Introduction to Speech Communication

Speech and the
Communication Process
CMIbarreta

What is Communication?
• Communication is the exchange of thoughts,
messages, or information, as by speech,
signals, writing, or behavior.
• It is defined as a process by which we assign
and convey meaning in an attempt to create
shared understanding
• It was derived from the Latin word "communis",
meaning commonness.
• Communication occurs when there’s an
existence of message to be shared, person or
persons to share it, and a medium they can use
to make the sharing possible.

Is Communication IMPORTANT?
Communication is the means for expression
Communication defines survival
Communication ties communicators
Communication helps preserve a democratic way of living
Communication civilizes communicators
Communication is a vehicle toward the future
Communication raises aspirations
Communication helps meet people’s ambitions
Communication helps develop an individual, organisation,
society, nation, and country
Communications helps in arriving quick decision and
implementation

Basic Elements of Communication
Sender
First and foremost is the person who sends a message.
Known as sender in the jargons of communication, he or
she is the chief initiator of any communication. In fact a
communication may not take place if there is no sender.
The sender may be singular and plural as well. It all
depends on the nature of communication. If a teacher is
delivering lecture, it constitute a case of sender as one
individual. Sender comprising many is the case when a
group of people shout together, or more than one person
sing a song as chorus.

Message
When sender – the source of communication,
decides to communicate he/she encodes the
root of the feeling in words/gestures or any
other form commonly understood. This encoded
form is called message. It may be a simple word
or a very complex and technical integration of
feelings by the source on a given subject.

Channel
No sooner a message is created by a sender, it
enters in the channel. The channel is part of the
communication process which helps carry the
message to its desired destination. In case of
printed words paper is the channel, in the matter
of voice air may serve as a channel. In
telephonic conversation the wire and the sets
make the channel. Sometimes the channel itself
becomes part of message and sometime
message is sent in a manner that a part of it
serves as a channel.

Receiver
The process of communication may not be
complete if the message does not reach a
person, or persons, it is designed for. Receiver
in this process is the element which is target of
the message and actually receives it. The
dimension of receiver is very wide – it may vary
from an individual to an army of people, or a
nation or all nations. Again, it depends what the
message is.

Feedback
Sending and receiving of message is a simultaneous
process in which the receiver continuously sends
back its approval or disapproval after having interpreted
the message. This helps the sender to modify or
discipline its message. This element in the
communication process is referred as feedback. For
instance a person is delivering speech, the voices,
gestures and facial expressions – all part of feedback,
would help the speaker to check its loudness, smiles,
rhetoric, contents or time to speak. If there is no
feedback, the original message may never shape
accordingly which may distort the whole communication
exercise.

Context
Every message is delivered and received in a
given context. Change in the background
factors denoted as context, may change the
meanings altogether. Context itself comprises
multiple factors each one of them becomes
essential when it comes to interpretation of the
original message.

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
Human Communication
Non-Human Communication

Human Communication includes...
Nonverbal Communication
- the process of conveying meaning in the form
of non-word messages.
Verbal/ Oral Communication
- use sounds or voice expressions to convey
message.
Written Communication
This form of communication uses symbols to
convey message.

Non-Human Communication
are...
• Animal Communication through
behaviour
• Plant Communication through cellular
interaction
• Fungi Communication through growth
• Bacteria Communication (Quorum
Sensing) through changes in density

Barriers vs Noise to Communication
1. Physical Barrier VS Physical Noise
2. Physiological Barrier VS Physiological
Noise
3. Attitudinal / Psychological Barrier VS
Psychological Noise
4. Ambiguity of Words VS Semantic and
Syntactical Noise

MODELS of COMMUNICATION
1.Shannon-Weaver Model
2.Berlo's SMCR
3.Schramm's Model
4.Barnlund's Perspective
5.Constructionists' View
6.Linear Model
7.Interactive Model
8.Transactional Model

Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
• The original model was
designed to mirror the
functioning of radio and
telephone technologies. Their
initial model consisted of three
primary parts: sender,
channel, and receiver.
• Shannon and Weaver also
recognized that often there is
‘static’ that interferes with one
listening to a telephone
conversation, which they
deemed noise. Noise could
also mean the absence of
signal.

Wilbur Schramm's Model (1954)
• Communication is usually
described along a few
major dimensions:
Message (what type of
things are communicated),
source / emisor / sender /
encoder (by whom),
form (in which form),
channel (through which
medium),
destination / receiver /
target / decoder (to whom),
and
Receiver

David Berlo's SMCR Model (1960)
• This is an expansion of Shannon and Weaver’s linear
model of communication that created the SMCR Model
of Communication. The Sender-Message-Channel-
Receiver Model of Communication separated the model
into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other
scholars.

D.C. Barnlund's Model (2008)
This is a transactional model of communication. The basic
premise of the transactional model of communication is
that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the
sending and receiving of messages.

Other Models Communication
• Constructionists believe that the
process of communication is in
itself the only messages that exist.
• Linear Model is a one way model
to communicate.
• Interactive Model is two linear
models stacked on top of each
other.
• Transactional Model assumes
that people are connected through
communication; they engage in
transaction.

Introduction to Speech Communication

The COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1.Stimulus/stimuli- triggering event of the communication
process
2.Ideation- an idea or several ideas are formulated and
organized to answer a need to communicate
3.Encoding- the ideas, which have been organized in the
ideation stage, are put into code to make transmission
possible. To represent these ideas, symbols in the form
of sounds or words are made use of.
4.Transmission- the encoded message is sent through a
chosen appropriate channel or medium
5.Reception- the message reaches the receiver

Comm. Process cont...
6.Decoding- the codes or symbols used to
transmit messages are converted into ideas or
mental images to be interpreted by the receiver
7.Understanding- the message, which has been
transformed into thought or mental images,
having been interpreted now becomes clear to
the receiver. If he/she does not understand,
miscommunication sets in.
8. Action- the receiver responds to the message
received by sending feedback

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
• Communication has purpose
• Communication is continuous
• Communication messages vary in conscious thought
• Communication is relational
– Once cannot be attractive without others who are attracted?
– One cannot be a leader unless others are willing to follow?
– Quality of interaction between parent and child is a two-way
street (Dainton, Stafford, 1993).
• Communication is guided by culture
• Communication has ethical implications
• Communication is learned
– After 30 minutes of instruction, participants became significantly
more effective in detecting lies (DeTurch, Miller, 1990)

Communication Competence
• Effective
when it achieves it’s goals
• Appropriate
when it conforms to the situation

What Makes a Communicator Effective?
• Speaking and expressing your thoughts and feelings in a
clear and non-defensive manner.
• Being an active listener by using both verbal (un huh)
and nonverbal skills (leaning forward)
• Being aware of your body language and what it
communicates to others.
• Learning to code-switch in different professional versus
social settings.
– Example from using African American English to Standard
American English when appropriate.

Characteristics of Competent
Communicators
• A wide range of behaviors
• Ability to choose the most appropriate
behavior
• Skill at performing behaviors
• Perspective taking
• Cognitive Complexity
• Self-Monitoring
• Commitment to the Relationship

Activity 1: Elements of Communication
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Channel
5. Feedback
6. Context

SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
C
C
C
CHANNEL
CONTEXT
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS using the Basic Elements of
Communication

Introduction to Speech Communication

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Introduction to Speech Communication