Topic 1 Speech Communication presentation

TOPIC 1 :
UNIVERSAL THEORIES
IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION
CES1343 : SPEECH & COMMUNICATION

OBJECTIVES
 Describe the importance of communication
 Define communication
 Describe communication as a process
 Identify and describe 3 models of communication
 Identify and describe 8 essential components of
communication
 Identify and describe 5 types of communication contexts
 Describe 5 keys principles of communication

WHY DO WE COMMUNICATE?
 A tool in which we exercise our influence on others, bring out changes
in our and others’ attitudes, motivate the people around us and establish
and maintain relationships with them.
 A major part of our active life and is a social activity pursued verbally
through speech, reading and writing or non-verbally through body
language.
 Human communication is more complex, varied and has several
objectives. It is complex because of the use of language, a repertoire
(Store-house) of previously accepted and agreed oral and written codes.
 It is varied because it ranges from simple gestures or facial expressions
to the most advanced e-mail technologies.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF
COMMUNICATION
Why do we actually communicate?
 We communicate to persuade
 We communicate in order to give or provide information
 We communicate to seek information
 We communicate to express our emotions like courage or
fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with
appropriate gestures and words.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
1. Physiological needs: This level of needs deals
with the basic necessities of human survival
like food, clothing and shelter. If a person does
not fulfill these needs he will cease to function.
2. Safety: Once the first level needs are met, a
person feels the need to have a life of
security where safety in all aspects of life is
ensured.
3. Social needs: This deals with the innate need to
feel as if one belongs in a chosen social group
and in various other relationships that are a part
of human life. There is a need to be accepted or
otherwise people are prone to negative effects
like depression & loneliness.
4. Esteem: Deals with the need to feel good about
oneself and getting recognition from others. A
lack of these needs will result in an inferiority
complex and helplessness.
5. Self-actualization: Becoming the best one can
be. Here the need is to maximize ones potential.

DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is defined as the process of understanding and
sharing meaning (Pearson & Nelson, 2000).
 Process: a dynamic activity that is hard to describe because it
changes
 Understanding: to perceive, to interpret, and to relate to our
perception and interpretation to what we already know.
 Sharing: when a person give someone (another person) a
gift/thing/time
 Meaning: what we share through interaction

WHAT IS EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Communication is defined as :-
A process by which information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour.
However, in order to ensure that communication is effective, the
parties involved have to make sure that information is conveyed
and received in the way in which it was intended.

 Effective communication entails a great deal of
maturity, diplomacy and willingness to listen.
 It is vital to remember that every perspective is valid
and should be treated as such, even if this means
some compromising on your part.
 Mastering effective communication skills will aid
you in every area of your life, from personal to
professional.

Something to ponder …..
How to develop effective communication
?

WHAT IS MISCOMMUNICATION?
Miscommunication is one particular case of a lack of
alignment of agents' mental state, specifically one in which
they diverge on the occurrence or results of communication.
 “A” was not accessible to “B” (B never received any communication to interpret).
 “A” was accessible to “B”, but “B” didn't perceive “A” (and thus formed no beliefs
about the communicative intent)
 “B” perceives ”A” but doesn't understand “A” as intended meaning .
 “B” believes ”C” . This is not a case of actual misunderstanding (since “B” also
believes “A” ) , but disagreement about the content .

Models of Communication
1. Linear Model of Communication
2. Interactional Model of Communication
3. Transactional Model of Communication

What is a Model?
 WHO
 Says WHAT
 Using which CHANNEL
 To WHOM?
 With what EFFECT?

1. LINEAR MODEL of Communication
Source Message Receiver
Channel
Interference

 The linear communication model explains the process of one-way
communication in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a
receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990).
 It is a simple application for communication of person-to-person
which include communication source, encoder, message, channel,
decoder, and communication receiver.
 The sender, channel and receiver play crucial roles in linear
communication.
 The sender puts an idea, thought or feeling into a message, and transmits
this message via a ‘channel’.
 This channel acts as the medium and will change the message into a
tangible form, for instance speech, writing or animation.
 In its new form, the message is transmitted to the receiver, who then
decodes it.

 This model focuses on the sender and message within a
communication encounter.
 Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is
viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an
ongoing process.

 Eg :-
 Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio
to you listening in your car.
 The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is
transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the
channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver’s) ears via an
antenna and speakers in order to be decoded.
 The radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive his or her
message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free
of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully
received.

 According to the model, many things can affect the one-way
communication process – interference.
 Interference (noise or barriers) is inserted in the middle of the process.
 For instance, the choice of channel selected may affect the way a
receiver interprets a message.
 It can be physical such as background noise or a technical breakdown,
physiological such as learning or comprehension difficulties and
psychological.
 It can include ‘psychological noise’, whereby the psychological state of
the receiver will affect the interpretation of the message, including
stress, anxiety, anger and so on.
(Barnett & O’Rourke, 2011).

2. INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

 The interaction model incorporates feedback, which make
communication a more interactive, two-way process.
 Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages.
 Example ?
 The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex
understanding of the roles of participants in a communication
encounter.
 Rather than having one sender, one message, and one receiver,
this model has two sender-receivers who exchange messages.
 Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order
to keep a communication encounter going.

 The process begins with the senders when they encode a
thought or feeling into a message.
 The message is then conveyed by a channel (voice, writing,
email etc).
 Following this, the receiver decodes the message and
feedback is given to the sender.
 The whole process takes place in a context or environment.

(Barnett & O’Rourke, 2011, p.24)

 Interactional theory assumes we all communicate the same way
and that thoughts and feelings can be transferred from person to
person through non-verbal communication (Barnett &
O’Rourke, 2011).
 It disregards the complexities of non-verbal communication and
assumes that the receiver will decode the message just as they
would through verbal communication.
 Finally the biggest fault in this theory is the way it misses the
relationship formed through interpersonal communication.

 If interactional theory was the only theory used between two
people, the lack of a personal relationship may create barriers
for their ongoing communication.
 For example the receiver may interpret sarcasm wrongly
when they decode a message from the sender due to a lack
of personal relationship and understanding of one another.

Transactional Model of Communication

 This model describes communication as a process in
which communicators generate social realities within
social, relational, and cultural contexts.
 We don’t just communicate to exchange messages; we
communicate to create relationships, form intercultural
alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others
in dialogue to create communities.
 In short, we don’t communicate about our realities;
communication helps to construct our realities.

 The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of
communication differ significantly from the other models.
 Instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers, the
people in a communication encounter are referred to as
communicators.
 Unlike the interaction model, which suggests that participants
alternate positions as sender and receiver, the transaction
model suggests that we are simultaneously senders and
receivers.

 For example,
 On a first date, as you send verbal messages about your interests
and background, your date reacts nonverbally.
 You don’t wait until you are done sending your verbal message
to start receiving and decoding the nonverbal messages of your
date. Instead, you are simultaneously sending your verbal
message and receiving your date’s nonverbal messages.
 This is an important addition to the model because it allows us to
understand how we are able to adapt our communication. for
example, a verbal message in the middle of sending it based on
the communication we are simultaneously receiving from our
communication partner.

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