point, and you must explain the connection to that point in the first few sentences following the lead. “At the dilapidated morgue in the northern Brazilian city of Natal, Director Marcos Brandao walks over the blood-smeared floor to where the corpses are kept. He points out the labels attached to the bright metal doors, counting out loud. It has not been a particularly bad night, yet there are nine shooting victims in cold storage.” Journalism comes in several different forms: I. News A. Breaking news: Telling about an event as it happens. B. Feature stories: A detailed look at something interesting that's not breaking news. C. Enterprise or Investigative stories: Stories that uncover information that few people knew. II. Opinion
  • 119. 119 A. Editorials: Unsigned articles that express a publication's opinion. B. Columns: Signed articles that express the writer's reporting and his conclusions. C. Reviews: Such as concert, restaurant or movie reviews. Online, journalism can come in the forms listed above, as well as: ader can add to or change. The best journalism is easy to read, and just sounds like a nice, smart person telling you something interesting. Reporting How do you get the facts for your news story? By reporting! There are three main ways to gather information for a news story or opinion piece: er printed material. The people or documents you use when reporting a story are called your "sources." In your story, you always tell your readers what sources you've used. So you must remember to get the exact spelling of all your sources' names. You want everything in your story to be accurate, including the names of the sources you quote. Often, a person's name is not enough information to identify them in a news story. Lots of people have the same name, after all. So you will also want to write down your sources' ages, their hometowns, their jobs and any other information about them that is relevant to the story. Whenever you are interviewing someone, observing something happening or reading about something, you will want to write down the answers to the "Five Ws" about that source: Who are they? What were they doing? Where were they doing it? When they do it?
  • 120. 120 Why did they do it? Many good reporters got their start by keeping a diary. Buy a notebook, and start jotting down anything interesting you hear, see or read each day. You might be surprised to discover how many good stories you encounter each week! Writing Here are the keys to writing good journalism: every bit of information you put in your story. Start your story with the most important thing that happened in your story. This is called your "lead." It should summarize the whole story in one sentence. From there, add details that explain or illustrate what's going on. You might need to start with some background or to "set the scene" with details of your observation. Again, write the story like you were telling it to a friend. Start with what's most important, then add background or details as needed. When you write journalism, your paragraphs will be shorter than you are used to in classroom writing. Each time you introduce a new source, you will start a new paragraph. Each time you bring up a new point, you will start a new paragraph. Again, be sure that you tell the source for each bit of information you add to the story. Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) Web Tools for Teaching Language Skills(LSRW) Why are the four skills useful?
  • 121. 121 In-order to become a well-rounded communicator one needs to be proficient in each of the four language skills. These four skills give learners opportunities to create contexts in which to use the language for exchange of real information, evidence of their own ability (proof of learning) and, most important, confidence. Listening and reading are the receptive skills because learners do not need to produce language, they receive and understand it. These skills are sometimes known as passive skills. The productive skills are speaking and writing because learners are applying these skills in a need to produce language. They are also known as active skills. Listening Listening is a receptive language skill which learners usually find the most difficult. This often is because they feel under unnecessary pressure to understand every word. The listener has to get oriented to the listening portion and be all ears. The listener is also required to be attentive. Anticipation is a skill to be nurtured in Listening. In everyday life, the situation, the speaker, and visual clues all help us to decode oral messages. In due course of listening, be in a lookout for the sign post words. Thirdly one should be able to concentrate on understanding the message thoroughly. Listening Skills could be enhanced by focusing on making the students listen to the sounds of that particular language. This would help them with the right pronunciation of words. To equip students with training in listening, one can think about comprehending speeches of people of different backgrounds and regions. This intensive listening will ultimately help a student to understand more on the accents to be used and the exact pronunciation of words. Speaking Language is a tool for communication. We communicate with others, to express our ideas, and to know others’ ideas as well. We must take into account that the level of language input (listening) must be higher than the level of language production. In primary schools elocution and recitation are main sources to master the sounds, rhythms, and intonation of the English language through simple reproduction. The manifestations of the language in games and pair work activities are encouraging source to learn to speak the language. This assists the learners to begin to manipulate the language by presenting them with a certain amount of choice, albeit within a fairly controlled situation. This skill could be improved by understanding para-linguistic attributes such as voice quality, volume and tone, voice modulation, articulation, pronunciation etc. This could also be further enhanced with the help of debates and discussions. Reading Reading is a learning skill. It helps you improve all parts of the English language – vocabulary, spelling, grammar, and writing. It helps to develop language intuition in the corrected form. Then the brain imitates them, producing similar sentences to express the desired meaning. Using skimming or scanning technique to read quickly is highly effective. While reading underlining of key words is a must. Reading Skills help the students grasp the content and draw conclusions. The students should also make it a point to familiarize themselves with the jargons and new words by making reading a habit be it reading newspapers, articles, books, magazines etc
  • 122. 122 Writing Writing provides a learner with physical evidence of his achievements and he can measure his improvement. It helps to consolidate their grasp of vocabulary and structure, and complements the other language skills. It helps to understand the text and write compositions. It can foster the learner’s ability to summarize and to use the language freely. To write flawless language one should excel in the Writing Skills with the help of various methods. Importance should be given to composition and creative writing. One should also focus on coherence and cohesiveness when it comes to writing a language. With these four skills addressed equally while learning English, the learners can be assured of having good communication skills, a great necessity in today’s competitive world. EnglishMate is a chain of English Speaking Institutes by Hindustan Times that offers a range of courses to help you speak better English and get smarter L-S-R-W is the four skills of language learning, a set of four capabilities that allow an individual to comprehend and produce spoken language for proper and effective interpersonal communication. These skills are Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. What are Web 2.0 Tools? These tools are internet tools that allow the user to go beyond just receiving information through the web. The user is expected to interact and to create content with others. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are examples of Web 2.0 tools. Web tools can be used to enhance teaching and collaboration among teachers and students as well as increase professional collaboration between educators. Examples
  • 123. 123 Twitter is a real-time information network that connects you to the latest stories, ideas, opinions and news about what you find interesting. Simply find the accounts you find most compelling and follow the conversations. Youtube Founded in February 2005, YouTube allows billions of people to discover, watch and share originally- created videos. YouTube provides a forum for people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform for original content creators and advertisers large and small.
  • 124. 124 Prezi is use for Presentation you can see presentation which are related with Education. Advantages and Disadvantages ScreenShots of My Working In Web_Tools
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  • 126. 126 It is good to use Web Tools for our Soft Skills. If You want to learn soft skills then we required practice without practice you can not improve . We can say that" Practice Makes Perfect". It can be say that Web Tools give opportunity to do task,quiz,watching video,practice etc. So our soft skills would be improved in specially on pronunciation and our Vocabulary would be improved when we used Web Tools for our learning Purpose .
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