Topic_1___Part_1_Introduction.pptx.pdf

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER SYSTEM
FSTM3054 BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPT
PCSC001 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

LESSON OUTCOMES
 Understand the term ‘computer’.
 Understand the concept of Information System.
 Identify and differentiate types of Information System.
 Understand the components of an Information System.
 Differentiate between data and information.

COMPUTER
 A computer is an electronic device
that accepts user input (data) and
processes it under the influence
of a set of instructions referred to
as programs to produce the desired
output generally referred to as
information.
 A computer can:
 Accept data (input)
 Process data
 Produce information (output)
 Store data
 Two components of a computer:
 Hardware
 Software
 Example of computers:
 Desktop
 Laptop
 Tablet
 Smartphone
 Smart TV

Types of Information System
 Information system is a combination of hardware, software, and
telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create,
and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.
1. Transaction Processing System
 Collect, store, modify and retrieve transaction
 Types of TPS
 Batch TPS
 collect transaction data as a group and process later (e.g. check payment)
 Real-time TPS
 immediate processing of data (e.g. movie ticket reservation system)
 Manual TPS
 business process without using machine

2. Office Automation System
 Collection of communication technology, computers and persons to perform official
tasks.
 Example: Word Processing, Email, Voice Mail
3. Knowledge Work System
 Specialized system built to promote the creation of knowledge and to make sure that
knowledge and technical skills are proper integrated into business.
 Example: Computer-aided design (CAD), Virtual Reality (VR) System
4. Management Information System
 Are specially developed to support planning, controlling, and decision-making
functions of middle managers. It extracts transaction data from underlying TPSs,
compile them and produces information products (e.g. reports)
5. Decision Support System
 An interactive-computer-based-IS like MIS, but more to analyze and summarize huge
amount of data into form (of table or chart) to make comparison and analysis of data
easier.

What makes up an
Information System?
Hardwar
e
Hardwar
e
Software
Software Data
Data
People
People
Procedur
e
Procedur
e

IS component - Hardware
 Computer hardware is the
collection of physical elements
that constitutes a computer
system.
 These elements include:
 Input devices
 Output devices
 A system unit
 Communication devices

IS Component - Software
 Software is a program consists of
step-by-step instructions that tell
computer how to do its work.
 Software = Program
 Types of software
 System software
 As the kind the system use
 Application software
 As the kind the user use

 System software
 Enables the application software to
communicate with the computer
hardware.
 Works in the background in the
computer to manage its own internal
resources.
 Three main categories in system
software:
 Operating system (OS)
 Utilities
 Device driver
IS Component – Software
(cont)

software:
 Utilities
 Device driver
 Operating systems are programs
that
 coordinate computer resources
 provide an interface between users
and computer
 run applications
 Examples of popular OS are:
 Windows
 Mac OS
 Linux
(cont)

(cont)
• Users do not interact with the computer directly.
• Each job is prepared by each user on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer
operator.
• To increase the processing speed, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group.
Batch Processing OS
• Allow the computer to run more than one program at a time.
Multiprogramming OS
• Extension to multiprogramming on a time-sharing basis.
Multitasking OS
• A computer using more than one CPU in a single computer system. (dual-core, quad-core)
Multiprocessor OS
• An OS to serve real-time application to process data as it comes in.
• Hard RTOS: No delay is acceptable (e.g. airline system)
• Soft RTOS: Minor delay is acceptable (e.g. banking system, debit/credit card payment)
Real Time OS (RTOS)
Summary of Multiprogramming Vs.
Multitasking. ... While a multiprogramming
operating system allows more than one
program to run simultaneously using a
single CPU, a multitasking operating system
allows multiple processes or tasks to be
executed at the same time utilizing multiple
CPUs.
Up to now, we have talked about
multiprogramming as a way to allow
multiple programs being resident in main
memory and (apparently) running at the
same time. Then, multitasking refers to
multiple tasks running (apparently)
simultaneously by sharing the CPU time.
Finally, multiprocessing describes systems
having multiple CPUs.

(cont)
 Functions of OS
 Process Management
 OS manages many kind of activities
 All processes from start to shut down
 Creation and deletion of user and system process
 Memory Management
 Decide which process are loaded into memory when
memory space becomes available
 Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed
 Command Interpreter/Provided User Interface
 A program that understands and executes commands
that are entered interactively by a human being or
from a program.
 There are two types of user interface:
 Command line
 Graphical User Interface
 Security Management
 Alert messages
 Dialogue boxes
 Firewall
 Passwords
 File Management
 Creating files and directories
 Renaming files
 Copying and moving files
 Deleting files

software:
 Utilities
 Device driver
 Utilities perform specific tasks
related to managing, maintaining
and controlling computer
resources.
 Common tasks carried out by
utilities software are:
 Antivirus
 File compression
 File conversion
 Backing up data
 Disk Monitoring and
defragmentation
 File repair
(cont)

software:
 Utilities
 Device driver
 A device driver is a computer
program that tells the operating
system and other software how to
communicate with the device that is
attached to the computer.
 It is necessary for the OS to know
how to translate the 1’s and 0’s into
the output users desire.
 Examples of driver:
 Printer driver
 Sound card driver
 Video card driver
(cont)

Application
Software
 Used to accomplish specific tasks
other than just running the
computer system
 Three types of application
software:
 General-purpose application
 Specialized applications
 Mobile applications
(cont)

software:
 General-purpose
application
 Are widely used in nearly all
career areas.
 Example:
 Browser
 Word Processor
 Spreadsheet
 Database Management System
(DBMS)
 Presentation Graphics
(cont)

software:
 Specialized
applications
 Specialized applications includes
thousands of other programs that
are more narrowly focused on
specific disciplines and
occupations.
 Example:
 Help desk system
 Asset management system
 Hospital management system
 Student management system
 Library management system
(cont)

software:
 Mobile apps are small programs
primarily designed for mobile
devices such as smartphones and
for tablet computers.
 There are over half a million apps.
The most popular mobile apps are
for social networking, playing
games, downloading music and
videos.
(cont)

IS Component – Data:
Data vs Information
 Data is a collection of
unprocessed items (raw facts),
which can include text, number,
image, audio and video.
 Examples:
 Name
 D.O.B
 Phone Number
 Data is then organized and
presented as meaningful
information to the people.
 Examples of information:
 Name, D.O.B, & Phone Number are
managed and presented as
Customer Details.

IS Component - People
 People are required for the
operation of all information
system.
 It can be the end user or IS
specialist.
 End users (clients) are people who
use an IS or the information it
produces. (E.g. accountant,
customer, manager)
 IS specialist are people who
develop and operate an IS. (E.g.
system analyst, programmers,

IS Component - Procedures
 Refers to rules or guidelines that
people have to follow when using
software, hardware and data.
 It is usually documented as a
manual and is written by
computer specialists.
 The manufacturer of the product
provides it either in printed or
electronic format.

Relationship between
IS Components

Review Questions 1.1
1. What is a computer? What are the two components of a computer?
2. Define information system.
3. What are the five components of information system?
4. What is a hardware?
5. Briefly explain each of the three main categories in system software.
6. What are the five functions of operating system?
7. Briefly explain each of the three types of application software.
8. What is the difference between data and information?
9. What are the two types of people who would get involved in information system?
10. What is a procedure?

Types of Computer
Supercomputer Mainframe
Computer
Minicomputer Microcomputer

Supercomputer
 The most powerful type of
computer.
 These machines are special high-
capacity computers used for high-
complexity calculation.
 They were designed to make an
enormous amount of calculations
at a time.
 Examples of Supercomputer use:
 Military: To stimulate nuclear weapon
capability
 Weather: National oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
use supercomputer to forecast
weather, predict weather events, track
space & oceanic weather activity.
 Gaming: Word of Warcraft (WoW) with
million players maintains its graphic
and speed with supercomputer.
 AI: Deep Blue (a supercomputer)
beats chess champion Garry Kasparov
in a six-game-match at 1997.

Mainframe Computer
 Unlike supercomputer which does complex calculation, mainframe
computer is used for millions of smaller and simpler calculations and
transactions and to serve simple purpose of transferring the desired data
in real time or where things needs to be done really quickly.
 The term RAS (Reliability, Availability, Serviceability) is a very
important characteristic of mainframe computer since it used for
application where the thing has to be done with zero downtime (it must be
available 24/7).
 Examples of Mainframe Computer Use:
 E-business: Keeping track of a large number of transactions taking place every
second Keeping track like inventories what is being sold and bought, products
ordered and are on the roads, bills.
 Banking: Using an ATM to interact with your bank account. Keeping track of the
thousands of transactions per second.
 Airline: To handle flight ticket reservations.

Midrange/Minicomputer
 It is also known as midrange
server.
 Smaller, less expensive and
powerful than supercomputer and
mainframe computer, but more
expensive and powerful than
microcomputer.
 Are mainly used as small or mid-
range servers operating business
and scientific applications.

Microcomputer
 A computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
 Physically small as compared to mainframe and minicomputer.
 Types of Microcomputer:
 Desktop computer
 A personal computer that fits on or under a desk.
 Laptop or notebook
 Thin, lightweight and mobile, yet can be as powerful as the average desktop computer.
 Tablet PC
 Equipped with sensors, inc. cameras, microphone, touch screen.
 Handheld
 A computer that is small enough to fit on one hand.
 Example: Parcel delivery computer

Embedded System
 Hardware or software integrated to perform a particular function.
 It uses a Microcontroller or Microprocessor to perform a single job.
 It is a stand-alone device with no operating system.
 Where are they present?
Smart
Home
Air-conditioner
Refrigerator
Television
Office
Printer
Router
Modem
Transportati
on
Anti-lock Braking
System (ABS)
Air-cond control
Rain-sensing
wiper
Healthcare
Blood pressure
monitor
Heartbeat
monitor
Scanner

Cloud Computing
 Cloud computing is the delivery of
computing services—servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics
and more—over the Internet (“the cloud”).
 Companies offering these computing
services are called cloud providers and
typically charge for cloud computing
services based on usage, similar to how you
are billed for water or electricity at home.
 Examples are using an online service to send
email, edit documents, watch movies or TV,
listen to music, play games or store pictures
and other files.

Green Computing (Green IT)
 Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers
and their resources.
 the study of designing, engineering, manufacturing, using and disposing of computing
devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact.
 To promote green computing concepts at all possible levels, the following four
approaches are employed:
 Green use: Minimizing the electricity consumption of computers and their peripheral devices
and using them in an eco-friendly manner
 Green disposal: Repurposing existing equipment or appropriately disposing of, or recycling,
unwanted electronic equipment
 Green design: Designing energy-efficient computers, servers, printers, projectors and other
digital devices
 Green manufacturing: Minimizing waste during the manufacturing of computers and other
subsystems to reduce the environmental impact of these activities

Topic_1___Part_1_Introduction.pptx.pdf

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